| 1. |
- Amare, Azmeraw T, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Polygenic Score for Schizophrenia and HLA Antigen and Inflammation Genes With Response to Lithium in Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Genome-Wide Association Study.
- 2018
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 75:1, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). However, the efficacy of lithium varies widely, with a nonresponse rate of up to 30%. Biological response markers are lacking. Genetic factors are thought to mediate treatment response to lithium, and there is a previously reported genetic overlap between BPAD and schizophrenia (SCZ).To test whether a polygenic score for SCZ is associated with treatment response to lithium in BPAD and to explore the potential molecular underpinnings of this association.A total of 2586 patients with BPAD who had undergone lithium treatment were genotyped and assessed for long-term response to treatment between 2008 and 2013. Weighted SCZ polygenic scores were computed at different P value thresholds using summary statistics from an international multicenter genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36989 individuals with SCZ and genotype data from patients with BPAD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics. For functional exploration, a cross-trait meta-GWAS and pathway analysis was performed, combining GWAS summary statistics on SCZ and response to treatment with lithium. Data analysis was performed from September 2016 to February 2017.Treatment response to lithium was defined on both the categorical and continuous scales using the Retrospective Criteria of Long-Term Treatment Response in Research Subjects with Bipolar Disorder score. The effect measures include odds ratios and the proportion of variance explained.Of the 2586 patients in the study (mean [SD] age, 47.2 [13.9] years), 1478 were women and 1108 were men. The polygenic score for SCZ was inversely associated with lithium treatment response in the categorical outcome, at a threshold P<5×10-2. Patients with BPAD who had a low polygenic load for SCZ responded better to lithium, with odds ratios for lithium response ranging from 3.46 (95% CI, 1.42-8.41) at the first decile to 2.03 (95% CI, 0.86-4.81) at the ninth decile, compared with the patients in the 10th decile of SCZ risk. In the cross-trait meta-GWAS, 15 genetic loci that may have overlapping effects on lithium treatment response and susceptibility to SCZ were identified. Functional pathway and network analysis of these loci point to the HLA antigen complex and inflammatory cytokines.This study provides evidence for a negative association between high genetic loading for SCZ and poor response to lithium in patients with BPAD. These results suggest the potential for translational research aimed at personalized prescribing of lithium.
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| 2. |
- Bäckryd, Emmanuel, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamiken i förskrivningen av opioider i Sverige 2000–2015 - Markanta omfördelningar inom opioidgruppen, men ingen »epidemi«
- 2017
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen Förlag. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opioid prescription changes in Sweden 2000-2015 In contrast to the well-established »opioid epidemic« in the US, very little is known about how the prescription of opioids in Sweden has developed during the last decade. Aggregated data from the open Statistical database of the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare were analyzed descriptively. The yearly prevalence of opioid prescription did not change 2006-2015, but there were dramatic shifts in the choice of opioids. During this period, dextropropoxyphene was pulled off the market. Tramadol was used by fewer individuals (-54 % over the decade), but dosages expressed as Defined Daily Dose/patient/year (DDD/pat/y) increased (+41 %). In contrast, oxycodone and morphine were used by more individuals (+465 % and +137 %, respectively), but DDD/pat/y decreased during the period (-56% and -54%). Studies on non-aggregated data from available registries are needed to further elucidate the circumstances and possible consequences of these shifts in opioid prescription patterns.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Prioritering och finansiering av läkemedel för behandling av patienter med sällsynta sjukdomar : Reviderad version
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I vilken utsträckning kan särskilda hänsyn tas vid prioritering av särläkemedel och läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Bör man i vissa speciella situationer kunna acceptera sämre kostnadseffektivitet och lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag? Om så, vad är det för villkor/kriterier som då bör vara uppfyllda? Hur stämmer ett sådant undantag med den etiska plattformen för prioriteringar? Finns det andra argument som talar för eller mot en särbehandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Detta är frågor som vi diskuterar i denna rapport som tagits fram på uppdrag av Läkemedels- och apoteksutredningen.I rapporten konstaterar vi att särläkemedel är en relativt heterogen grupp av läkemedel och att det finns andra läkemedel med motsvarande egenskaper som inte ansökt eller kunnat ansöka om status som särläkemedel. Ur prioriteringssynpunkt är det därför mer relevant att fokusera på alla typer av läkemedel, som används för sällsynta tillstånd, när vi diskuterar vilka principer för prioriteringar som bör gälla.Utifrån litteratur och erfarenheter i andra länder, som formulerat kriterier för en särskild hantering av läkemedel vid sällsynta sjukdomar, drar vi den preliminära slutsatsen att samhället bör kunna betala mer per hälsovinst (kostnad per kvalitetsjusterat levnadsår (QALY)) och acceptera lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag vid prioritering av läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar om samtliga följande villkor är uppfyllda:att behandlingen har en hög kostnad per hälsovinst som en konsekvens av att den omfattar endast få patienter,att det rör sig om ett tillstånd med mycket stor svårighetsgrad,att det behandlingsalternativ som övervägs på goda grunder ska antas ha en väsentlig effekt,att det inte finns någon alternativ behandling med en väsentlig effekt som förväntas förebygga, bota, fördröja försämring eller lindra det aktuella tillståndet.Om dessa kriterier anses uppfyllda kan läkemedlet bedömas i relation till ett förhöjt tröskelvärde för kostnadseffektivitet. Hur högt detta värde kan vara för att anses rimligt tar vi inte ställning till i rapporten, men en viktig ståndpunkt är att det måste finnas en övre gräns för hur hög kostnad per QALY samhället kan acceptera. Detta bör gälla även om ovanstående kriterier är uppfyllda, annars riskerar det uppstå oacceptabla undanträngningseffekter av andra prioriterade åtgärder. Även lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag ska kunna accepteras.Denna preliminära slutsats prövas sedan mot den svenska etiska plattformen och ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Våra slutsatser från den etiska analysen är att:Människovärdesprincipen tillåter att sällsynta tillstånd som ger upphov till höga behandlingskostnader kan särbehandlas och därmed kan vårt första kriterium accepteras utifrån den etiska plattformen. När ett högre tröskelvärde (kostnad per vunnen hälsovinst) för behandling av sällsynta tillstånd accepteras, så ges dessa patienter större likhet i tillgång till hälsa jämfört med andra patienter (under förutsättning att även andra kriterier är uppfyllda). Detta innebär dock inte automatiskt att alla sällsynta tillstånd som ger upphov till höga behandlingskostnader bör särbehandlas.Enligt behovs-solidaritetsprincipen bör samhället sträva efter att alla medborgare i så stor utsträckning som möjligt ges lika möjligheter till vård; men även att de uppnår en så lika nivå av hälsa som möjligt. Det senare förutsätter att vi i första hand prioriterar dem som ligger längst ifrån en sådan lika nivå, dvs. de med störst behov. För att vi ska kunna påverka möjligheter och utfall när det gäller hälsa krävs det att de åtgärder som används faktiskt kan påverka personer till att närma sig ett mer lika utfall, dvs. att dessa åtgärder har en väsentlig effekt på hälsan.Kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen säger att vid val mellan olika verksamhetsområden eller åtgärder bör en rimlig relation mellan kostnader och effekt eftersträvas. Det framgår att mycket svåra tillstånd ska gå före lindrigare tillstånd, även om åtgärderna gentemot de förra är förknippade med förhållandevis högre kostnader per hälsovinst. När ovanstående kriterier är uppfyllda för behandling av ett sällsynt tillstånd innebär det endast att behandlingen kan bli föremål för en bedömning av om ett höjt tröskelvärde kan accepteras. Det innebär alltså inte automatiskt att behandlingen bör erbjudas eller att ett läkemedel till exempel ska inkluderas i läkemedelsförmånerna. Även med dessa kriterier uppfyllda och att det därmed finns skäl för särbehandling av behandlingen, bör beslutfattaren även i det läget komma fram till vad som är en rimlig relation mellan kostnader och effekt, dvs. vilket som är ett acceptabelt tröskelvärde i den aktuella beslutssituationen.Sammanfattningsvis anser vi att dagens etiska plattform tillsammans med den modifiering av kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen, som finns i senare lagstiftning, ger möjlighet att ta särskilda hänsyn vid prioritering av läkemedel riktade till sällsynta och mycket svåra tillstånd. För att en särbehandling av ett läkemedel ska kunna övervägas bör det ha en väsentlig effekt på det aktuella tillståndet. Det är en skillnad mellan behandlingar som har dålig kostnadseffektivitet på grund av liten effekt respektive om de har det på grund av hög kostnad. Skillnaden motiveras utifrån att effektstorleken hos behandlingen påverkar dess möjlighet att bidra till ett utfall som ligger i linje med resten av befolkningens hälsa och livskvalitet, där en större effektstorlek närmar sig detta på ett bättre sätt. Vår tolkning är att om det finns två åtgärder med samma kostnadseffektivitetskvot och samma svårighetsgrad men där den ena har större effekt på tillståndet än den andra, så är den med störst effekt som ska ges företräde.Vi har även undersökt om det finns några argument utifrån samhällsekonomisk effektivitet som talar för eller emot en särbehandling av sällsynta tillstånd. Detta görs utifrån teoretisk och empirisk litteratur i ämnet och preliminära data från en svensk studie. Enligt vissa studier finns det ett samhälleligt värde i vetskapen om att människor blir omhändertagna oavsett situation och det skapar större trygghet och tillit till samhället utifrån dels ett egenintresse eftersom alla människor i ett samhälle löper en risk att drabbas av svåra tillstånd. Det finns också en altruistisk motivering som består i att människor i allmänhet kan påverkas positivt av att bara veta att de lever i ett barmhärtigt samhälle.Det finns dock inget stöd i renodlade empiriska studier för att människor i allmänhet anser att behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar, allt annat lika, ska särbehandlas. Med andra ord saknas empiriskt stöd för att sällsynthet i sig är ett relevant kriterium vid prioritering. Det var även slutsatsen av vår tidigare etiska argumentation kring detta (se Carlsson et al. 2012). Preliminära data från en pågående svensk studie kommer delvis fram till samma slutsats. När analysen i samma studie fördjupas och kompletteras med attitydfrågor och fokusgruppsintervjuer framträder dock en mer nyanserad bild, nämligen att om det rör sig om sällsynta tillstånd med hög svårighetsgrad, och det är den enda behandlingen, så kan stöd finnas för särbehandling.Efter att ha konstaterat att särskild hänsyn kan övervägas vid prioritering av läkemedel som ska användas vid svåra och sällsynta tillstånd utifrån den etiska plattformen och ur ett välfärdsekonomiskt perspektiv återstår att ta ställning till en rad praktiska överväganden vid utformning av procedurer för prioriteringar, nämligen:Utifrån målet att minska olikheter och garantera vård på lika villkor för sällsynta tillstånd är antagligen en modell med ett nationellt beslutsfattande att föredra. Samma principer för prioritering av läkemedel vid sällsynta och svåra tillstånd bör gälla oavsett hur läkemedlet når patienten, dvs. oavsett om detta sker som läkemedel på recept eller rekvisitionsläkemedel. Om prioriteringen görs av en eller flera instanser är en organisatorisk fråga som vi inte tar ställning till i denna rapport.Ur prioriteringssynpunkt bör det inte göras åtskillnad mellan särläkemedel och andra läkemedel som används för sällsynta tillstånd. När det gäller beslut om särläkemedel i allmänhet ska ingå i förmånssystemet bör de utvärderas och beslutas av Tandvård- och läkemedelsförmånsverket (TLV) på sedvanligt sätt medan vid sådana läkemedel som riktas mot tillstånd som både är mycket sällsynta och mycket svåra kan särskild hänsyn behöva tas och handläggas enligt en modifierad ordning. Detta bör avse såväl kostnaden per hälsovinst som hantering av osäkerhet i det vetenskapliga underlaget och bör gälla oavsett status som särläkemedel eller ej.I vissa situationer när det vetenskapliga underlaget är mycket osäkert uppstår problem vid ställningstagande om generell användning av dyra läkemedel för svår sjukdom på gruppnivå. Det förefaller i det läget rimligt att initialt ge visst avkall på evidensunderlaget för kostnadseffektivitet vid svåra sjukdomar när det av olika skäl inte ter sig möjligt av praktiska skäl att få fram ett sådant. Det kan dock finnas en konflikt i att både acceptera en högre betalningsvilja och dessutom acceptera en större osäkerhet i beslutsunderlaget. I sådana fall är det särskilt angeläget att sörja för en adekvat uppföljning för att så snart som möjligt försöka minska osäkerheten och eventuellt ompröva beslutet.De finns olika principer för hur en patientgrupp med mycket svåra och sällsynta tillstånd kan avgränsas. Gruppen kan dels
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| 4. |
- de Jong, S, et al.
(författare)
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Applying polygenic risk scoring for psychiatric disorders to a large family with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Communications biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 1, s. 163-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychiatric disorders are thought to have a complex genetic pathology consisting of interplay of common and rare variation. Traditionally, pedigrees are used to shed light on the latter only, while here we discuss the application of polygenic risk scores to also highlight patterns of common genetic risk. We analyze polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders in a large pedigree (n ~ 260) in which 30% of family members suffer from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Studying patterns of assortative mating and anticipation, it appears increased polygenic risk is contributed by affected individuals who married into the family, resulting in an increasing genetic risk over generations. This may explain the observation of anticipation in mood disorders, whereby onset is earlier and the severity increases over the generations of a family. Joint analyses of rare and common variation may be a powerful way to understand the familial genetics of psychiatric disorders.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Holmbom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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14-Year Survey in a Swedish County Reveals a Pronounced Increase in Bloodstream Infections (BSI). Comorbidity : An Independent Risk Factor for Both BSI and Mortality
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 11:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: we assessed the incidence, risk factors and outcome of BSI over a 14-year period (2000-2013) in a Swedish county.Methods: retrospective cohort study on culture confirmed BSI among patients in the county of Östergötland, Sweden, with approximately 440,000 inhabitants. A BSI was defined as either community-onset BSI (CO-BSI) or hospital-acquired BSI (HA-BSI).Results: of a total of 11,480 BSIs, 67% were CO-BSI and 33% HA-BSI. The incidence of BSI increased by 64% from 945 to 1,546 per 100,000 hospital admissions per year during the study period. The most prominent increase, 83% was observed within the CO-BSI cohort whilst HA-BSI increased by 32%. Prescriptions of antibiotics in outpatient care decreased with 24% from 422 to 322 prescriptions dispensed/1,000 inhabitants/year, whereas antibiotics prescribed in hospital increased by 67% (from 424 to 709 DDD per 1,000 days of care). The overall 30-day mortality for HA-BSIs was 17.2%, compared to 10.6% for CO-BSIs, with an average yearly increase per 100,000 hospital admissions of 2 and 5% respectively. The proportion of patients with one or more comorbidities, increased from 20.8 to 55.3%. In multivariate analyses, risk factors for mortality within 30 days were: HA-BSI (2.22); two or more comorbidities (1.89); single comorbidity (1.56); CO-BSI (1.21); male (1.05); and high age (1.04).Conclusion: this survey revealed an alarming increase in the incidence of BSI over the 14-year study period. Interventions to decrease BSI in general should be considered together with robust antibiotic stewardship programmes to avoid both over- and underuse of antibiotics.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hou, Liping, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Human molecular genetics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2083 .- 0964-6906. ; 25:15, s. 3383-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ∼2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p=5.87×10(-9); odds ratio=1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p=4.53×10(-9); odds ratio=1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
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| 10. |
- Hughes, T., et al.
(författare)
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Elevated expression of a minor isoform of ANK3 is a risk factor for bipolar disorder
- 2018
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Ingår i: Translational Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2158-3188. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ankyrin-3 (ANK3) is one of the few genes that have been consistently identified as associated with bipolar disorder by multiple genome-wide association studies. However, the exact molecular basis of the association remains unknown. A rare loss-of-function splice-site SNP (rs41283526*G) in a minor isoform of ANK3 (incorporating exon ENSE00001786716) was recently identified as protective of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This suggests that an elevated expression of this isoform may be involved in the etiology of the disorders. In this study, we used novel approaches and data sets to test this hypothesis. First, we strengthen the statistical evidence supporting the allelic association by replicating the protective effect of the minor allele of rs41283526 in three additional large independent samples (meta-analysis pvalues: 6.8E-05 for bipolar disorder and 8.2E-04 for schizophrenia). Second, we confirm the hypothesis that both bipolar and schizophrenia patients have a significantly higher expression of this isoform than controls (p-values: 3.3E-05 for schizophrenia and 9.8E-04 for bipolar type I). Third, we determine the transcription start site for this minor isoform by Pacific Biosciences sequencing of full-length cDNA and show that it is primarily expressed in the corpus callosum. Finally, we combine genotype and expression data from a large Norwegian sample of psychiatric patients and controls, and show that the risk alleles in ANK3 identified by bipolar disorder GWAS are located near the transcription start site of this isoform and are significantly associated with its elevated expression. Together, these results point to the likely molecular mechanism underlying ANK3's association with bipolar disorder.
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| 11. |
- Jacobs, Maartje S., et al.
(författare)
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Secondary adherence to non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation in Sweden and the Netherlands
- 2018
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Ingår i: Current Medical Research and Opinion. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0300-7995 .- 1473-4877. ; 34:10, s. 1839-1847
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: There is limited evidence on patients adherence and the impact of the prescribed dosing regimen in non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulants (NOACs). We aimed to assess secondary adherence to NOACs and to determine the impact of the dosing regimen in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: Patients using a NOAC between 2009 and 2013 were identified from the nation-wide Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and the Dutch regional IADB.nl database. Patients using a consistent dosage for at least 180 consecutive days were included. Adherence was calculated using the medication possession ratio (MPR) and adjusted for overlapping dates. Adherence was defined as a MPR amp;gt;= 0.8. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a MPR amp;gt;= 0.9. Logistic regression was performed to compare secondary adherence and to explore the influence of the dosing regimen. Results: A total of 5254 Swedish and 430 Dutch NOAC users were included. The mean MPR was 96.0% (SD 7.8%) in Sweden and 95.1% (SD 10.1%) in the Netherlands. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that a twice daily regimen had a lower likelihood of being secondary adherent compared to a once daily regimen in Sweden (odds ratio [OR] 0.21 [95% CI 0.12-0.35]). Limitations: The influence of selection bias introduced by the inclusion criterion of amp;gt;= 2 dispensations covering at least 180 days could not be excluded. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that secondary adherence was high in this specific setting among patients with at least two initial dispensations of a NOAC covering a minimum of 180 days. The use of NOACs in a once daily regimen showed higher adherence compared to a twice daily regimen.
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| 12. |
- Järvstråt, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Use of hormone therapy in Swedish women aged 80 years or older
- 2015
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Ingår i: Menopause. - 1072-3714 .- 1530-0374. ; 22:3, s. 275-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats may persist for 10 to 20 years or even longer. Information about the extent to which older women use hormone therapy is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the use of hormone therapy in Swedish women aged 80 years or older.Methods: The study is based on national register data on dispensed drug prescriptions (ie, prescribed therapy that has been provided to individuals by pharmacies) for hormone therapy and local low-dose estrogens.Results: Of 310,923 Swedish women who were aged at least 80 years, 609 (0.2%) were new users of hormone therapy. A total of 2,361 women (0.8%) were current users of hormone therapy. The median duration of hormone therapy use in new users was 257 days (25th to 75th percentiles, 611-120 d). About one in six women aged 80 years or older had used local vaginal estrogen therapy for at least four 3-month periods. The drugs were mainly prescribed by gynecologists and general practitioners.Conclusions: Our results show that a number of women aged 80 years or older still use hormone therapy and that most women who started a new treatment period had only one or two dispensations despite the median duration of treatment being more than half a year. Because at least some of the women aged 80 years or older who used hormone therapy probably did so owing to persistent climacteric symptoms, vasomotor symptoms and hormone therapy are still relevant issues that need to be discussed when counseling women around and after age 80.
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| 13. |
- Kalman, Janos L, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating polygenic burden in age at disease onset in bipolar disorder: Findings from an international multicentric study.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bipolar disorders. - : Wiley. - 1399-5618 .- 1398-5647. ; 21:1, s. 68-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) with early disease onset is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome and constitutes a clinically and biologically homogenous subgroup within the heterogeneous BD spectrum. Previous studies have found an accumulation of early age at onset (AAO) in BD families and have therefore hypothesized that there is a larger genetic contribution to the early-onset cases than to late onset BD. To investigate the genetic background of this subphenotype, we evaluated whether an increased polygenic burden of BD- and schizophrenia (SCZ)-associated risk variants is associated with an earlier AAO in BD patients.A total of 1995 BD type 1 patients from the Consortium of Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), PsyCourse and Bonn-Mannheim samples were genotyped and their BD and SCZ polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated using the summary statistics of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium as a training data set. AAO was either separated into onset groups of clinical interest (childhood and adolescence [≤18years] vs adulthood [>18years]) or considered as a continuous measure. The associations between BD- and SCZ-PRSs and AAO were evaluated with regression models.BD- and SCZ-PRSs were not significantly associated with age at disease onset. Results remained the same when analyses were stratified by site of recruitment.The current study is the largest conducted so far to investigate the association between the cumulative BD and SCZ polygenic risk and AAO in BD patients. The reported negative results suggest that such a polygenic influence, if there is any, is not large, and highlight the importance of conducting further, larger scale studies to obtain more information on the genetic architecture of this clinically relevant phenotype.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lindh-Åstrand, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Hormone therapy might be underutilized in women with early menopause.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Human Reproduction. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0268-1161 .- 1460-2350. ; 30:4, s. 848-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY QUESTION Are Swedish women age 40–44 years with assumed early menopause ‘undertreated’ by hormone therapy (HT)?SUMMARY ANSWER Many women with probable early menopause discontinue their HT after a short period of time. Thus, they fail to complete the recommended replacement up to age 51–52 years, the average age of menopause.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Spontaneous early menopause occurs in ∼5% of women age 40–45 years. Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause due to bilateral oophorectomy before the median age of spontaneous menopause are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, osteoporosis, psychiatric illness and even death.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study is descriptive, and epidemiological and was based on the use of national registers of dispensed drug prescriptions (HT) linking registers from the National Board of Health and Welfare and Statistics Sweden from 1 July 2005 until 31 December 2011.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study population consisted of 310 404 women, 40–44 years old on 31 December 2005 who were followed from 1 July 2005 until 31 December 2011.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Only 0.9% of women 40–44 years old started HT during the study period. A majority of these women used HT <1 year.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We do not know the indications that led to the prescription of HT but assume that early onset of menopause was the main reason. Because of the study design—making a retrospective study of registers—we can only speculate on the reasons for most of the women in this group discontinuing HT. Another limitation of this study is that we have a rather short observation time. However, we have up to now only been able to collect and combine the data since July 2005.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As the occurrence of spontaneous early menopause in women age 40–45 is reported to be ∼5%, the fact that <1% of Swedish women age 40–44 are prescribed HT, and can be shown also to have had the medication dispensed at a pharmacy suggests an unexpectedly low treatment rate. Some women with early menopause may have used combined contraceptives as supplementation therapy, but in Sweden HT is the recommended treatment for early menopause so any such women are not following this recommendation. Women who experience early menopause are at increased risk for overall morbidity and mortality, and can expect to benefit from HT until they have reached at least the median age of spontaneous menopause. It is therefore important to individualize the information given these women and to convey new knowledge in this area to gynaecologists and physicians in general as well as the recommendation that women in this group continue HT at least until the average age for spontaneous menopause is reached.
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| 16. |
- Lindh-Åstrand, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Hot flushes, hormone therapy and alternative treatments: 30 years of experience from Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Climacteric. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1369-7137 .- 1473-0804. ; 18:1, s. 53-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The use of hormone therapy (HT) for hot flushes has changed dramatically over the past five decades. In this cross-sectional questionnaire study, the aim was to describe the use of HT and alternative treatments and to study the frequency of hot flushes. A further aim was to compare data from the present questionnaire with data from previous studies made in the same geographic area. Method A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 2000 women aged 47-56 years living in Ostergotland County, Sweden. The results were compared with findings from previous studies regarding use of HT, alternative treatment and hot flushes, and the number of HT prescriptions dispensed during the corresponding time using data derived from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Registry. Results The response rate was 66%. Six percent used HT, in line with prevalence data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Registry. Alternative treatments were used by 10%. About 70% of postmenopausal women reported flushes and almost one-third of those with flushes stated that they would be positive to HT if therapy could be shown to be harmless, a view more often stated by women with severe complaints of hot flushes (67%). Conclusion The use of HT and alternative treatments is low and many women suffer from flushes that could be treated. Women considered their knowledge of the climacteric period and treatment options as insufficient. Individualized information should be given and women with significant climacteric complaints, without contraindications, should be given the opportunity to try HT.
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| 17. |
- Lindh Åstrand, Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Use of hormone therapy (HT) among Swedish women with contraindications - A pharmacoepidemiological cohort study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maturitas. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0378-5122 .- 1873-4111. ; 123, s. 55-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To assess how women in Sweden with breast cancer (BC), endometrial cancer (EC), and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) were dispensed menopausal hormone therapy (HT). Study design: A retrospective study of Swedish women aged 40 years or more on 31 December 2005 (n = 2,863,643), followed through to December 2011. The study analysed three mandatory national healthcare registries: the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, the National Inpatient Register and the Cancer Register. New users were defined as having a first dispensation after at least a 9-month break, and thus were possible to identify from April 2006. New users with at least one of the diagnoses BC, EC or PE before the first dispensation were classified as having a relative or absolute contraindication for HT. Main outcome measures: The relative risks of having HT dispensed after being diagnosed with BC, EC and/or PE. Results: In total, 171,714 women had at least one of the diagnoses BC, EC or PE. The relative risk of having hormone therapy dispensed (current and new users) after being diagnosed with any of the diagnoses was significantly lower (PE, IRR 0.11, 95% CI 0.10-0.12;/ BC, IRR 0.12, 95% CI 0.11-0.13; EC, IRR 0.43, CI 0.40-0.46) than for women without these diagnoses. Conclusions: One in about 250 women started treatment with HT after being diagnosed with BC, PE or EC. Swedish prescribers seem to be well aware of the recommendations for HT use in women with contraindications. A few women, however, are prescribed HT despite having BC, EC or PE, possibly after careful evaluation of the risks and benefits and giving informed consent. Women with a history of PE were prescribed transdermal HT to a larger extent than women in general, in line with results from observational studies.
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| 18. |
- Reinbold, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the Influence of microRNAs in Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-0640. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Lithium is the best-established long-term treatment for BD, even though individual response is highly variable Evidence suggests that some of this variability has a genetic basis. This is supported by the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lithium response to date conducted by the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) Recently, we performed the first genome-wide analysis of the involvement of miRNAs in BD and identified nine BD associated miRNAs However, it is unknown whether these miRNAs are also associated with lithium response in BD. In the present study, we therefore tested whether common variants at these nine candidate miRNAs contribute to the variance in lithium response in BD. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed whether any other miRNA in the genome is implicated in the response to lithium. For this purpose, we performed gene-based tests for all known miRNA coding genes in the ConLiGen GWAS dataset (n = 2,563 patients) using a set-based testing approach adapted from the versatile gene based test for GWAS (VEGAS2). In the candidate approach, miR-499a showed a nominally significant association with lithium response, providing some evidence for involvement in both development and treatment of BD. In the genome-wide miRNA analysis, 71 miRNAs showed nominally significant associations with the dichotomous phenotype and 106 with the continuous trait for treatment response. A total of 15 miRNAs revealed nominal significance in both phenotypes with miR-633 showing the strongest association with the continuous trait (p = 9.80E-04) and miR-607 with the dichotomous phenotype (p = 5.79E-04). No association between miRNAs and treatment response to lithium in BD in either of the tested conditions withstood multiple testing correction. Given the limited power of our study, the investigation of miRNAs in larger GWAS samples of BD and lithium response is warranted.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Unsalan, Ozan, et al.
(författare)
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The Sariçiçek howardite fall in Turkey : Source crater of HED meteorites on Vesta and impact risk of Vestoids
- 2019
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Ingår i: Meteoritics and Planetary Science. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons. - 1086-9379 .- 1945-5100. ; 54:5, s. 953-1008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sariçiçek howardite meteorite shower consisting of 343 documented stones occurred on September 2, 2015 in Turkey and is the first documented howardite fall. Cosmogenic isotopes show that Sariçiçek experienced a complex cosmic‐ray exposure history, exposed during ~12–14 Ma in a regolith near the surface of a parent asteroid, and that an ~1 m sized meteoroid was launched by an impact 22 ± 2 Ma ago to Earth (as did one‐third of all HED meteorites). SIMS dating of zircon and baddeleyite yielded 4550.4 ± 2.5 Ma and 4553 ± 8.8 Ma crystallization ages for the basaltic magma clasts. The apatite U‐Pb age of 4525 ± 17 Ma, K‐Ar age of ~3.9 Ga, and the U,Th‐He ages of 1.8 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 0.3 Ga are interpreted to represent thermal metamorphic and impact‐related resetting ages, respectively. Petrographic; geochemical; and O‐, Cr‐, and Ti‐isotopic studies confirm that Sariçiçek belongs to the normal clan of HED meteorites. Petrographic observations and analysis of organic material indicate a small portion of carbonaceous chondrite material in the Sariçiçek regolith and organic contamination of the meteorite after a few days on soil. Video observations of the fall show an atmospheric entry at 17.3 ± 0.8 km s−1 from NW; fragmentations at 37, 33, 31, and 27 km altitude; and provide a pre‐atmospheric orbit that is the first dynamical link between the normal HED meteorite clan and the inner Main Belt. Spectral data indicate the similarity of Sariçiçek with the Vesta asteroid family (V‐class) spectra, a group of asteroids stretching to delivery resonances, which includes (4) Vesta. Dynamical modeling of meteoroid delivery to Earth shows that the complete disruption of a ~1 km sized Vesta family asteroid or a ~10 km sized impact crater on Vesta is required to provide sufficient meteoroids ≤4 m in size to account for the influx of meteorites from this HED clan. The 16.7 km diameter Antionia impact crater on Vesta was formed on terrain of the same age as given by the 4He retention age of Sariçiçek. Lunar scaling for crater production to crater counts of its ejecta blanket show it was formed ~22 Ma ago.
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| 21. |
- Wallerstedt, Susanna Maria, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating beneficial drug effects in a non-interventional setting: a review of effectiveness studies based on Swedish Prescribed Drug Register data
- 2017
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Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : WILEY. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 83:6, s. 1309-1318
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS To describe and assess current effectiveness studies published up to 2014 using Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SPDR) data. METHODS Study characteristics were extracted. Each study was assessed concerning the clinical relevance of the research question, the risk of bias according to a structured checklist, and as to whether its findings contributed to new knowledge. The biases encountered and ways of handling these were retrieved. RESULTS A total of 24 effectiveness studies were included in the review, the majority on cardiovascular or psychiatric disease (n=17; 71%). The articles linked data from four (interquartile range: three to four) registers, and were published in 21 different journals with an impact factor ranging from 1.58 to 51.66. All articles had a clinically relevant research question. According to the systematic quality assessments, the overall risk of bias was low in one (4%), moderate in eight (33%) and high in 15 (62%) studies. Overall, two (8%) studies were assessed as contributing to new knowledge. Frequently occurring problems were selection bias making the comparison groups incomparable, treatment bias with suboptimal handling of drug exposure and an intention-to-treat approach, and assessment bias including immortal time bias. Good examples of how to handle bias problems included propensity score matching and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Although this review illustrates that effectiveness studies based on dispensed drug register data can contribute to new evidence of intended effects of drug treatment in clinical practice, the expectations of such data to provide valuable information need to be tempered due to methodological issues.
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| 22. |
- Wallerstedt, Susanna Maria, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence synthesis based on non-randomised studies-a critical review of studies leading to conclusions on fall risk properties of loop diuretics/beta-blockers
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 75:12, s. 1731-1738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose To describe methodological and reporting issues in non-randomised comparative drug safety studies pooled in meta-analyses, with focus on confounding by indication. Methods All studies included in statistically significant meta-analyses in a recent publication investigating fall risk properties of cardiovascular drugs were reviewed. Study characteristics were extracted and assessed. Results Nine studies, including between 498 and 321,995 individuals, contributed data to the significant meta-analyses in which loop diuretics and beta-blockers were associated with falls, five published in 2015. Five individual studies reported a statistically significant association. In the five cohort studies, characteristics of exposed vs unexposed individuals were either not reported (n = 3) or differed substantially regarding morbidity (n = 2). Drug treatment was determined at baseline, and data on falls were collected for up to 2 years thereafter. Out of the four case-control studies, the cases and controls in only one study were matched for morbidity. Morbidity characteristics of fallers compared with non-fallers were either not reported (n = 2) or they differed (n = 1) or were reported according to the matched-for diseases (n = 1). Confounding by indication was explicitly discussed in two studies. None of the abstract conclusions considered causality issues or the possibility of confounding by indication. Conclusions Confounding by indication is a major issue in non-randomised comparative drug safety studies, a problem which may be concealed in meta-analyses. To enhance such research, compared groups need to be balanced regarding relevant factors including morbidities and characteristics adequately reported. Confounding by indication needs to be explicitly discussed and highlighted in the abstract conclusion.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Wallerstedt, Susanna Maria, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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The First Decade with the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register - A Systematic Review of the Output in the Scientific Literature
- 2016
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Ingår i: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 1742-7835 .- 1742-7843. ; 119:5, s. 464-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to quantify and characterize the scientific output from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SPDR) the first decade after its establishment. A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, EMBASE and PubMed (2005-2014). Additional publications were identified by personal knowledge, reference lists, contact with active authors and a citation search in Web of Sciences. Publications using SPDR data were included in the analysis and characterized regarding study type, presence of patient-level record linkage, target population and topic. A total of 719 publications were identified in the literature search and an additional 148 by other strategies. Three hundred and thirty-eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The majority were analytic (n = 166; 49.1%) or descriptive (n = 100; 29.5%). The remaining studies focused on validation (n = 20; 5.9%), health economics (n = 16; 4.7%) or miscellaneous (n = 36; 10.7%). The analytic studies investigating effects of drug exposure focused mainly on safety (n = 46) and/or effectiveness (n = 24). The first publications appeared in 2007 (n = 6), and in 2014, 90 articles using SPDR were published. Over the years, linkage with other registers using the personal identity number increased (0-88.9% of the publications). The population was often selected by age (49.7%), condition (45.0%) and/or drug (22.8%) and concerned predominantly psychiatric (29.0%) and cardiovascular (20.4%) diseases. In conclusion, this study illustrates that the establishment of a nationwide individual-based register on dispensed prescription drugs facilitates an encouraging development of pharmacoepidemiological research, both regarding the number of publications and the scientific level of the analyses.
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| 25. |
- Witt, S. H., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study of borderline personality disorder reveals genetic overlap with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Translational Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2158-3188. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Borderline personality disorder (BOR) is determined by environmental and genetic factors, and characterized by affective instability and impulsivity, diagnostic symptoms also observed in manic phases of bipolar disorder (BIP). Up to 20% of BIP patients show comorbidity with BOR. This report describes the first case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BOR, performed in one of the largest BOR patient samples worldwide. The focus of our analysis was (i) to detect genes and gene sets involved in BOR and (ii) to investigate the genetic overlap with BIP. As there is considerable genetic overlap between BIP, major depression (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and a high comorbidity of BOR and MDD, we also analyzed the genetic overlap of BOR with SCZ and MDD. GWAS, gene-based tests and gene-set analyses were performed in 998 BOR patients and 1545 controls. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to detect the genetic overlap between BOR and these disorders. Single marker analysis revealed no significant association after correction for multiple testing. Gene-based analysis yielded two significant genes: DPYD (P = 4.42 x 10(-7)) and PKP4 (P = 8.67 x 10(-7)); and gene-set analysis yielded a significant finding for exocytosis (GO: 0006887, PFDR = 0.019; FDR, false discovery rate). Prior studies have implicated DPYD, PKP4 and exocytosis in BIP and SCZ. The most notable finding of the present study was the genetic overlap of BOR with BIP (r(g) = 0.28 [P = 2.99 x 10(-3)]), SCZ (r(g) = 0.34 [P = 4.37 x 10(-5)]) and MDD (r(g) = 0.57 [P = 1.04 x 10(-3)]). We believe our study is the first to demonstrate that BOR overlaps with BIP, MDD and SCZ on the genetic level. Whether this is confined to transdiagnostic clinical symptoms should be examined in future studies.
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