| 1. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Stability of drugs in stored postmortem femoral blood and vitreous humor
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 49:4, s. 820-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of 46 drugs in postmortem femoral blood stored for one year at -20°C was investigated. The drugs included benzodiazepines, antidepressants, analgetics and hypnotics. For seven drugs we found a significant change in the concentration between the first and second analysis. Five substances; ethanol, desmethylmianserin, 7-amino-nitrazepam, THC and zopiclone showed a decrease in the concentration whereas the concentrations of two substances; ketobemidone and thioridazine increased. However, the changes observed were not of such an order that it would affect the interpretation in normal forensic casework. We also investigated the possible influence of potassium fluoride on the concentrations of the 46 drugs in vitreous humor after storage for one year. For two substances, ethanol and zopiclone, there were significantly lower concentrations in the samples without potassium fluoride. Furthermore, we also studied the correlation between the concentrations in femoral blood and vitreous humor. For 23 substances there was a significant difference between the concentrations in the vitreous humor and femoral blood. Significant correlations between the concentrations in these two specimens were found for 23 substances, indicating that vitreous humor can be an alternative specimen when blood samples are not available, provided that such correlation exists for the particular substance. Statistical analysis also revealed a correlation between the degree of protein binding of the different drugs and percentage of vitreous/femoral blood concentrations.
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| 2. |
- Brandén, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Discrete Fundamental Solution Preconditioning for Hyperbolic Systems of PDE
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present a new preconditioner for the iterative solution of linear systems of equations arising from discretizations of systems of first order partial differential equations (PDEs) on structured grids. Such systems occur in many important applications, including compressible fluid flow and electormagnetic wave propagation. The preconditioner is a truncated convolution operator, with a kernel that is a fundamental solution of a difference operator closely related to the original discretization.Analysis of a relevant scalar model problem in two spatial dimensions shows that grid independent convergence is obtained using a simple one-stage iterative method. As an example of a more involved problem, we consider the steady state solution of the non-linear Euler equations in a two dimensional, non-axisymmetric duct. We present results from numerical experiments, verifying that the preconditioning technique again achieves grid independent convergence, both for an upwind discretization and for a centered second order discretization with fourth order artificial viscosity.
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| 3. |
- Carlson, Per-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Systemet Hållbara Byggnader: Bedömningsgrunder för innemiljön
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I föreliggande rapport har krav på byggnaders innemiljö sammanställts som kan användas som funktionskrav eller för att klassa byggnader. Bara sådana komfortrelaterade innemiljöaspekter som har en sådan status att de kan anses vara allmänt accepterade ingår och benämns här innemiljökomfort. Systemet Hållbara Byggnader hanterar utöver innemiljökomfort även energianvändning och miljöpåverkan. Målet med rapporten är att komplettera systemet Hållbara Byggnader med krav på innemiljökomfort, och därigenom täcka in alla miljöaspekter inklusive ohälsa som kan kopplas till mänsklig hälsa. Ohälsa ingår som en del av miljöpåverkan och är en aspekt som man vill minska, medan innemiljökomfort är en aspekt som man försöker förbättra. Visionen är därmed att systemet Hållbara Byggnader på ett heltäckande sätt hanterar de mest betydelsefulla aspekterna som kan relateras till begreppet hållbara byggnader. Innemiljökomfort hanteras med egenskapskrav samt påverkanskrav. Egenskapskrav är sådana (mätbara) egenskaper som kan bestämmas i en befintlig byggnad eller vid projektering. Påverkanskrav för innemiljökomfort baseras på brukarens upplevelse och självskattning och hanteras med hjälp av enkäter.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of a susceptibility locus for migraine with and without aura on 6p12.2-p21.1
- 2002
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 59:11, s. 1804-1807
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migraine is the most common type of chronic episodic headache. To find novel susceptibility genes for familial migraine with and without aura, a genomewide screen was performed in a large family from northern Sweden. Evidence of linkage was obtained on chromosome 6p12.2-p21.1, with a maximum two-point lod score of 5.41 for marker D6S452. The patients with migraine shared a common haplotype of 10 Mb between markers D6S1650 and D6S1960.
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| 5. |
- Carlsten, A, et al.
(författare)
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The role of benzodiazepines in elderly suicides
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 31:3, s. 224-228
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: In Sweden, suicides by drug poisoning have decreased in the population at large during the past two decades. However, drug poisoning suicides increased among the elderly during this period. Suicides by benzodiazepine poisoning increased in this age group despite a reduction in prescription sales of these drugs. This study aims therefore to determine the role of benzodiazepines in suicide late in life. Methods: Information concerning all definite suicides and deaths due to "undetermined" causes recorded among Swedish citizens aged 65 and above during 1992-96 was obtained from the Cause-of-Death Register. Death certificates were scrutinized to determine the type of drug employed in drug-related suicides. Results of the post mortem screening for drugs and alcohol were then examined. Results: A benzodiazepine was implicated in 216/548 (39%) of the drug poisoning suicides recorded among the elderly. Death certificates revealed that a benzodiazepine was the sole agent in 72% of these cases. Flunitrazepam or nitrazepam were implicated in 90% of the single benzodiazepine suicides. In addition to the suicides classified as drug poisonings, 82 cases were found in which a drug may have contributed to the cause of death. Benzodiazepines predominated. The terminal cause of death was drowning, often in the victim's own bathtub, in three-quarters of these cases. The annual fatality ratios for the newer benzodiazepine-like hypnotics zopiclone and zolpidem appear to be on the rise. Conclusion: Benzodiazepines, especially the hypnotics flunitrazepam and nitrazepam, are common in drug poisoning suicides in the elderly and should be prescribed with caution for this age group.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Gustafsson, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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First results of electric field and density observations by Cluster EFW based on initial months of operation
- 2001
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Ingår i: Annales Geophysicae. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 19:12-okt, s. 1219-1240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highlights are presented from studies of the electric field data from various regions along the CLUSTER orbit. They all point towards a very high coherence for phenomena recorded on four spacecraft that are separated by a few hundred kilometers for structures over the whole range of apparent frequencies from I mHz to 9 kHz. This presents completely new opportunities to study spatial-temporal plasma phenomena from the magnetosphere out to the solar wind. A new probe environment was constructed for the CLUSTER electric field experiment that now produces data of unprecedented quality. Determination of plasma flow in the solar wind is an example of the capability of the instrument.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Holmgren, Per, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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2001 års fornminnesinventering i Kronobergs län : Älmhults och Tingsryds kommuner
- 2002
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fornminnesinventeringen i Kronobergs län år 2001 omfattade socknarna Göteryd, Hallaryd, Härlunda, Pjätteryd, Stenbrohult och Virestad i Älmhults kommun samt Linneryd, Södra Sandsjö, Väckelsång och Älmeboda i Tingsryds kommun. Totalt inventerades cirka 1 989 km2 fördelat på 106 ekonomiska kartblad. Arbetstakten inom området varierade mellan 1,5 km2 och 3,0 km2 per anställningsdag. Under fältarbetssäsongen registrerades sammanlagt 2 768 lokaler varav 1 467 med fornlämningsstatus. Det betyder att andelen fornlämningslokaler är 52 procent. Vid förstagångsinventeringen 1949–50 var motsvarande summor 996 respektive 328 och andelen fornlämningslokaler utgjorde då 33 procent.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Caffeine fatalities - four case reports
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 139:1, s. 71-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four cases of fatal intoxications with caffeine are described. Caffeine is widely available in beverages and in different OTC-products, in many of them in combinations with other drugs like ephedrine. Caffeine is not as harmless as one might believe. An overdose of caffeine alone, intentional or not, might be deadly. It seems to be warranted to include caffeine in the drug-screening of forensic autopsy cases. It is not motivated from a medical point of view to sell pure caffeine over the counter.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Holmgren, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites in postmortem blood and genotyping for CYD2D6 and CYP2C19
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0146-4760 .- 1945-2403. ; 28:2, s. 94-104
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly found drugs in Swedish forensic autopsy cases. Citalopram is a racemic drug with 50:50 of the S- and R- enantiomers. Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites desmethylcitalopram and didesmethylcitalopram were performed in femoral blood from 53 autopsy cases by a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The mean (± standard deviation) S/R ratio for citalopram was 0.67 ± 0.25 and for desmethylcitalopram, 0.68 ± 0.20. We found increasing S/R ratios with increasing concentrations of citalopram. We also found that high citalopram S/R ratios were associated with a high parent drug-to-metabolite ratio and may be an indicator of recent intake. Citalopram is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2C19, and 2D6. Genotyping for the polymorphic CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 revealed no poor metabolizers regarding CYP2C19 and only 2 (3.8%) poor metabolizers regarding CYP2D6. The presence of drugs metabolized by and/or inhibiting these enzymes in several of the cases suggests that such pharmacokinetic interactions are a more important (practical) problem than metabolic deficiency. Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and its metabolites can provide additional information when interpreting forensic toxicology results and might be a necessity in the future.
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| 18. |
- Holmgren, Per, 1945-
(författare)
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Postmortem toxicology : aspects on interpretation
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Postmortem toxicology is a matter of analytical chemistry and the consequent interpretation of the results. Thus, both parts are of great importance to come to the right conclusion or the most probable explanation of the analytical results. When interpreting toxicological results there are a lot of different aspects to consider, such as: were the analytical methods used appropriate and with acceptable accuracy, what specimen was analyzed and how was it collected and stored before the analysis, what concentration of a drug can be considered normal or "therapeutic" and which concentration is fatal. Other circumstance to consider is the stability of the drug substances, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs, possible drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and postmortem redistribution.One crucial question in interpretation of postmortem toxicology results is to find reliable data on the significance of different drug concentrations. Instead of comparing concentrations found in postmortem blood with so called therapeutic concentrations in serum or plasma from the clinical setting, an inappropriate way that will lead to erroneous results, a new approach was used. Data was collected on drug concentrations in femoral blood from autopsy cases where the cause of death by certain not was intoxication and where the diseased was not incapacitated. These concentrations does not reflect any "therapeutic" concentration, which seldom is the key issue in postmortem toxicology, but represents concentrations which could be regarded as normally found and not associated with a fatal outcome. Applying this way to get reference concentrations, errors can be reduced and the problem associated with drug redistribution can be diminished.Normally samples are stored for one year or more and for a variety of drugs no concentration changes in femoral blood were noted when stored at -20° C with the exception of e.g. ethanol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and zopiclone. Vitreous humor (VH) can be used as an alternative specimen to blood and there exists a correlation between the concentration in VH compared to the blood concentration and the degree of protein binding of the substances. VH can also be used to estimate the corresponding blood concentration under certain circumstances.Several drugs exist as racemate, containing two or several enantiomers. Chiral analysis can provide additional information about the time that has passed between intake of a drug and the time of death, thus improving the possibilities to predict whether an acute or chronic intake is at hand.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions are issues of great importance and have a great impact on interpretation in postmortem toxicology. Pharmacogenetics is another issue that attracts more and more attention in forensic toxicology. Awareness and knowledge of these factors are of utmost importance in order to produce accurate interpretations of postmortem toxicology results.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Jones, A Wayne, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of blood-ethanol concentration in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 48:4, s. 874-879
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethanol concentrations were measured in femoral venous blood in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning (N = 693) or chronic alcoholism (N = 825), according to the forensic pathology report. Among acute alcohol poisonings were 529 men (76%) with mean age 53 years and 164 women (24%) with mean age 53 years. In the chronic alcoholism deaths were 705 men (85%) with mean age 55 years and 120 women (15%) with mean age 57 years. The blood-ethanol concentrations were not related to the person's age (r = -0.17 in acute poisonings and r = -0.09 in chronic alcoholism). The distribution of blood-ethanol concentrations in acute poisoning cases agreed with a normal or Gaussian curve with mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and spread of 0.36 g/100 mL, 0.36 g/100 mL, 0.086 g/100 mL, 24% and 0.074 to 0.68 g/100 mL, respectively. The corresponding concentrations of ethanol in chronic alcoholism deaths were not normally distributed and showed a mode between 0.01 and 0.05 g/100 mL and mean, median, and spread of 0.172 g/100 mL, 0.150 g/100 mL, and 0.01 to 0.56 g/100 mL, respectively. The 5th and 95th percentiles for blood-ethanol concentration in acute poisoning deaths were 0.22 and 0.50 g/100 mL, respectively. However, these values are probably conservative estimates of the highest blood-ethanol concentrations before death owing to metabolism of ethanol until the time of death. In 98 chronic alcoholism deaths (12%) there was an elevated concentration of acetone in the blood (> 0.01 g/100 mL), and 50 of these (6%) also had elevated isopropanol (>0.01 g/100 mL). This compares with 28 cases (4%) with elevated blood-acetone in the acute poisoning deaths and 22 (3%) with elevated blood-isopropanol. We offer various explanations for the differences in blood-ethanol and blood-acetone in acute poisoning and alcoholism deaths such as chronic tolerance, alcohol-related organ and tissue damage (cirrhosis, pancreatitis), positional asphyxia or suffocation by inhalation of vomit, exposure to cold coupled with alcohol-induced hypothermia, as well as various metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.
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| 21. |
- Jones, A Wayne, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Urine/blood ratios of ethanol in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 135:3, s. 206-212
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of ethanol were determined in femoral venous blood (BAC) and urine (UAC) and the UAC/BAC ratios were evaluated for a large case series of forensic autopsies in which the primary cause of death was either acute alcohol poisoning (N=628) or chronic alcoholism (N=647). In alcohol poisoning deaths both UAC and BAC were higher by about 2g/l compared with chronic alcoholism deaths. In acute alcohol poisoning deaths the minimum BAC was 0.74g/l and the distribution of UAC/BAC ratios agreed well with the shape of a Gaussian curve with mean-standard deviation (S.D.) and median (2.5th and 97.5th centiles) of 1.18-0.182 and 1.18 (0.87 and 1.53), respectively. In alcoholism deaths, when the BAC was above 0.74g/l (N=457) the mean-S.D. and median (2.5th and 97.5th centiles) UAC/BAC ratios were 1.30-0.29 and 1.26 (0.87 and 2.1), respectively. When the BAC was below 0.74g/l (N=190), the mean and median UAC/BAC ratios were considerably higher, being 2.24 and 1.58, respectively. BAC and UAC were highly correlated in acute alcohol poisoning deaths (r=0.84, residual S.D.=0.47g/l) and in chronic alcoholism deaths (r=0.95, residual S.D.=0.41g/l). For both causes of death (N=1275), the correlation between BAC and UAC was r=0.95 and the residual S.D. was 0.46g/l. The lower UAC/BAC ratio observed in acute alcohol poisoning deaths (mean and median 1.18:1) suggests that these individuals died before absorption and distribution of ethanol in all body fluids were complete. The higher UAC/BAC ratio in chronic alcoholism (median 1.30:1) is closer to the value expected for complete absorption and distribution of ethanol in all body fluids.
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| 22. |
- Jönsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Fatal intoxications in a Swedish forensic autopsy material during 1992-2002
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-0738. ; 143:1, s. 53-59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compilations of substances detected in fatal intoxications are important in order to observe changes in intoxication patterns, to monitor effects of preventive work and to discover new trends in drug usage. The aim of the present study was to describe the current pattern of substances detected in fatal intoxications in Sweden. Fatal intoxications investigated at the Department of Forensic Chemistry, Linköping, Sweden, during 1992–2002, were analysed. All suicides, uncertain cases and accidents where the cause of death were fatal intoxications (ICD-9: E950, E980 and E859) were included and substances detected in more than 50 fatal intoxications (in femoral blood) were listed. For each substance, a cut off value was set, above which concentrations were considered toxic. Fatal intoxications were detected by forensic-chemical analyses in 12% (6998/60,314) of the forensic autopsies during the study period. Among the suicides, an average of 3.8 substances were detected per case, the corresponding figure for uncertain cases and accidents were 3.5 and 4.1 substances, respectively. Ethanol was by far the most frequently detected substance, detected in 43% (3039) of the fatal intoxications, of which 32% (960) had toxic concentrations, followed by propoxyphene, detected in 27% (1863) of the fatal intoxications of which 74% (1370) had toxic concentrations. The number of cases where ethanol and propoxyphene were detected decreased during the study period. Moreover, other CNS-active drugs such as antidepressants, analgesics and anxiolytics were also frequently detected. The drugs with high proportions of cases with toxic concentrations detected were propoxyphene, amitriptyline, zolpidem, carisoprodol, alprazolam, thioridazine, methadone and ketobemidone. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) were detected in 12% (833) and 10% (665), respectively. A significantly (P<0.001) higher proportion of cases where TCA were detected had toxic concentrations when compared with cases where SSRI were detected (64% versus 31%).
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| 23. |
- Kugelberg, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Codeine and morphine blood concentrations increase during blood loss
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 48:3, s. 664-667
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During extensive blood loss, a plasma volume refill will take place by transfer of extravascular fluid into the circulation. Drugs present in this fluid may follow and cause a rise or a drop in blood drug concentration, depending on their levels and accessibility in the restoration fluid. This study explored the possible changes of codeine, and its metabolite morphine, in whole blood during a standardized exsanguination in the rat. Three doses containing 5 mg codeine were given orally. In eight rats, blood loss was accomplished by slowly withdrawing 0.8 mL blood at 10 min intervals during 70 min. In control rats, blood was withdrawn only at 0 and 70 min. At 70 min, the final/initial codeine and morphine concentration ratios were 0.70 +/- 0.38 and 0.88 +/- 0.47, respectively, in controls, but increased to 1.28 +/- 0.44 (p=0.014) and 1.41 +/- 0.34 (p=0.021), respectively, in exsanguinated rats. It is concluded that blood loss can affect blood drug concentrations.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Popov, Konstantin, et al.
(författare)
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Parallel Agent-Based Simulation on a Cluster of Workstations
- 2003
-
Ingår i: EURO-PAR 2003 PARALLEL PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS. - Berlin : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540407881 - 354040788X ; , s. 470-480
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss a parallel implementation of an agent-based sim-ulation. Our approach allows to adapt a sequential simulator for large-scale simulation on a cluster of workstations. We target discrete-timesimulation models that capture the behavior of WWW. The real-worldphenomena of emerged aggregated behavior of the Internet populationis studied. The system distributes data among workstations, which al-lows large-scale simulations infeasible on a stand-alone computer. Themodel properties cause traffic between workstations proportional to par-tition sizes. Network latency is hidden by concurrent simulation of mul-tiple users. The system is implemented in Mozart that provides multi-threading, dataflow variables, component-based software development,and network-transparency. Currently we can simulate up to 106 Webusers on 104 Web sites using a cluster of 16 computers, which takes fewseconds per simulation step, and for a problem of the same size, parallelsimulation offers speedups between 11 and 14.
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| 26. |
- Popov, Konstantin, et al.
(författare)
-
Parallel Agent-Based Simulation on a Cluster of Workstations
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Parallel Processing Letters. - : World Scientific. - 0129-6264 .- 1793-642X. ; 13:4, s. 629-641
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss a parallel implementation of an agent-based simulation. Our approach allows to adapt a sequential simulator for large-scale simulation on a cluster of workstations. We target discrete-time simulation models that capture the behavior of Web users and Web sites. Web users are connected with each other in a graph resembling the social network. Web sites are also connected in a similar graph. Users are stateful entities. At each time step, they exhibit certain behaviour such as visiting bookmarked sites, exchanging information about Web sites in the "word-of-mouth" style, and updating bookmarks. The real-world phenomena of emerged aggregated behavior of the Internet population is studied. The system distributes data among workstations, which allows large-scale simulations infeasible on a stand-alone computer. The model properties cause traffic between workstations proportional to partition sizes. Network latency is hidden by concurrent simulation of multiple users. The system is implemented in Mozart that provides multithreading, dataflow variables, component-based software development, and network-transparency. Currently we can simulate up to 106 Web users on 104 Web sites using a cluster of 16 computers, which takes few seconds per simulation step, and for a problem of the same size, parallel simulation offers speedups between 11 and 14.
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| 27. |
- Popov, Konstantin, et al.
(författare)
-
Parallel agent-based simulation on a cluster of workstations
- 2003. - 1
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss a parallel implementation of an agent-based simulation. Our approach allows to adapt a sequential simulator for large-scale simulation on a cluster of workstations. We target discrete-time simulation models that capture the behavior of WWW. The real-world phenomena of emerged aggregated behavior of the Internet population is studied. The system distributes data among workstations, which allows large-scale simulations infeasible on a stand-alone computer. The model properties cause traffic between workstations proportional to partition sizes. Network latency is hidden by concurrent simulation of multiple users. The system is implemented in Mozart that provides multithreading, dataflow variables, component-based software development, and network-transparency. Currently we can simulate up to 106 Web users on 104 Web sites using a cluster of 16 computers, which takes few seconds per simulation step, and for a problem of the same size, parallel simulation offers speedups between 11 and 14.
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| 28. |
- Rafea, Mahmoud, et al.
(författare)
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Parallel distributed algorithms of the beta-model of the small world graphs
- 2003. - 2
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research goal is to develop a large-scale agent-based simulation environment to support implementations of Internet simulation applications.The Small Worlds (SW) graphs are used to model Web sites and social networks of Internet users. Each vertex represents the identity of a simple agent. In order to cope with scalability issues, we have to consider distributed parallel processing. The focus of this paper is to present two parallel-distributed algorithms for the construction of a particular type of SW graph called Beta-model. The first algorithm serializes the graph construction, while the second constructs the graph in parallel.
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| 29. |
- Wikström, M, et al.
(författare)
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A2 (N-benzylpiperazine) a new drug of abuse in Sweden
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. - 0146-4760 .- 1945-2403. ; 28:1, s. 67-70
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- N-Benzylpiperazine was tested in the beginning of the 1970s as a possible antidepressant drug. However, in both animal and human studies, it was shown to possess amphetamine-like properties, and any further studies were stopped. In a forensic autopsy case in 1999, we found a substance so far unknown to us in the chromatogram of our method used for amphetamines. We could swiftly identify this compound as N-benzylpiperazine because of information given to us by a newly formed network comprising, among others, customs and the police. Since then, we have found N-benzylpiperazine in several cases, among them 11 cases from a number of prisons.
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| 30. |
- Wåhlander, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Increased levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides after the first palliative operation, but not after a bidirectional glenn anastomosis, in children with functionally univentricular hearts.
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Cardiology in the young. - 1047-9511. ; 13:3, s. 268-74
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated the concentrations of the brain and atrial natriuretic peptides in the plasma as markers of ventricular function and volume load in children with functionally univentricular hearts. We studied 7 children aged from 0.5 to 0.7 years with functionally univentricular hearts who had undergone a first palliative operation, and 10 children aged from 1.8 to 3.7 years who had undergone a bidirectional Glenn anastomosis at ages ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 year. As a control group, we studied 14 children without heart defects aged from 0.1 to 4.5 years. Levels of the brain natriuretic peptide were measured at 8.3 to 122 ng/l, with a mean of 52.8 ng/l, after the first palliative operation, compared to 0 to 16 ng/l, with a mean of 7.3 ng/l, after a bidirectional Glenn anastomosis, and 0 to 13.8 ng/l, with a mean of 5.9 ng/l, in the children serving as controls. Corresponding values for atrial natriuretic peptide were 17 to 203 ng/l, with a mean of 103 ng/l, after the first palliative operation, compared to 16 to 54 ng/l, with a mean of 29 ng/l, after the bidirectional Glenn anastomosis, and 12 to 52 ng/l, with a mean of 32 ng/l in the controls. Echocardiography showed that all the children with functionally univentricular hearts had normal ventricular function. Blood presssure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and arterial saturations of oxygen did not differ between the groups. We conclude, that in children with functionally univentricular hearts, the volume overload imposed on the heart after the first palliative operation is associated with increased production of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides, while after ventricular unloading, levels of the natriuretic peptides return to control values.
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| 31. |
- Zackrisson, Anna-Lena, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Fatal intoxication cases : cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 genotype distributions
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 60:8, s. 547-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Many commonly used pharmaceuticals, such as antidepressants and neuroleptics as well as some illegal drugs, are metabolised by the cytochrome P450 enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6). Of Caucasians, 7-10% lack this enzyme, which can, upon administration of drugs in normal therapeutic doses, lead to adverse reactions and unexpected intoxication, leading in turn even to a fatal outcome in some cases. METHODS: Individuals (n=242) who had died due to intoxication by pharmaceuticals were genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 and compared with a reference group of 281 blood donors. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) method was used to identify five CYP2D6 alleles: *1 (wt), *2, *3, *4 and *6. The allele *5, a complete gene deletion, was identified by a multiplex amplification of long DNA fragments. Four CYP2C19 alleles *1 (wt), *2, *3 and *4 were also identified by SNP analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of the CYP2D6 poor metaboliser (PM) genotypes in individuals with fatal intoxication was lower (4.7%) than expected from the frequencies of these genotypes in the blood donors (8.5%). A significantly lower frequency P<0.005 (0.03 with correction according to Bonferroni) was found for the CYP2D6*4 allele among the fatal intoxication cases. The CYP2C19 genotype analyses showed the same results for the fatal intoxication cases and for the blood donors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study confirm our earlier observations of a lower frequency of CYP2D6 PM genotypes in cases of fatal intoxication. To our knowledge, it has not been shown previously that intoxication victims might have a lower frequency of PMs than the general population.
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