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- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective choices of marine fuels under stringent carbon dioxide targets
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 3rd International conference on technologies, operations, logistics and modelling in Low Carbon Shipping, University College London..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to investigate cost-effective choices of future marine fuels in a carbon constrained world, the linear optimisation model of the global energy system, GET-RC 6.1, has been modified to GET-RC 6.2, including a more detailed representation of the shipping sector. In this study the GET-RC 6.2 model was used to assess what fuel/fuels and propulsion technology options for shipping are cost-effective to switch to when achieving global stabilisation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 400 ppm. The aim is to investigate (i) when is it cost-effective to start to phase out the oil from the shipping sector and what determines the speed of the phase out, (ii) under what circumstances are LNG or methanol cost-effective replacers and (iii) the role of bioenergy as a marine fuel. In our base analysis we analyse results from assuming that CCS will be large-scale available in future as well as if it will not. In the sensitivity analysis different parameters have been varied in order to investigate which impact for example different supply of primary energy sources and different costs for different transportation technologies will have on the choice of fuels in the shipping sector. Three main conclusions are presented (i) it seems to be cost-effective to start to phase out the oil from the shipping sector nearest decades, (ii) natural gas based fuels, i.e. fossil methanol and LNG are the two most probable replacers, of which methanol has been shown to dominate in the case with CCS (methanol or LNG depends on the availability of natural gas, on the methane slip and on infrastructure costs) and (iii) limited supply and competition for bioenergy among other end use sectors makes the contribution of bioenergy small, in the shipping sector.
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| 4. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Will the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan reduce CO2 emissions? A comparison with ISO 50001 and the ISM Code
- 2013
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 40:2, s. 177-190
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IMO Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is the sole international regulatory instrument expected to affect rising CO2 emissions from shipping in the short-term. In this article, we discuss present gaps in the SEEMP guidelines through a comparison with the international standard for energy management systems, ISO 50001, and with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which sets requirements for safety management systems in shipping companies. We show that the SEEMP lacks crucial features found in typical management system standards, such as requirements on policy and management reviews. Moreover, best-practice in the form of the ISO 50001 addresses important aspects, such as monitoring, energy auditing, design, and procurement processes in much more detail. In the context of previous research on these instruments and on energy efficiency in general, we argue that these gaps may be detrimental to the success of the SEEMP, both from the societal perspective of CO2 abatement and from the perspective of companies’ success in energy management. This requires further attention by academia, policy-makers and industry.
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| 5. |
- Styhre, Linda, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Increased energy efficiency through increased port efficiency
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main route discussed for mitigating CO2 emissions from shipping is through increased energy efficiency. Many operational measures that cost-efficiently decrease the energy consumption for shipping companies are available; however, assessments indicate that they have not been fully implemented. Speed reduction due to improved port efficiency has previously been highlighted as a measure with high potential for increased energy efficiency at a low investment cost.The purpose of this report is to investigate the possibilities to reduce speed at sea when the turnaround time in port is decreased and how this affects the total energy consumption. The research is based on a case study of one short sea bulk shipping company operating in Northern Europe. Quantitative analyses of voyage reports, vessels’ energy consumption curves and Statement of Facts (SoF) for two shipping services were combined with information gained from interviews with onshore managers and operators at the shipping company, ship crew members and managers in ports.The largest sources of unproductive time in port that could be minimized to improve turnaround time are waiting time due to the ports’ hours of operation, as well as waiting time at berth before loading and discharging due to early arrival. Scenarios have been developed from quantitative and qualitative data in the study that result in 1 to 4 hours of decreased time per port call. With a corresponding speed reduction at sea, the potential for improvement in energy efficiency is 1-5%. This is substantially lower than other assessments found in the literature, but is still impressive. The low investment costs could be confirmed qualitatively, but the transaction costs involved for communication and monitoring between stakeholders could contribute to the slow implementation of this measure.
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