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- Klamer, M, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in chemical composition and microbial biomass during composting of straw and pig slurry
- 2000
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMPOSTING SYMPOSIUM (ICS'99). ; 1-2, s. 322-334
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Composting was performed in an 800-L box and a 500-L, reactor system. The material used was shredded straw of Miscanthus with pig slurry added as a nitrogen source. Chemical and microbial parameters were measured at five degree temperature intervals until the end of the heating phase and then with increasing intervals during the remaining experiment. In both systems, major losses of carbon occurred during and after the thermophilic phase as a result of degradation of hemicellulose, followed by degradation of cellulose. Total amounts of phospholipid fatty acid (totPLFA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were used as indirect estimates of microbial biomass. These methods correlated well over time, when the limitations of the method for the determination of ATP were taken into account. Microbial biomass in the two systems showed similar values when measured by totPLFA. In contrast, microbial biomass measured by ATP content was higher in the box system than in the reactor system. In spite of the differences in chemical and physical properties in the two systems, the distribution of taxonomic groups of microorganisms, indicated by marker PLFAs, showed similar patterns in the two systems, emphasising that in composting systems temperature is the major parameter controlling the composition of the microbial community.
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- Christensen, M, et al.
(författare)
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Structural study of Fe doped and Ni substituted thermoelectric skutterudites by combined synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction and ab initio theory
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 96:6, s. 3148-3157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present neutron and synchrotron powder-diffraction investigations as well as ab initio calculations to elucidate delicate structural features in doped skutterudites. Samples with assumed Fe doping were investigated (FeyCo4Sb12, y=0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.6), as well as samples with formal Ni substitution (Co4-xNixSb12, x=0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2). The present study serves as a case story for the determination of fine structural details of thermoelectric skutterudites by diffraction methods in combination with ab initio calculations. We illustrate the problem of fluorescence in the conventional x-ray powder diffraction on the Fe-doped samples by a comparison with the neutron powder-diffraction data. On the series of the Ni-substituted samples, the neutron powder-diffraction data were collected to investigate the exact sitting of the Ni. The sample with the highest Ni substitution (Co2.8Ni1.2Sb12) was also used for high resolution, high-energy synchrotron powder diffraction measurements. These revealed that the sample consists of two skutterudite phases. A complete description of the Ni-substituted samples was obtained in tandem with ab initio calculations, which show that the system contains a Ni-rich (Co0.38Ni3.62Sb12) and a Ni-poor (Co3.76Ni0.24Sb12)) skutterudite phases.
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- Krook, M., et al.
(författare)
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Barrier and mechanical properties of pulp fiber/polymer laminates and blends
- 2000
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Ingår i: Polymer Engineering and Science. - : Wiley. - 0032-3888 .- 1548-2634. ; 40:1, s. 143-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paperboard laminates coated with two grades of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(hydroxy butyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) or a liquid crystalline copolyester (LCP) were prepared by compression molding, and the influence of the processing conditions and polymer content of the laminate on the laminate properties was studied. Ligno-cellulose fiber/polymer blends were prepared from wet pulps and PCL and PHBV. The morphology, water vapor transmission rates, creasability, curl and twist and mechanical properties of the laminates and blends were studied. LCP and slowly cooled high molar mass PCL laminated paperboards showed the best creasing properties and the paperboards that were penetrated by the polymer showed the smallest degree of curl and twist. Extensive penetration occurred during compression molding of the paperboard with the low molar mass PCL at all temperatures and with PHBV and LCP at the higher molding temperatures. The water vapor transmission rates ranged from 1 to 300 times that of polyethylene depending on the polymer used and on the thermal history. In the case of blends, competitive properties were obtained only in those with a high polymer content. The laminate stiffness decreased and the strength increased in two polymer concentration regions, at similar to 20 wt% due to fiber-fiber separation and at similar to 60 wt% due to phase inversion.
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