| 1. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Improving environmental performance in shipping
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 399-418
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book addresses the environmental issues related to shipping and the natural environment, including descriptions of and proposed solutions to the issues. Currently, challenges exist that must be addressed if shipping is to become sustainable and fulfil the zero vision of no harmful emissions to the environment. In this chapter, we evaluate the steps that have been taken (if any) to limit the various environmental issues and discuss possible steps to be taken to improve environmental performance. Furthermore, future challenges must also be addressed, e.g., the current trend of increasing ship operations in the Arctic. In general, three factors could be addressed in order to reach environmentally sustainable shipping: regulations, technical solutions, and increased environmental awareness. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016. All rights are reserved.
|
|
| 2. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy efficiency and fuel changes to reduce environmental impacts
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 295-339
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many different emissions from ships are directly related to a ship's fuel consumption. This is particularly true for emissions to air, which are generated during the combustion process in the engines. Hence, improving the conversion process from fuel energy to transport work can be an effective means of reducing ship emissions. Solutions for reducing ship fuel consumption are generally divided into design and operational measures. Design measures primarily include technical solutions implemented when the ship is designed, constructed, and retrofitted, such as weightreduction, hull coatings, air lubrication, improvement of hull design, optimal propulsion systems and harvesting waste energy. Operational measures are related to how the ship or the fleet is operated and include measures such as weather routing, optimal ship scheduling, improved ship logistics, and on-board energy management. Although reducing fuel consumption always generates an environmental benefit, it should be noted that the use of different fuels results in different impacts on the environment for a given energy conversion efficiency. Another way to reduce emissions is therefore related to the type of fuel used on a ship, e.g., diesel fuels, gases, alcohols and solid fuels. However, choosing a fuel is not an easy process because it is influenced by a broad range of criteria, including technical, environmenta l and economic criteria.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Barriers to energy efficiency in shipping
- 2016
-
Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 15:1, s. 79-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shipping industry shows potential for improvements in energy efficiency. Nonetheless, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt these seemingly cost-efficient technical and operational measures aiming at reducing energy costs. Such phenomenon is not specific to the shipping industry and is commonly referred to as the energy efficiency gap. Decades of research in other sectors have contributed to the development of taxonomy of economic, organizational and psychological barriers that determine energy efficiency gaps through the use of a variety of research frameworks. This article aims to apply this research in the shipping context through interviews and review of existing literature and applications from other industries, with the objective of providing useful insight for shipping managers. The article discusses examples of barriers that are typical to shipping and that are related to information asymmetries and power structures within organizations. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures among the possible causes for energy efficiency gaps in their companies’ operations and possibly strive towards organizational change.
|
|
| 5. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982
(författare)
-
In search of maritime energy management
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with a transdisciplinary research project that concerned the implementation of an energy management system standard -- ISO 50001 -- in two shipping companies. This project was partially succesful insofar as we implemented the standard in one of the two companies. It is a thesis by papers: the introductory text discusses the research process, to explore in hindsight how transdisciplinarity was made possible. The appended papers bring up issues that were suitable to fit into such a structure during the course of the implementation project, and after. These issues are related to various aspects of "maritime energy management". The papers can be read in any order, with or without reading the introduction first, but my intention is that you continue reading, page by page, beyond this abstract and onwards until recommended otherwise. On the other hand, as Umberto Eco wrote: "books are not made to be believed, but to be subjected to inquiry."
|
|
| 6. |
- Salo, Kent, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Emissions to the air
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 169-227
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Seeing the black smoke coming out of the funnel of a manoeuvring ship makes it easy to understand that the ship's propulsion contributes to the emission of air pollutants. However, there is more than meets the eye going up in smoke. A vast majority of ships use fossil fuels, increasing a positive net contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when they are combusted. Because the fuels that are used are often of low quality and possess a high sulphur content, a number of other air pollutants are also emitted. Emissions to the air from ships include greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide), sulphur and nitrogen oxides, with both acidifying and eutrophication effects, and different forms of particles, with impacts on health and climate. However, not all emissions to the atmosphere from ships originate from the combustion of fuels for propulsion and energy production. The handling of crude oil as cargo and compounds used in refrigeration systems cause emissions of volatile organic compounds and ozone-depleting substances. The sources of the most important emissions and relevant regulations are described in this chapter.
|
|
| 7. |
- Taudal Poulsen, René, et al.
(författare)
-
The logic of business vs. the logic of energy management practice: understanding the choices and effects of energy consumption monitoring systems in shipping companies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 112:5, s. 3785-3797
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major part of the world fleet of more than 47,000 merchant ships operates under conditions that hamper energy efficiency and efforts to cut CO2 emissions. Valid and reliable data sets on ships’ energy consumption are often missing in shipping markets and within shipping organizations, leading to the non-implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. Policy makers are aiming to remedy this, e.g., through the EU Monitoring, Verification and Reporting scheme. In this paper, current practices for energy performance monitoring in ship operations are explored based on interviews with 55 professionals in 34 shipping organizations in Denmark. Best practices, which require several years to implement, are identified, as are common challenges in implementing such practices—related to data collection, incentives for data misreporting, data analysis problems, as well as feedback and communication problems between ship and shore. This study shows how the logic of good energy performance monitoring practices conflict with common business practices in shipping companies - e.g., through short-term vessel charters and temporary ship organizations – which in turn can explain the slow adoption of energy efficiency measures in the industry. This study demonstrates a role for policy makers or other third parties in mandating or standardizing good energy consumption monitoring practices beyond the present requirements.
|
|
