| 1. |
- Pfaller, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice : Global-trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 10:SUPPL. 1, s. 11-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined the species distribution and in-vitro susceptibility of 6082 bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Candida spp. collected from 250 medical centres in 32 nations over a 10-year period from 1992 through 2001. The species included 3401 C. albicans, 984 C. glabrata, 796 C. parapsilosis, 585 C. tropicalis, 153 C. krusei, 67 C. lusitaniae, 48 C. guilliermondii, 10 C. famata, 10 C. kefyr, six C. pelliculosa, five C. rugosa, four C. lipolytica, three C. dubliniensis, three C. inconspicua, two C. sake and one isolate each of C. lambica, C. norvegensis and C. zeylanoides. Minimum inhibitory concentration determinations were made using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference broth microdilution method. Variation in the rank order and frequency of the different species of Candida was observed over time and by geographic area. The proportion of BSI due to C. albicans and C. glabrata increased and C. parapsilosis decreased over time in Canada, the USA and Europe. C. glabrata was an infrequent cause of BSI in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Very little variation in fluconazole susceptibility was observed among isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. These species accounted for 78% of all BSI and remained highly susceptible (91-100% susceptible) to fluconazole from 1992 to 2001 irrespective of geographic origin. The prevalence of fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was variable both over time and among the various countries and regions. Resistance to fluconazole among C. glabrata isolates was greatest in the USA and varied by US census region (range 0-23%). These observations are generally encouraging relative to the sustained usefulness of fluconazole as a systemically active antifungal agent for the treatment of candida BSI. © 2004 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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| 5. |
- Janestad, H, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of dynamic flavour properties with ordinary differential equations
- 2000
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Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 11:4, s. 323-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most common way to analyse sensory dynamic measurements (time-intensity, TI) is to extract some characteristic parameters from the resulting curve such as 'intensity maximum' and 'area under the curve'. In order to get more information from TI data, a general mathematical model was developed. The model was based on the theory for ordinary differential equations. The solutions were characterised by their eigenvalues, which might be correlated to recipe and process. As an example, the temporal perception of chocolate flavour has been measured and modelled. In addition the classical characteristic TI parameters could easily be calculated by the model.
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| 8. |
- Wendin, Karin, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Influences of fat, thickener and emulsifier contents on salad dressing : Static and dynamic sensory and rheological analyses
- 2001
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Ingår i: Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie. - 0023-6438 .- 1096-1127. ; 34:4, s. 222-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of contents of fat, thickener and emulsifier in salad dressing were investigated. Twelve types of dressings were produced according to a full factorial design, whereby the fat content was set at three levels, the thickener and the emulsifier contents at vivo levels. The dressings were analysed by a sensory panel, using both quantitative descriptive profiling and time-intensity (TI) evaluation, and by instrumental/rheological measurements. The two sensory methods were related to each other and the instrumental results were related to tire sensory results. All design parameters had a significant influence on the properties of salad dressing, mainly on texture and mouthfeel. Fat content was the most influencing parameter. Inter-action effects were found and it can he concluded that the content of the emulsifier was less critical when the fat and thickener contents increased Dynamic and descriptive sensory analyses,ere mainly related to each other in the fattiness attribute. There were strong relations between instrumental and sensory analysis according to rheological and texture attributes, /r/ greater than or equal to 0.7 (Pearson correlation coefficient)for most texture attributes.
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| 9. |
- Wendin, Karin, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling and analysis of dynamic sensory data
- 2003
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Ingår i: Food Quality and Preference. - 0950-3293 .- 1873-6343. ; 14:8, s. 663-671
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time intensity (TI) data from earlier reported studies on cream cheese and salad dressing were used to develop models based on both polynomials and ordinary differential equations (ODE) that can be used to describe and interpret TI-data. Polynomials were thus fitted to experimental data. By taking the first and second derivatives of the polynomials one gets new polynomials that express how the perceived intensity changes with time. By integrating the original polynomial one gets a new polynomial that expresses how the classical TI-parameter "Area Under the Curve" is accumulated with time. Graphical display of all these types of polynomials gives an immediate and easily interpretable impression of the influence of different experimental factors on the time dependent perception. In the ODE models experimental factors, both formula and process conditions, were taken into account. Thus it was possible to develop equations that can be used for prediction of TI-curves for intermediate experimental settings.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ahlgren, Mia, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Situational influences on the consumption of ready meals
- 2003
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Ingår i: Culinary arts and sciences IV. - Bournemouth : Worshipful Company of Cooks Reserach Centre at Bournemouth University, UK. - 1858991390 ; , s. 192-192
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Calbet, J, et al.
(författare)
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Maximal vascular conductances during whole body upright exercise in humans
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 558:1, s. 319-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- That muscular blood flow may reach 2.5 l kg�1 min�1 in the quadriceps muscle has led to the suggestion that muscular vascular conductance must be restrained during whole body exercise to avoid hypotension. The main aim of this study was to determine the maximal arm and leg muscle vascular conductances (VC) during leg and arm exercise, to find out if the maximal muscular vasodilatory response is restrained during maximal combined arm and leg exercise. If during maximal exercise arms and legs had been vasodilated to the observed maximal levels then mean arterial pressure would have dropped at least to 75�77 mmHg in our experimental conditions. It is concluded that skeletal muscle vascular conductance is restrained during whole body exercise in the upright position to avoid hypotension. AVKORTAT ABSTRACT
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| 18. |
- Hall, Björn, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Pump-probe collision in optical fibers : Four-wave-mixing induced frequency jump
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of the Optical Society of America. B, Optical physics. - : Optical Society of America (OSA). - 0740-3224 .- 1520-8540. ; 18:11, s. 1652-1658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An investigation is made of ultrafast pump-probe pulse collisions near the zero-dispersion wavelength in an optical single-mode fiber. A steplike probe frequency shift is observed when the pump power is gradually increased. The magnitude of this frequency jump is shown to depend on the phase difference between the pulses. This new effect is investigated numerically and experimentally and is attributed to four-wave mixing.
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| 19. |
- Hall, F.G., et al.
(författare)
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The boreal climate.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Vegetation, Water, Humans and Climate. A New Perspective on an Interactive System.. - : Springer Verlag: Berlin-New York. - 3540424008 ; , s. 119-150
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 28. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Attachment of the juvenile queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) to Maerl in mesocosm conditions; juvenile habitat selection
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 306:2, s. 139-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substratum un-acclimated juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) (< 18 mm and 1830 mm shell height) were released in equal numbers onto pristine live maerl (PLM), impacted dead maerl (IDM), gravel and sand in choice chambers. Their habitat selection was monitored over a 4-day period in control and predator treatments (utilising Asterias rubens L. and Carcinus maenas (L.)). Microhabitat use of PLM by juvenile queen scallops and the presence of cues in live maerl were also investigated.In control and predator treatments juvenile queen scallops were observed to attach preferentially to PLM than IDM, gravel or sand. Juvenile queen scallops were observed to maintain a more exposed attachment site in the absence of predators but sought refuge within and between maerl nodules in the presence of both predators. Smaller queen scallops (< 18 mm shell height) were more efficient at utilising maerl thalli as a refuge. Juvenile A. opercularis showed hierarchical cue responses mediated by predator presence, i.e. responding favourably to a factor associated with live maerl presence irrespective of heterogeneity in the absence of predators but favourably to higher maerl heterogeneity in their presence. If they also preferentially attach to PLM in the field, at some sites where PLM grounds cover large areas, they may thus be considered to constitute 'nursery areas'. Habitat attachment preference appears to be predetermined and not a result of localised predator avoidance; however, habitat usage changes in the presence of predators. Maerl beds have been shown to be easily damaged by scallop dredging in Scotland and if such nursery areas are being destroyed extensively in the field, this could damage recruitment to localised adult populations.
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| 29. |
- Kamenos, Nicholas A., et al.
(författare)
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Substratum heterogeneity of dredged vs un-dredged maerl grounds
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0025-3154 .- 1469-7769. ; 83:2, s. 411-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maerl grounds are comparable to sea grass beds in terms of their high biodiversity, and are characterized by abundant juveniles of species such as the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis. Maerl grounds impacted by towed demersal fishing gears are structurally less heterogeneous than pristine, un-impacted maerl grounds, diminishing the biodiversity potential of these habitats.
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| 30. |
- Karlberg, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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What inner ear diseases cause benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-2251 .- 0001-6489. ; 120:3, s. 380-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) originating from the posterior semicircular canal (pSCC) is a common vestibular disorder that is easy to diagnose and usually easy to treat. The majority of patients with BPPV have no known inner ear disease; they have "primary" or "idiopathic" BPPV. However, a minority does have objective evidence of an inner ear disease on the same side as the BPPV and this group has "secondary" or "symptomatic" BPPV. Previous publications differ on the prevalence of secondary BPPV and about the types of inner ear diseases capable of causing it. In order to determine what proportion of patients have secondary as opposed to primary BPPV and which inner ear diseases are capable of causing secondary BPPV, we searched our database for the 10-year period from 1988 to 1997 and found a total of 2847 patients with BPPV. Of these, 81 (3%) had definite pSCC-BPPV secondary to an ipsilateral inner ear disease. Sixteen had Meniere's disease, 24 had an acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, 12 had a chronic unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy, 21 had chronic bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy and 8 had unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. It seems that any inner ear disease that detaches otoconia and yet does not totally destroy pSCC function can cause BPPV and that a case can be made for audiometry and caloric testing in all patients with BPPV.
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| 31. |
- Kurup, Dhanesh G., 1969-
(författare)
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Active and Passive Unequally Spaced Reflect-Arrays and Elements of RF Integration Techniques
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using an array synthesis tool based on a modified differential evolution algorithm, it is shown that the position-phase synthesis exhibits improved pattern characteristics compared to both the phase only and position only synthesis of uniform amplitude antenna arrays. The design of an unequally spaced planar reflect-array and an active power combining reflect-array are presented. The unit cell of the active reflect-array consists of an amplifying active reflect-antenna designed using a novel dual polarized microstrip-T coupled patch antenna. Two modelling approaches are proposed for the active reflect-antenna and the modelling methods are compared with the experiments.A computationally efficient analysis of an H-slot in the ground plane of a microstripline is carried out using a transmission line model. To improve the accuracy in the resonant region of the H-slot and retaining the computational efficiency, an artificial neural network is combined with an efficient spectral domain method. An efficient analysis tool for a silicon micromachined H-slot coupled antenna is developed by combining the transmission line models of the H-slot and an aperture coupled antenna. The experimental results are compared with the theory showing good agreement.The analysis and design of a microwave amplifier based on non-resonant slot matching is carried out. It is seen that the designed slot matched amplifier has decreased layout size, improved gain and noise figure characteristics compared to a stub matched amplifier. An efficient method for the analysis of non-resonant slots is compared with other approaches showing good agreement. This points to the fact that non-resonant slot matched circuits can be designed with the same speed and efficiency as we design the traditional stub based matching circuits.To address the problem of bandwidth and performance of reflect-arrays we propose a dielectric resonator antenna with slotline stubs. As a preliminary step we design a dielectric resonator antenna with slotline feed and the experimental results are compared with those of a commercial CAD tool. Design and analysis of 3D interconnects based on non-radiative dielectric waveguides is carried out. At millimeterwave, these interconnects are useful for hybrid and multilayer integration techniques.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Moutakis, Konstantin, et al.
(författare)
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Using the KM visual acuity chart for more reliable evaluation of amblyopia compared to the HVOT method
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1395-3907. ; 82:5, s. 547-551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To evaluate a new letter matching visual acuity (VA) chart (the KM chart) for children aged 5-7 years, designed as a Monoyer-based chart, in order to obtain a better consistency between school and preschool VA recordings. Methods: Visual acuities were assessed using three methods: the HVOT, KM and Monoyer charts. Comparisons were made between the KM method versus the HVOT and Monoyer methods, respectively. Children with normal vision and with different degrees of amblyopia were investigated. Results: Visual acuity levels appeared significantly higher in children with amblyopia when tested with the HVOT chart than when tested with the KM chart. Visual acuities obtained with the Monoyer and KM methods were comparable. The difference between the Monoyer and KM methods on the one hand, and the HVOT method on the other, can be explained by the fact that the HVOT chart elicits less crowding effect than the other two charts. Conclusions: Visual acuity in children with amblyopia might be overestimated if the HVOT test alone is used to assess vision. Use of the HVOT chart, therefore, should be restricted to the 3.5-4.5 years age group, for whom the KM chart is somewhat too difficult. In our opinion the KM chart should be preferred for use with older preschool children because it shows good consistency with the Monoyer chart.
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| 34. |
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| 39. |
- Ståhl, H., et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing organic carbon recycling and burial in Skagerrak sediments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Research. - : Journal of Marine Research/Yale. - 0022-2402 .- 1543-9542. ; 62:6, s. 867-907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different factors influencing recycling and burial rates of organic carbon (OC) were investigated in the continental margin sediments of the Skagerrak (NE North Sea). Two different areas, one in the southern and one in the northeastern part of the Skagerrak were visited shortly after a spring bloom (March 1999) and in late summer (August 2000). Results suggested that: (1) Organic carbon oxidation rates (C-ox) (2.2-18 mmol Cm-2 d(-1)) were generally larger than the O-2 uptake rates (1.9-25 mmol m(-2) d(-1)). Both rates were measured in situ using a benthic lander. A mean apparent respiration ratio (C-ox:O-2corr) of 1.3 +/- 0.5 was found, indicating some long-term burial of reduced inorganic substances in these sediments. Measured O-2, fluxes increased linearly with increasing C-ox rates during the late summer cruise but not on the, early spring cruise, indicating a temporal uncoupling of anaerobic mineralization and reoxidation of reduced substances. (2) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes (0.2-1.0 mmol Cm-2 d(-1)) constituted 3-10% of the C-ox rates and were positively correlated with the latter, implying that net DOC production rates were proportional to the overall sediment OC remineralization rates. (3) Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the sediment were significantly higher in early spring compared to late summer. The measured C-ox rates, but not O-2 fluxes, showed a strong positive correlation with the Chl-a inventories in the top 3 cm of the sediment. (4) Although no relationship was found between the benthic fluxes and the macrofaunal biomass in the chambers, total in situ measured dissolved inorganic carbon (C-T) fluxes were 1-5.4 times higher than diffusive mediated C-T fluxes, indicating that macrofauna have a significant impact on benthic exchange rates of OC remineralization products in Skagerrak sediments. (5) OC burial fluxes were generally higher in northeastern Skagerrak than in the southern part. The same pattern was observed for burial efficiencies, with annual means of similar to62% and similar to43% for the two areas respectively. (6) On a basin-wide scale, there was a significant positive linear correlation between the burial efficiencies and sediment accumulation rates. (7) The calculated particulate organic carbon (POC) deposition, from benthic flux and burial measurements, was only 24-78% of the sediment trap measured POC deposition, indicating a strong near-bottom lateral transport and resuspension of POC. (8) A larger fraction of the laterally advected material of lower quality seemed to settle in the northeastern Skagerrak rather than in the southern Skagerrak. (9) Skagerrak sediments, especially in the northeastern part, act as an efficient net sink for organic carbon, even in a global continental margin context.
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| 40. |
- Tengberg, Anders, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers I. Accuracy of flux measurements and influence of chamber hydrodynamics
- 2004
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Ingår i: Progress in Oceanography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0079-6611. ; 60:1, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hydrodynamic properties and the capability to measure secliment-water solute fluxes, at assumed steady state conditions, were compared for three radically different benthic chamber designs: the "Microcosm", the "Mississippi" and the "Coteborg" chambers. The hydrodynamic properties were characterized by mounting a PVC bottom in each chamber and measuring mixing time, diffusive boundary layer thickness LDBL thickness) shear velocity (W), and total pressure created by the water mixing. The Microcosm had the most even distribution of DBL thickness and u*, but the highest differential pressure at high water mixing rates. The Mississippi chamber had low differential pressures at high u*. The Goteborg chamber was in between the two others regarding these properties. DBL thickness and u* were found to correlate according to the following empirical formula: DBL = 76.18(u*)(-0.933). Multiple flux incubations with replicates of each of the chamber types were carried out on homogenized, macrofauna-frce sediments in four tanks. The degree of homogeneity was determined by calculating solute fluxes (of oxygen, silicate, phosphate and ammonium) from porewater profiles and by sampling for porosity, organic carbon and meiofauna. All these results, except meiofauna, indicated that there were no significant horizontal variations within the sediment in any of the parallel incubation experiments. The statistical evaluations also suggested that the occasional variations in meiofauna abundance did not have any influence on the measured solute fluxes. Forty-three microelectrode profiles of oxygen in the DBL and porewater were evaluated with four different procedures to calculate diffusive fluxes. The procedure presented by Berg, Risgaard-Petersen and Rysgaard, 1989 [Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 1500] was found to be superior because of its ability to fit measured profiles accurately, and because it takes into consideration vertical zonation with different oxygen consumption rates in the sediment. During the flux incubations, the mixing in the chambers was replicated ranging from slow mixing to just noticeable sediment resuspension. In the "hydrodynamic characterizations" these mixing rates corresponded to average DBL thickness from 120 to 550 mum, to u* from 0.12 to 0.68 cm/s, and to differential pressures from 0-3 Pa. Although not directly transferable, since the incubations were done on a "real" sediment with a rougher surface while in the characterizations a PVC plate simulated the sediments surface, these data give ideas about the prevailing hydrodynamic condition in the chambers during the incubations. The variations in water mixing did not generate statistically significant differences between the chamber types for any of the measured fluxes of oxygen or nutrients. Consequently it can be concluded that, for these non-permeable sediments and so long as appropriate water mixing (within the ranges given above) is maintained, the type of stirring mechanism and chamber design used were not critical for the magnitude of the measured fluxes. The average measured oxygen flux was 11.2 +/- 2.7 (from 40 incubations), while the diffusive flux calculated (from 43 profiles using the Berg et al., 1989 [Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 1500] procedure) was 11.1 +/- 3.0 mmol m(-2) day(-1). This strongly suggests that accurate oxygen flux measurements were obtained with the three types of benthic chambers used and that the oxygen uptake is diffusive. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 41. |
- Thomas-Danguin, T., et al.
(författare)
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Development of the ETOC: A European Test of Olfactory Capabilities
- 2003
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Ingår i: Rhinology. - 0300-0729 .- 1996-8604. ; 41:3, s. 142-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of smell tests designed to evaluate human olfactory capabilities have been published, but none have been validated cross-culturally. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a reliable and quick olfactory test that could be used to evaluate efficiently the olfactory abilities of a European population. This test, named ETOC and based on a combination of a supra-threshold detection task and an identification task, was designed to be a cross-cultural tool that would measure the decline in olfactory performance with ageing. Two versions of the ETOC, one easy and one less easy, were used to test the olfactory performance of European citizens in three countries (France, Sweden and the Netherlands). The results indicated that neither version of the ETOC is culture-dependent, and that both give scores that well reflect the decrease in olfactory abilities with increasing age. A retest session showed that the less easy (and final) version of the ETOC is also highly reliable.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Van Hall, G, et al.
(författare)
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Leg and arm lactate and substrate kinetics during exercise
- 2003
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1849 .- 1522-1555. ; 284:1, s. E193-E205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study the role of muscle mass and muscle activity on lactate and energy kinetics during exercise, whole body and limb lactate, glucose, and fatty acid fluxes were determined in six elite cross-country skiers during roller-skiing for 40 min with the diagonal stride (Continuous Arm + Leg) followed by 10 min of double poling and diagonal stride at 72-76% maximal O(2) uptake. A high lactate appearance rate (R(a), 184 +/- 17 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) but a low arterial lactate concentration ( approximately 2.5 mmol/l) were observed during Continuous Arm + Leg despite a substantial net lactate release by the arm of approximately 2.1 mmol/min, which was balanced by a similar net lactate uptake by the leg. Whole body and limb lactate oxidation during Continuous Arm + Leg was approximately 45% at rest and approximately 95% of disappearance rate and limb lactate uptake, respectively. Limb lactate kinetics changed multiple times when exercise mode was changed. Whole body glucose and glycerol turnover was unchanged during the different skiing modes; however, limb net glucose uptake changed severalfold. In conclusion, the arterial lactate concentration can be maintained at a relatively low level despite high lactate R(a) during exercise with a large muscle mass because of the large capacity of active skeletal muscle to take up lactate, which is tightly correlated with lactate delivery. The limb lactate uptake during exercise is oxidized at rates far above resting oxygen consumption, implying that lactate uptake and subsequent oxidation are also dependent on an elevated metabolic rate. The relative contribution of whole body and limb lactate oxidation is between 20 and 30% of total carbohydrate oxidation at rest and during exercise under the various conditions. Skeletal muscle can change its limb net glucose uptake severalfold within minutes, causing a redistribution of the available glucose because whole body glucose turnover was unchanged.
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