| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 2. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Zhai, Yinghong, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiovascular Toxicity of Carfilzomib : The Real-World Evidence Based on the Adverse Event Reporting System Database of the FDA, the United States
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-055X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Carfilzomib, an effective proteasome inhibitor agent for the therapy of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, has been related to a significant number of cardiovascular events. However, patterns of cardiovascular complications associated with this agent remain poorly characterized in real-world settings.Objective: To gain further insight into the frequency, spectrum, clinical features, timing, and outcomes of carfilzomib-related cardiovascular toxicities.Methods: This disproportionality (case/non-case) study was conducted leveraging records from FAERS database from 2014 to 2019. Cardiovascular events were defined and broadly categorized eight entities using narrow version of the Standardized MedDRA Queries (SMQs). Reporting odds ratios (ROR) and information component (IC) were calculated to measure disproportionality. Additionally, statistical shrinkage was applied to reduce false-positive signals.Results: The final number of records involved was 28,479,963, with 3,370 records submitted for carfilzomib related cardiovascular events. Significant disproportionality association between carfilzomib administration and cardiovascular events was captured (IC025/ROR025 = 0.85/1.95) when exploring in the entire database. Upon further analysis, all eight broad categories of cardiovascular toxicities were disproportionately associated with carfilzomib with varying frequencies, time-to-onset, and severities. Cardiomyopathy-related complications (N = 1,301, 38.61%), embolic and thrombotic events (N = 821, 24.36%), and cardiac failure (N = 765, 22.70%) largely comprised the reported problems. Notably, the strongest signal was detected for cardiac failure (IC025/ROR025 = 1.33/2.59), followed by pulmonary hypertension (IC025/ROR025 = 1.19/2.34). Median onset time of cardiovascular events was 41days (Q1-Q3: 9-114 days), with the shortest median time being 16 days (Q1-Q3: 4-85 days) for ischemic heart disease, with the longest time being 68 days (Q1-Q3: 21-139 days) for embolic and thrombotic events. Torsade de pointes/QT prolongation was identified as a new complication (IC025/ROR025 = 0.33/1.29) and was particularly noteworthy for highest death proportion (44.11%).Conclusions: Treatment with carfilzomib can lead to severe and versatile cardiovascular events. Early and intensive monitoring is important, particularly in the first 3 months after carfilzomib initiation. Maximizing the benefit while reducing potential cardiovascular harms of carfilzomib should become a priority.
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| 5. |
- Zhai, Yinghong, et al.
(författare)
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Updated Insights on Cardiac and Vascular Risks of Proton Pump Inhibitors : A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-055X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most widely prescribed medications in clinical practice. However, there are also concerns about the potential risks of long-term PPI use. The present study aimed to examine the safety of PPIs and summarize their potential cardiac and vascular risks in a real-world setting.Methods: This pharmacovigilance study extracted records between January 2015 and December 2019 from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. The association of seven PPI medications with cardiac and vascular events (CVEs) were evaluated. Two established pharmacovigilance methods, reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information components (IC) based statistical shrinkage, were used to measure disproportionality.Results: In total 62,140 CVE records associated with PPI use were investigated. Women showed a higher proportion (54.37%) of PPI-associated CVEs. The median time from PPI initiation to CVE onset was 97 [interquartile range (IQR): 8-491] days, with the shortest median time of 42 days (IQR: 2-277 days) for esomeprazole, and the longest time of 389 days (IQR: 0-525 days) for dexlansoprazole. Although PPIs were not associated with elevated CVE risks compared those of the whole database (IC025/ROR025 = -0.39/0.74), various signals emerged. Despite some similarities exist between the PPIs, their cardiac and vascular safety profiles varied significantly. Pantoprazole showed the broadest spectrum of signals, from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (IC025/ROR025 = 0.01/1.08) to renal haemangioma (IC025/ROR025 = 3.14/9.58). Esomeprazole showed the second-broadest spectrum of toxicities, ranging from duodenal ulcer hemorrhage (IC025/ROR025 = 0.07/1.28) to hypertensive nephropathy (IC025/ROR025 = 4.09/18.72). Vascular signals were more dominant than cardiac signals, suggesting that vascular function was more heavily affected. Hypertensive nephropathy, renal haemangioma, renal artery stenosis, and renal infarct had strong signals across most PPI regimens and merited further attention.Conclusions: PPIs may inflict various CVEs, particularly those involving the vascular system, on the users. Given the wide range of onset times and different toxicity profiles for various PPI medications, they should be prescribed with caution.
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| 6. |
- Zhang, Zhuo-Zhi, et al.
(författare)
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A suspended silicon single-hole transistor as an extremely scaled gigahertz nanoelectromechanical beam resonator
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 32:52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suspended single-hole transistors (SHTs) can also serve as nanoelectromechanical resonators, providing an ideal platform for investigating interactions between mechanical vibrations and charge carriers. Demonstrating such a device in silicon (Si) is of particular interest, due to the strong piezoresistive effect of Si and potential applications in Si-based quantum computation. Here, a suspended Si SHT also acting as a nanoelectromechanical beam resonator is demonstrated. The resonant frequency and zero-point motion of the device are approximate to 3 GHz and 0.2 pm, respectively, reaching the best level among similar devices demonstrated with Si-containing materials. The mechanical vibration is transduced to electrical readout by the SHT. The signal transduction mechanism is dominated by the piezoresistive effect. A giant apparent effective piezoresistive gauge factor with strong correlation to single-hole tunneling is extracted in this device. The results show the great potential of the device in interfacing charge carriers with mechanical vibrations, as well as investigating potential quantum behavior of the vibration phonon mode.
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| 7. |
- Abdel-Fattah, Wael R., et al.
(författare)
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Growth-regulated co-occupancy of Mediator and Lsm3 at intronic ribosomal protein genes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press. - 0305-1048 .- 1362-4962. ; 52:11, s. 6220-6233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mediator is a well-known transcriptional co-regulator and serves as an adaptor between gene-specific regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase II. Studies on the chromatin-bound form of Mediator revealed interactions with additional protein complexes involved in various transcription-related processes, such as the Lsm2–8 complex that is part of the spliceosomal U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex. Here, we employ Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of chromatin associated with the Lsm3 protein and the Med1 or Med15 Mediator subunits. We identify 86 genes co-occupied by both Lsm3 and Mediator, of which 73 were intron-containing ribosomal protein genes. In logarithmically growing cells, Mediator primarily binds to their promoter regions but also shows a second, less pronounced occupancy at their 3́-exons. During the late exponential phase, we observe a near-complete transition of Mediator from these promoters to a position in their 3́-ends, overlapping the Lsm3 binding sites ∼250 bp downstream of their last intron–exon boundaries. Using an unbiased RNA sequencing approach, we show that transition of Mediator from promoters to the last exon of these genes correlates to reduction of both their messenger RNA levels and splicing ratios, indicating that the Mediator and Lsm complexes cooperate to control growth-regulated expression of intron-containing ribosomal protein genes at the levels of transcription and splicing.
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| 8. |
- Chen, Si, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Current gain enhancement for silicon-on-insulator lateral bipolar junction transistors operating at liquid-helium temperature
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Electron Device Letters. - 0741-3106 .- 1558-0563. ; 41:6, s. 800-803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional homojunction bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are not suitable for cryogenic operation due to heavy doping-induced emitter band-gap narrowing and strong degradation in current gain (β) at low temperature. In this letter, we show that, on lateral version of the BJTs (LBJTs) fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, such β degradation can be mitigated by applying a substrate bias (V sub ), and a β over unity is achieved in a base current (I B ) range over 5 orders of magnitudes at 4.2 K, with a peak β ~ 100 demonstrated. The β improvement is explained by the enhanced electron tunneling through base region as a result of base barrier lowering and thinning by a positive Vsub, which leads to dramatic increase of collector current (IC) while IB is negligibly affected.
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