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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 182, s. 45-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas the cognitive advantages brought about by bilingualism have recently been called into question, the so-called ‘lexical deficit’ in bilinguals is still largely taken for granted. Here, we argue that, in analogy with cognitive advantages, the lexical deficit does not apply across the board of bilinguals, but varies as a function of acquisition trajectory. To test this, we implement a novel methodological design, where the variables of bilingualism and first/second language status have been fully crossed in four different groups. While the results confirm effects of bilingualism on lexical proficiency and processing, they show more robust effects of age of acquisition. We conclude that the traditional view of the linguistic costs of bilingualism need to give way to a new understanding of lexical development in which age of acquisition is seen as a major determinant.
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| 4. |
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Entangled discourses : South-North orders of visibility
- 2017
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book uniquely explores the shifting structures of power and unexpected points of intersection – entanglements – at the nexus of North and South as a lens through which to examine the impact of global and local circuits of people, practices and ideas on linguistic, cultural and knowledge systems. The volume considers the entanglement of North and South on multiple levels in the contemporary and continuing effects of capitalism, colonialism, and imperialism, in the form of silenced or marginalized populations, such as refugees, immigrants, and other minoritised groups, and in the different orders of visibility that make some types of practices and knowledge more legitimate and therefore more visible. It uses a range of methodological and analytical frames to shed light on less visible histories, practices, identities, repertoires, and literacies, and offer new understandings for research and for language, health care, education, and other policies and practices.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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At the nexus of vulnerability : Multilingualism in development
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of the world’s nations are multilingual, although many of the languages spoken have little or no official recognition in the conduct of everyday affairs of State, nor do they figure in any major way in development discourses. For example, although UNESCO and other World and regional organizations frequently underscore the desirability and importance of multilingualism, it is often in the context of education and cultural heritage rather than development more generally. Lack of recognition, however, does not mean that multilingualism does not play an essential role in the public and private lives of citizens. In this short text, we hope to drive home the point that local linguistic resources also directly bear upon democracy, economy, and health. And this is not just by proxy through the known beneficial effects of educating in local languages. We will suggest that more attention be paid to the various ways in which development can benefit from the use of local multilingualisms. Language is important in development precisely because it is at the nexus of vulnerability. Poverty stricken groups in developing contexts are not only the least resourced. They • are also the least visible • lack political and cultural recognition on official arenas • frequently suffer stigma and ambivalence with respect to their cultural heritage • have a paucity of educational capital • experience poor health. One major factor contributing to this cycle of vulnerability – and for which solutions are within easy reach – is that the linguistic and cultural systems these groups have ready access to are not officially recognized. Non-recognition of the languages in which groups organize their everyday life and socialize their children means that they are denied the tools to make their voices heard or to find empowerment through political agency. They also have few opportunities to influence their day-to-day material conditions. The ultimate consequence of this situation is extreme vulnerability to political, economic and ecological (including health) developments. In this document, we shall argue, by way of illustration, that issues of language in general and multilingualism specifically need to be seen as core facets of such diverse areas as democracy, economy, health, and education.
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| 7. |
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| 9. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Polyglotism : A synergy of abilities and predispositions
- 2018
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Ingår i: High-level language proficiency in second language and multilingual contexts. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107175921 ; , s. 170-195
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Second language ultimate attainment : Effects of maturation, exercise, and social/psychological factors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 21:5, s. 921-923
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mayberry and Kluender (2017) offer a rich review of empirical research that contributes to the understanding of age-related effects on first and second language acquisition. Their keynote article compiles current, primarily linguistic and neurolinguistic, research on the notion of a critical period for language (CPL). The authors conclude “that the putative CPL applies to L1 learning, and that L2 effects are a consequence of this prior learning” (Mayberry & Kluender, 2017: p. 6). As they propose a clear role for CPL in L1 learning, and because their exact position on its role in L2 learning is, to my mind, not as clearly articulated, I will take the opportunity to argue the following: If a CPL exists at all, it should have identifiable implications for all kinds of language acquisition (cf. Gleitman & Newport, 1995). In the case of L2 acquisition what needs to be identified is how maturational constraints (implicated by a CPL) interact with other conditions that are at hand when the second language comes onto the scene.
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| 11. |
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| 13. |
- Karlander, David, 1987-
(författare)
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Authentic Language : Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This compilation thesis engages with practices that in some way place stakes in the social existence of Övdalsk (also älvdalska, Elfdalian, Övdalian), a marginal form of Scandinavian used mainly in Sweden’s Älvdalen municipality. The practices at hand range from early 20th century descriptive dialectology and contemporary lay-linguistics to language advocacy and language political debate. The four studies focus on the logic by which such practices operate, on the historically produced visions that they bring into play, as well as on the symbolic effects that they have produced. Study I provides a zoomed-out account of the ordering of Övdalsk in Sweden’s linguistic market. Focusing on a relatively recent debate over the institutional regimentation of Övdalsk, it analyses the forms of agreement upon which the exchange in question has come to rest. The contention has mainly developed over the classification of Övdalsk, percolating in the question of whether Övdalsk ‘is’ a ‘language’ or a ‘dialect’. Analysing this debate, the study takes interest in the relationship between state power and metapragmatic exchange. Study II deals with the history of linguistic thought and research on Övdalsk. It analyses the genesis of some durable visions of the relationship between Övdalsk and linguistic authenticity, focusing on the research practice of the Swedish dialectologist Lars Levander (1883–1950), whose work on Övdalsk commands representative authority to this day. By engaging with Levander’s techniques of scholarly objectivation, as well as with their language theoretical fundaments, the study seeks to create some perspectives on, and distance to, the canonical representations of Övdalsk that have precipitated from Levander’s research. Study III looks into the reuse and reordering of such representations. It provides an ethnographic account of a metapragmatically saturated exchange over Övdalsk grammar, in which descriptivist artefacts play an important part. Through an analysis of texts, in situ interaction, and interviews, the study seeks to grasp the ways in which textual renditions of grammar interrelate with practically sustained, socially recognized models of language and language use (i.e. registers). Study IV tracks the ways in which such visions of authenticity have been drawn into institutionally and politically invested metapragmatic exchanges. It looks into a process of naming of roads in Älvdalen, in which ideas about the contrast between Swedish and Övdalsk played a central part. In all studies, various visions of Övdalsk authenticity and authentic Övdalsk constitute a central theme. The thesis maintains that such visions must be understood in relation to the practices in which they hold currency. Following Silverstein, this epistemological stance entails an engagement with the dialectic between historical formations and situated exchange. Through this analytical orientation, the studies seek to account for the visions of authenticity that have been at the forefront of various symbolic struggles over Övdalsk. Thus, in addition to their respective analytical accounts, the separate studies seek to add shifting temporal horizons to the superordinate heuristic, combining a deep historical backdrop with accounts of protracted institutional processes and analyses of situated linguistic interaction. Ultimately, this mode of analysis provides an in-depth understanding of the object of inquiry.
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| 14. |
- Kerfoot, Caroline, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction : Entanglement and Order of Visibility
- 2017
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Ingår i: Entangled discourses<em></em>. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138192263 - 9781315640006 ; , s. 1-15
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter elaborates the concepts 'entanglement' and 'orders of visibility', arguing for their potential to illuminate both absences in theory, knowledge, and representation and emergences in social and semiotic practices. It suggests that this dual focus on absences and emergences, following Santos (2014), is essential for the development of a sociolinguistics of the South. The chapter presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book seeks to build on socio- and applied linguistic work that grounds the view from nowhere through historical, ethnographic, interactionist, and discourse analytic approaches to the analysis of language in the construction of social difference and inequality. It aims to illuminate the ways in which different orders of visibility are constructed by conceptual, methodological, and analytical lenses. The book illuminates the ways in which language is used as a resource in constructing, naturalizing, or resisting inequality in everyday interactions and institutional sites.
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| 15. |
- Krigh, Josefine
(författare)
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Språkstudier som utbildningsstrategi hos grundskoleelever och deras familjer
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This investigation has sought to understand and explain the investments made by compulsory school pupils and their families’ stances towards the study of modern foreign languages (English not included). Which pupils (with regard to gender, social and national background and grade point average) chose to invest in the study of modern foreign languages? What strategies pertaining to the study of modern foreign languages did families from different backgrounds develop and how can these differences be understood?The conceptual tools, capital and strategy, developed by Pierre Bourdieu were used. The analysis utilizes national register data as well as questionnaires and family interviews conducted in Uppsala and Southern Dalarna.Analysis of register data identifies language study as a socially differentiated practice, especially with regard to which pupils attained a final grade. Most pupils began studying a modern foreign language. Predominantly children from upper middle class families, particularly daughters, persisted and achieved the highest grades. Lower middle class and working class children had higher deselection rates and lower grades – especially sons. The gap between daughters and sons was most prevalent within the working class, and less so for the well-educated upper middle class. Resource-rich families resembled one another across the two regions, barring grade point average, which was higher among Uppsala pupils.The geometric data analysis generated a space of resource-rich families’ stances on modern foreign languages and language teaching. In Uppsala, well-educated families and families with plenty of transnational capital held positive views towards modern foreign languages and language teaching’s cultural and formalistic aspects, yet they held negative views towards grades and grading. The opposite was true for families with lesser amounts of educational capital.In Southern Dalarna, well-educated families valued modern foreign languages as useful whilst families with lesser educational capital emphasised English as the most important language. The more the families had invested in education, the more positive they were towards cultural and formalistic aspects of language teaching. Grades did not hold the same value for Southern Dalarna families.Language study is both a national and a transnational investment that reinforces other types of capital: cultural, educational and transnational.
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| 16. |
- Norrman, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term language development in international adoptees
- 2016
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Ingår i: Starting Over – The Language Development in Internationally-Adopted Children. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027244086 - 9789027267290 ; , s. 125-146
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The linguistic development of internationally adopted children has been studied extensively for several decades. Whereas this research has mainly concerned toddlers and pre-school children during their first years after adoption, school-age children, and adolescents, there is currently scarce empirical evidence on the long-term linguistic development in adults with adoption background. While studies of infants and pre-school children generally show fast and positive short-term progress in linguistic development, medium-term studies (4–10 years after adoption) describe adoptees as still “lagging behind” their non-adopted peers. This chapter reviews the studies to date on long-term outcomes in the linguistic development of adoptees. What happens after more than ten years of exposure and into adulthood? From the review, we conclude that slight differences between adopted and non-adopted L1 speakers of a language often remain into adulthood. In addition, the limited evidence that exists to date suggests that adults who at a young age emigrated with their families to the L2 environment, and therefore continued to develop their L1, exhibit similar levels of L2 proficiency as internationally adopted adults. However, more research is required to further substantiate and generalize the conclusions that are made on the basis of our review.
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| 17. |
- Outakoski, Hanna, 1978-
(författare)
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Multilingual literacy among young learners of North Sámi : contexts, complexity and writing in Sápmi
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents an investigation of the complexities of the immediate, ideological, educational, and societal contexts for literacy development among North Sámi learners between the ages of 9 and 15 who live in Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden in the central regions of Sápmi. Further, this thesis focuses on one area of literacy, namely writing. It examines these children’s writing, its phases and peculiarities, writing strategies, and the nature of transitions that these multilingual writers experience in switching between North Sámi, English and their respective national majority language. The main body of the collected materials consists of computer mediated pupil texts that the author gathered at 10 schools that arranged compulsory schooling in Central Sápmi during the school year 2012-2013. The texts were collected using keytroke logging methodology that not only records the final written product but also keeps track of changes and other writing activity during the writing session. Other materials collected and analyzed in this study include questionnaires addressed to the pupils, their parents, and to their language teachers. The materials also include detailed interviews with with 24 teachers from the participating schools. This study consists of six individual papers that focus at 1) research methodological aspects that concern studying Indigenous populations, 2) language attitudes, ideologies and available language arenas that have an impact on biliteracy emergence in North Sámi speaking Sápmi, or 3) the qualities and characteristics of multilingual pupil's writing and texts. The implications of the six individual papers are analyzed with respect to language revitalization and biliteracy emergence using the Hornbergian Continua of Biliteracy as the overarching theoretical framework. North Sámi, English and the national majority languages in the respective countries are constantly present in the lives of Sámi learners. Young Sámi learners grow up to be multilingual citizens of the global north through this extensive exposure to many languages and cultures from multiple sources such as popular culture, literature, media, community, tourism, and school. In their writing, multilingual Sámi learners show a wide spectrum of strategies and knowledge that carries over from one language to another. Nevertheless, most young Sámi learners cannot draw on equally many points on their Continua of Biliteracy in all their languages. Due to factors such as scarcity of adequate teaching materials, lack of popular culture and media content in Sámi languages, and language compartmentalizing language ideologies, the scales on the continua of biliteracy are in severe imbalance for many Sámi learners. Many Sámi learners risk losing their indigenous heritage language because the non-indigenous languages are prevalent in school as well as out of school contexts.
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| 18. |
- Salö, Linus, 1980-
(författare)
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Languages and Linguistic Exchanges in Swedish Academia : Practices, Processes, and Globalizing Markets
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Based on four separate studies, this thesis deals with Swedish academia and its dwellers, with an eye toward accounting for matters of languages and linguistic exchanges. The perspectives and thinking-tools of Pierre Bourdieu form the basis of the main leitmotif, albeit extended with insights from linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics. Methods employed include historical analysis as well as ethnographic approaches. Study 1 analyzes the historical events and language ideological labor through which English has come to be seen as a sociolinguistic problem in Swedish language planning and policy (LPP). At the focus is the notion of ‘domain loss,’ which is interpreted as a resource in the struggle to safeguard the Swedish language. Study 2 deals with the increasing importance of English in academic publishing in two disciplinary fields of Swedish academia: history and psychology. In history, in particular, English and the transnational publishing markets it bargains currently seem to offer new ways of advancing in the competition of the field, which is encouraged by the will and ensuing managerial techniques of contemporary research policy. Study 3, however, shows that this fact does not entail that Swedish is not being used as a scientific language. In the research practices preceding finalized texts in English, Swedish-speaking researchers in physics and computer science use technical and discipline-specific Swedish both orally and in writing. The principle that upholds the logic of ‘Swedish among Swedish-speakers’ is crucial also with respect to the ability of Swedish researchers to write up scientific texts in Swedish. Exploring the writing practices of a computer scientist and his successful first-time performance of two scientific texts in Swedish, study 4 shows that texts in Swedish can be produced by assembling experiences from previous discursive encounters throughout a researcher’s biographically specific discursive history. In summary, the thesis argues that while English increasingly prevails in publishing, much knowledge previously produced and reproduced on these matters within the field of LPP has tended to overstate the dominance of English, and with that, the sociolinguistic implications of the current state of affairs. The thesis proposes that Bourdieu’s work offers some purchase in attempts to engender in-depth knowledge on the position of English vis-à-vis Swedish in the globalizing markets of Swedish academia, and that epistemic reflexivity, in particular, is a pivotal driver in such an agenda.
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| 19. |
- Stölten, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of age and speaking rate on voice onset time: The production of voiceless stops by near-native L2 speakers
- 2015
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Ingår i: Studies in Second Language Acquisition. - 0272-2631 .- 1470-1545. ; 37:1, s. 71-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As part of a research project on the investigation of second language (L2) ultimate attainment in 41 Spanish early and late near-native speakers of L2 Swedish, the present study reports on voice onset time (VOT) analyses of the production of Swedish word-initial voiceless stops, /p t k/. VOT is analyzed in milliseconds as well as in percentages of word duration, thereby accounting for speaking rate effects. The results revealed an overall age effect on VOT production; however, this age effect became salient and statistically significant for all three stops only when speaking rate was taken into consideration. Similarly, when speaking rate was accounted for, only a small minority of the late learners exhibited actual nativelike L2 behavior, and most (but far from all) early learners performed within native-speaker range. The results are taken as an indication for relative VOT, as opposed to absolute VOT, constituting a reliable measure of nativelike L2 stop production, which has important implications for future research on age effects and maturational constraints in L2 acquisition.
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