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- Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional links to forest ownership. : Restitution of land and use of a productive resource in Põlva County, Estonia
- 2008
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Ingår i: Fennia. - Turku : Geographical Society of Finland. - 0015-0010. ; 186:2, s. 95-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our survey among new land and forets owners in Põlva County in southeast Estonia focuses on the owner's different motives for obtaining land and forest property through restitution and privatization from 1992 on. In the light of the historical context presented, two clear-cut motives for obtaining property appear: emotional and economic. Based on the results from the survey we conclude that the emotional non-economic factors have been most influential for a majority of the landowners, regardless of if the actual property was restituted or purchased. The emotional bonds to landed property are related to the aspiration to regain and reposess family property and thereby related to a certain place affiliation. Another interpretation concerns the restrictions with regards to the spread of modern commercial forestry among the - foremost small-scale - property holders for which the actual posession is around 12 ha each.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-
(författare)
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Subsistence farming in re-independent Estonia : expanded private plots!
- 2005
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Ingår i: Acta Historica Tallinnensia. - : Estonian Academy Publishers. - 1406-2925. ; :9, s. 69-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents an overview and summary of some issues discussed in my Doctoral dissertation: Continuity or Not? Family Farming and Agricultural Transformations in 20th Century Estonia, Umeå, 2004. A main departure – both for the dissertation and this article – is the long-term and comparative approach, which is seen as necessary for understanding the directions taken in the agricultural transformation in Estonia after 1991. The analysis of the development since restitution and de-collectivisation were introduced is based on the impact of long-term institutional and structural changes. These changes are here seen as outcomes of three profound economic, political and legal shifts since the first independence in 1918, which together have had an impact on Estonia’s 20th century development and not least the agricultural transformation process since 1991.The neo-institutional approach applied suits the analysis of the agricultural transformation processes and specifically changes appearing in terms of property rights. From this we can see that in spite of the absence of formal property rights in the Soviet Union, there was space for manoeuvring within the planned economic system by use rights, which implies institutional change. On the one hand, the private plots were not meant to be more than a transition solution, yet, they became institutionalised and prepared farmers for a shift towards private farming at the end of the 1980s. On the other hand, the private plots rested on a symbiotic relationship with the planned economic system. Thus, when market economic relations were to decide the future, the smallest farms of less than 10 ha had to turn toward pure subsistence production. It was after 2001 that a change was within reach due to the forthcoming membership in the European Union, which gave a better market outlook.
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| 4. |
- Jörgensen, Hans, 1961-
(författare)
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The inter-war land reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria : A comparative study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge, Taylor & Francis. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 54:1, s. 64-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compares the development and performance of the interwar land reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria: three countries within the so-called Agrarian Reform Zone, which constituted previous parts of the Russian and Ottoman Empires heavily influenced by the Russian revolutions. In spite of their different scope and outlook these land reforms aimed at solving similar problems of an agrarian and socio-economic developmental character. Finland and Estonia underwent wars of liberation when seceding from revolutionary Russia: Finland also had to go through civil war before the land redistributions took place. In Bulgaria, however, land redistribution had been an ongoing theme since the late 1870s when autonomy from the Ottoman Empire was achieved. The interwar land expropriation and redistribution was most profound and radical in Estonia. The gradual Finnish reforms were also radical from the perspective of the precarious political situation they aimed at solving. Bulgaria's less thorough reform was nevertheless radical from the perspective of its agrarian ideological aspirations. These land reforms must therefore be seen as a part of the interwar state-building process and struggle for independence: peasant movements were influential in all three cases and geographical proximity to revolutionary Russia had impacts on their outcomes. The study emphasises that by exploring and comparing the profound interwar land redistributions, we can gain a better understanding of current problems, such as those resulting from the post-socialist de-collectivisation: e.g. the return to small-scale family farming by means of restitution, in countries that were subjugated to a command economy after World War II. For this reason interwar Finland's different road and sustained national independence makes an interesting comparison, since Finland shared several features with the land reform zone countries before the Russian revolution of 1917 and not least during the 1920s and 1930s. In the case of Estonia and Bulgaria, however, the development path was interrupted by Soviet expansion.
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