| 1. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical bias in choice experiments: Within versus between subject tests
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A choice experiment eliciting environmental values is set up in order to test for hypothetical bias based on both within and between sample designs. A larger hypothetical bias was found in the latter case, which explains parts of the previous diverging results in the literature. People seem to prefer to do what they say they would do.
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| 2. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, et al.
(författare)
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Anonymity, Reciprocity, and Conformity: Evidence from Voluntary Contributions to a National Park in Costa Rica
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the role of anonymity, reciprocity, and conformity for voluntary contributions, based on a natural field experiment conducted at a national park in Costa Rica. Contributions made in public in front of the solicitor are 25% higher than contributions made in private. Giving subjects a small gift before requesting a contribution increases the likelihood of a positive contribution. At the same time, the conditional contribution decreases. The total effect of giving a gift is positive but small, and taking the cost of the gift into account, it is far from profitable. When the subjects are told that the typical contribution of others is $2 (a small contribution), the probability of a contribution increases and the conditional contribution decreases, compared with providing no reference information. Providing a high reference level ($10) increases the conditional contributions. Overall, the total effects have the expected signs, although the magnitudes are smaller than what one might have expected based on existing evidence from laboratory experiments.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Does context matter more for hypothetical than for actual contributions? Evidence from a natural field experiment
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the importance of the social context for people’s voluntary contributions to a national park in Costa Rica, using a natural field experiment. Some subjects make actual contributions while others state their hypothetical contribution. Both the degree of anonymity and provided information about the contributions of others influence subject contributions in the hypothesized direction. We do find a substantial hypothetical bias with regard to the amount contributed. However, the influence of the social contexts is about the same when the subjects make actual monetary contributions as when they state their hypothetical contributions. Our results have important implications for validity testing of stated preference methods: a comparison between hypothetical and actual behavior should be done for a given social context.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Alpizar, Francisco, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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How Much Do We Care About Absolute versus Relative Income and Consumption?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 56, s. 405-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We find, using survey-experimental methods, that most individuals are concerned with both relative income and relative consumption of particular goods. The degree of concern varies in the expected direction depending on the properties of the good. However, contrary to what has been suggested in the previous literature, we find that relative consumption is also important for vacation and insurance, which are typically seen as non-positional goods. Further, absolute consumption is also found to be important for cars and housing, which are widely regarded as highly positional. © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Conspicuous Leisure: Optimal Income Taxation when both Relative Consumption and Relative Leisure Matter
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous studies on public policy under relative consumption concerns have ignored the role of leisure comparisons. This paper considers a two-type optimal nonlinear income tax model where people care both about their relative consumption and their relative leisure. Increased consumption positionality typically implies higher marginal income tax rates for both the high-ability and the low-ability type, whereas leisure positionality has an offsetting role. However, this offsetting role is not symmetric; concern about relative leisure implies a progressive income tax component, i.e., a component that is larger for the high-ability than for the low-ability type. Moreover, leisure positionality does not modify the policy rule for public good provision when the income tax is optimally chosen.
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| 8. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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POSITIONAL CONCERNS IN AN OLG MODEL: OPTIMAL LABOR AND CAPITAL INCOME TAXATION
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper concerns optimal income taxation under asymmetric information in a two-type overlapping generations model, where people care about their relative consumption compared to others. The appearance of positional concerns affects the policy choices via two channels: (i) the size of the average degree of positionality and (ii) positionality differences between the (mimicked) low-ability type and the mimicker. Under plausible empirical estimates, the marginal labor income tax rates become substantially larger, and the absolute value of the marginal capital income tax rate implemented for the low-ability type becomes substantially smaller, compared to the conventional optimal income tax model. In addition to measures of reference consumption based on the average consumption, results for the cases of withingeneration and upward comparisons are also presented.
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| 9. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Positional Concerns with Multiple Reference Points: Optimal Income Taxation and Public Goods in an OLG Model
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper concerns optimal income taxation and provision of a state-variable public good under asymmetric information in a two-type overlapping generations model, where people care about their relative consumption. Each individual may compare his/her own current consumption with his/her own past consumption as well as with other people's current and past consumption. The appearance of positional concerns affects the policy choices via two channels: (i) the size of the average degree of positionality and (ii) positionality differences between the (mimicked) low-ability type and the mimicker. Under plausible empirical estimates, the marginal labor income tax rates become substantially larger, and the absolute value of the marginal capital income tax rate of the low-ability type becomes substantially smaller, compared to the conventional optimal income tax model. The extent by which the rule for public provision should be modified depends crucially on the preference elicitation format.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Biel, Anders, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Emotions, Morality and Public Goods: The WTA-WTP Disparity Revisited
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Empirical evidence suggests that people´s maximum willingness to pay for having a good is often substantially lower than their minimum willingness to accept not having it, and that this discrepancy tends to be especially large when valuing public goods. This paper hypothesizes that differences in emotions (e.g. regret) and moral perceptions can account for much of this discrepancy for public goods. A simple, real-money dichotomous-choice experiment is set up to test these hypotheses, which are largely supported.
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| 12. |
- Brekke, Kjell Arne, et al.
(författare)
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The Behavioural Economics of Climate Change
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper attempts to bring some central insights from behavioural economics into the economics of climate change. In particular, it discusses (i) implications of prospect theory, the equity premium puzzle and time inconsistent preferences in the choice of discount rate used in climate change cost assessments, and (ii) the implications of various kinds of social preferences for the outcome of climate negotiations. Several reasons are presented for why it appears advisable to choose a substantially lower social discount rate than the average return on investments. It also seems likely that taking social preferences into account increases the possibilities of obtaining international agreements, compared to the standard model. However, there are also effects going in the opposite direction, and the importance of sanctions is emphasised.
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| 13. |
- Brekke, Kjell Arne, et al.
(författare)
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The behavioural economics of climate change
- 2008
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Ingår i: Oxford Review of Economic Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-903X .- 1460-2121. ; 24:2, s. 280-297
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping Up with the Vaishyas: Caste and Relative Standing
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the importance of relative income within the Indian Caste system, using a choice experiment. We find that slightly more than half of the marginal utility of income comes from some kind of relative income effects, on average, which is comparable to the results from previous studies in other countries. Belonging to a low caste and having a low family income are associated with higher concern for relative income. Moreover, an increase in the mean income of the caste to which the individual belongs, everything else held constant, reduces utility for the individual. Thus, the negative welfare effect of reduced relative income compared to the average own caste income dominates the positive welfare effect of increased relative income of the own caste relative to other castes.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Should We Trust Hypothetical Referenda? Test and Identification Problems
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a paper published in the Journal of Political Economy, Cummings et al. experimentally compare hypothetical and real-money referenda. They reject the incentive compatibility hypothesis of hypothetical referenda. However, in a comment, Haab et al. claim that the hypothesis cannot be rejected if one corrects for heteroskedasticity. In this note we show that the methodology used by Haab et al. is flawed, and their conclusions unwarranted. Our results rather support the original conclusion that hypothetical referenda appears not to resemble real referenda (unless one has reasons to believe that the true variance is much larger in the hypothetical case). This paper outlines design and identification difficulties arising when statistically comparing real and hypothetical referenda.
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| 20. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Voting Motives, Group Identity, and Social Norms
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The conventional rational voter model has problems explaining why people vote, since the costs typically exceed the expected benefits. This paper presents Swedish survey evidence suggesting that people vote based on a combination of instrumental and expressive motives, and that people are strongly influenced by a social norm saying that it is an obligation to vote. Women and older individuals are more affected by this norm than others. The more rightwing a person is, the less unethical he/she will perceive selfish voting to be. Moreover, individuals believe that they themselves vote less selfishly than others and that people with similar political views as themselves vote less selfishly than people with the opposite political views, which is consistent with social identity theory.
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| 21. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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A Note on the Risk Behavior and Death of Homo Economicus
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent papers by Cox and Sadiraj (2006) and Rubinstein (2006) have pointed out that expected utility theory is more general than has sometimes been acknowledged, and can hence not be refuted as easily by means of experiments. While acknowledging this fact, this note nevertheless demonstrates that typical risk experimental results are impossible to reconcile with conventional dynamic consumption theory under risk, where people are time consistent and integrate all sources of income perfectly.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Costs Benefits Rules when Nature Counts
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyses normative implications of relaxing the conventional welfare economics assumptions anthropocentrism and welfarism, i.e. that only human well-being counts intrinsically, combined with various types of non-selfish individual preferences. Social decision rules are derived for the optimum provision of a public good (environmental quality). It is shown that in several cases analysed, the basic Samuelson rule still holds, in terms of aggregate marginal willingness to pay.
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| 25. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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De rika är miljöbovar
- 2007
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Ingår i: Göteborg-Posten. ; :maj 2007
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Does age matter for the value of life? - Evidence from a choice experiment in rural Bangladesh
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a random sample of individuals in rural Bangladesh, this paper investigates people’s preferences regarding relative values of lives when it comes to different ages of the individuals being saved. By assuming that an individual has preferences concerning different states of the world, and that these preferences can be described by an individual social welfare function, the individuals’ preferences for life-saving programs are elicited using a pair-wise choice experiment between different life-saving programs. In the analyses, we calculate the social marginal rates of substitution between saved lives of people of different ages. We also test whether people have preferences for saving more life-years rather than only saving lives. In particular, we test and compare the two hypotheses that only lives matter and that only life-years matter. The results indicate that the value of a saved life decreases rapidly with age and that people have strong preferences for saving life-years rather than lives per se. Overall, the results clearly show the importance of the number of life-years saved in the valuation of life.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Honestly, why are you driving a BMV?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. ; 60, s. 129-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Mad Cows, Terrorism and Junk Food: Should Public Policy Reflect Subjective or Objective Risks?
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Empirical evidence suggests that people´s risk-perceptions are often systematically biased. This paper develops a simple framework to analyse public policy when this is the case. Expected utility (well-being) is shown to depend on both objective and subjective risks. The latter are important because of the mental suffering associated with the risk and as a basis for corrective taxation and second-best adjustments. Optimality rules for public provision of riskreducing investments, "internality-correcting" taxation and provision of (costly information to reduce people´s risk-perception bias are presented.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Om nationalekonomisk imperialism och idéutveckling
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nationalekonomiska metoder och modeller tillämpas inom de mest skiftande områden som kriminalitet, barnuppfostran och drogmissbruk. Ett skäl till ämnets framgång är dess användning av matematik. Nationalekonomins formalisering synes dock även ha inneburit insnävade beteendeantaganden mot en abstrakt Homo Economicus, där många fenomen och mekanismer som diskuterades ingående av klassikerna till stor del ignorerats. Genombrottet för beteendeekonomin (behavioral economics) på senare tid har inneburit en återgång till en rikare och mer relevant mikroekonomisk teori. Nationalekonomer bör fortsätta studera frågor som inte brukar betraktas som traditionellt ekonomiska, men det är minst lika viktigt att influenser från andra vetenskaper får fortsätta att berika nationalekonomin.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Optimal Environmental Road pricing
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An optimal first-best road charge should not only be differentiated with respect to factors that affect the direct external environmental and time costs from the road-user himself. Indirect effects, such as the fact that other cars will be more polluting when congestion increases, should also be taken into account.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Risk Aversion and Expected Utility of Consumption over Time
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The calibration theorem by Rabin (2000) implies that seemingly plausible smallstake choices under risk imply implausible large-stake risk aversion. This theorem is derived based on the expected utility of wealth model. However, Cox and Sadiraj (2006) show that such implications do not follow from the expected utility of income model. One may then wonder about the implications for more applied consumption analysis. The present paper therefore expresses utility as a function of consumption in a standard life cycle model, and illustrates the implications of this model with experimental small- and intermediate-stake risk data from Holt and Laury (2002). The results suggest implausible risk aversion parameters as well as unreasonable implications for long term risky choices. Thus, the conventional intertemporal consumption model under risk appears to be inconsistent with the data.
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| 41. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Should Animal Welfare Count?
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses the standard welfare economics assumption anthropocentric welfarism, i.e. that only human well-being counts intrinsically. New survey evidence from a representative sample in Sweden is presented, indicating that anthropocentrism is strongly rejected, on average. However, most people appear to have a consequentialistic ethics, in line with conventional welfare economics. The moral philosophical literature is also briefly reviewed, and here too anthropocentrism receives little support. Indirect evidence from environmental valuation studies seems also to imply that a non-negligible fraction of people has non-welfaristic and/or non anthropocentric ethical preferences.
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| 42. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Så får vi fler fotbollsmål
- 2006
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten. ; :juli 2006
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 43. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Sök svaren - inte bara frågorna
- 2008
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Ingår i: GU-Journalen. ; :juni 2008
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 44. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Trust and Religion: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trust is measured using both survey questions and a standard trust experiment using a random sample of individuals in rural Bangladesh. We found no significant effect of the social distance between Hindus and Muslims in the trust experiment in terms of fractions sent or returned, but the responses to the survey questions indicate significant differences: Hindus, the minority, trust other people less in general, and Hindus trust Muslims more than the other way around.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Trust, Trust Games and Stated Trust: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Levels of trust are measured by asking standard survey questions on trust and by observing the behaviour in a trust game using a random sample in rural Bangladesh. Follow-up questions and correlations between the sent amount in the trust game and stated expectations reveal that the amount sent in the trust game is a weak measure of trust. The fear of future punishment, either within or after this life, for not being sufficiently generous to others, was the most frequently stated motive behind the respondents' behaviour, highlighting the potential importance of motives that cannot be inferred directly from people's behaviour.
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| 47. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Who Are the Trustworthy, We Think?
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a representative Swedish sample people were asked to judge the relative extent that different groups of people are considered trustworthy in several dimensions, including their political views and reading habits. A statistically significant effect of similarity on perceived trustworthiness was found in each of the seven dimensions analyzed. For example, right-wing voters consider Social Democratic voters to be much less trustworthy than right-wing voters, and vice versa. Thus, it seems that perceived trustworthiness decreases quite generally with the social distance. It is argued that social identity theory offers a plausible explanation. Moreover, older people are generally considered more trustworthy than younger, and people living in small cities are considered more trustworthy than people living in big cities.
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| 48. |
- Johansson-Stenman, Olof, 1966
(författare)
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Who are the trustworthy, we think?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. ; 68, s. 456-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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