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- Jansson, Karin Hassan
(författare)
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Våld som aggression eller kommunikation? : hemfridsbrott 1550-1650
- 2006
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Ingår i: Historisk tidskrift. - 0345-469X. ; 126:3, s. 429-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Violence as Aggression or Communication? Breaches of ‘Home peace’ 1550–1650 Based on a study of around a hundred breaches of ‘home peace’ in Sweden between 1550 and 1650, this article investigates the cultural meaning of acts of violence and the relationship between masculinities and violence in early modern society. A central theoretical assumption is that violence has a cultural meaning. Furthermore, in legal proceedings, violant acts was loaded with meaning by the parties, witnesses and judges. In Court records certain symbolically charged elements tend to appear frequently. A central element is that the aggressor appeared at the home of the defendant in arms, knocked loudly on the door and insulted the defendant. The aggressor thereby signalled the existence of a conflict and challenged the defendant to fight it out. According to the records, the defendants typically declined the challenge and tried to stop the attack. Many defendants hid themselves, others sent out their wives to meet the aggressor or attempted to calm him down. Violence exercised in conjunction with breaches of ‘home peace’cannot be said to be signs of a failure to exercise self-restraint. Rather, such violence was charged with symbolic meaning, which was interpreted against the backdrop of a number of written and unwritten norms. Court records describe the aggressor as a rash and uncontrolled man—the opposite of the ideal man. His actions were characterised by fits of rage and unwarranted hostility. In contrast, the defender was described according to a positive stereotype. An important part of this stereotype was the refusal of the defendant to accept the challenge to fight and his attempts to avoid bloodshed. Previous research has argued that the male ideal of the sixteenth- and seventeenth centuries demanded that men defended their honour with violent means if necessary. This study demonstrates the existence of a more complex set of norms surrounding violence and manliness. It also shows that self-restraint was an important element of male ideals already in the early modern period, even in violent conflicts. Failure to appreciate this aspects of the male ideal are due to the failure of present day observers to appreciate the nuances and the shifting meanings of acts of violence in early modern society.
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- Jansson, Karin Hassan
(författare)
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Ära och oro : Sexuella närmanden och föräktenskapliga relationer i 1700-talets Sverige
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandia. - 0036-5483. ; 75:1, s. 29-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article discusses the notions of premarital sexual relations and unwanted sexual advances in Sweden in the late 1700s. It is based on an analysis of court material in rape cases and part of the debate on infanticide in the Swedish Parliament in 1786. Sexual initiative was associated with men in both the courts and the parliamentary debate. The practical definitions of illegal or illegitimate sexual advances were far from obvious. Great importance was attached to men's criminal intent, but it was not only coercion or use of violence that were important but also whether men's sexual advances were made with the intention of [eventually] marrying the women. These cases were difficult to judge, which is also seen in the various sentences given in similar cases, and in the discussions which took place in the higher courts. The courts often showed sympathy for the young women and found ways to punish men without sentencing them for rape, at the same time as they (sometimes against the law) acquitted the women. Both the legal material and the parliamentary debate show elements of uncertainty and concern about sexual morals, but also a considerable creativity in how to deal with sexual advances and problems that resulted from premarital relations. Immorality was described in parliament as a serious economical and social problem. It is not, however, obvious that the perceived growth of immorality in the late 1700s was due to the fact that more young unmarried men and women were involved in sexual relations before marriage. It may instead have had more to do with the breakdown of the traditional way of finding a spouse. As long as men took responsibility and married their partners if they became pregnant, and as long as women's honour could remain intact, -even if they had been subject to abuse or had intercourse connected to a marital promise - unmarried men and women could engage in sexual relations without seriously threatening the economic and social stability of the (local) community. But when young people no longer married and supported themselves when they had children, their premarital sexual relations became a significant threat. The solution to the problem was not obvious. Some advocated a return to tougher laws and stricter control, but already in the late 1700s a non-legal - but still strict and restrictive - moral regulation of sexuality developed, especially adapted to the emerging civil society.
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- Palosuo, Laura, 1976-
(författare)
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Yellow Stars and Trouser Inspections : Jewish Testimonies from Hungary, 1920–1945
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analyzes narratives of individual Jewish experiences of discrimination and genocidal violence in Hungary during the period of 1920–1945. The aim is to increase our knowledge and understanding of the events through an investigation of survivor testimonies concerning anti-Jewish laws and the Holocaust. The main focus is on how survivors perceived the treatment to which they and their fellow Jews were exposed, and how they responded to the persecution they faced. Perceptions and responses are analyzed through multiple factors such as gender, age, social class, and geographical place.The period under investigation stretches from 1920, when the law of Numerus Clausus (a quota system influencing admission to universities) was introduced, until the end of the Second World War in early 1945. Focus is placed on the war years, especially on 1944, the year of German occupation and the fascist Arrow Cross rule. Experiences from the labour service system, the Jewish houses in Budapest, and the ghettos, as well as of hiding and resistance, are some of the recurring themes which are examined here. Extensive interviews, along with eyewitness reports and memoirs, form the empirical basis of the study.The results demonstrate the complexity of individual experiences during times of upheaval, and the importance of the above factors is evident within the testimonies. The survivors’ experiences greatly depended on gender, age, social class, geographical place, civil status, religious orientation, as well as “race”. However, the importance of the different factors changed over time. For instance, in the beginning of this period, discrimination had a direct impact on adult males, while children, women, and the elderly were indirectly affected. Furthermore, persons belonging to the upper classes could circumvent the anti-Jewish laws in various ways. Ultimately, differences in treatment decreased, according to the testimonies. Women, children, and the elderly also became victims, as did individuals from all social classes.
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- Westberg, Johannes, 1978-
(författare)
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Förskolepedagogikens framväxt : Pedagogisk förändring och dess förutsättningar, ca 1835-1945
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation contributes to the study of educational change and the conditions thereof. During the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, Swedish early care and education (ECE) programs underwent a comprehensive transformation as formal instruction was supplanted by early childhood education. My analysis of this transformation utilizes a comparatively long time-frame, an organizational historical perspective, and archival material from 44 ECE societies. It focuses on three types of ECE programs: infant schools, day nurseries, and kindergartens. Since philanthropic societies organized such programs, this study’s results are also of interest to the history of philanthropy.Early childhood education was established through a selection and adaptation process in which existing ECE programs were closed or changed as new ones were established. My investigation demonstrates that this occurred on the basis of the conditions in which individual ECE programs operated. Factors that stand out in this regard are the debate concerning infant schools, the funding of ECE programs, and the expansion of the mandatory elementary education system, together with changes in the dissemination of ideas about education and the establishment of municipal regulations. How these conditions contributed to educational change constitutes the substance of the dissertation.The results of this dissertation deepen our knowledge of the finances of ECE programs, their organizational niche, and their relations with municipal authorities. This study questions the significance for educational change within these programs that has been attributed to the growth of a romantic conception of childhood. It provides a new picture of the role of the kindergarten movement in this regard and ascribes to day nurseries a previously unobserved role in educational change. This dissertation thereby contributes to a revision of recurrent assumptions concerning educational change and of the connection between such change and general societal or ideological structures.
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