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- Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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The feasibility of large-scale lignocellulose-based bioenergy production
- 2001
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 20:5, s. 371-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global, large-scale use of bioenergy may replace a significant part of present fossil fuel use. We show that labor availability and water resources are large compared to those required to operate a bioenergy system of such size. The present study contradicts the assertion by Giampietro et al. [Bioscience 47(9) (1997) 587], that labor and water availability provide invincible barriers to a large-scale use of biofuels. We examine water and labor requirements under more reasonable assumptions about bioenergy supply options and demand levels. Bioenergy supplies are based on dedicated plantations of lignocellulosic crops and bioenergy demand is based on the renewable intensive global energy scenarios (RIGES). We find that labor and water requirements are an order of magnitude lower than the estimates by Giampietro et al. For instance, labor requirements do not exceed 1 percent of the estimated total work force in any country. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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- Kåberger, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Efficiency of Compulsory Green electricity Quotas In Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy and Environment. - : Multi-Science Publishing. - 0958-305X .- 2048-4070. ; 15:4, s. 675-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green certificates are not an efficient as a measure to correct for the effect of environmental external costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Nor are they efficient as a measure to create markets for new electricity supply technologies.Removing subsidies and introducing environmental taxes on energy sources with undesired external effects more efficiently corrects for incurred environmental costs. It appears that guaranteed feed-in tariffs are a more efficient policy instrument to promote the industrialisation of technologies for new sustainable sources of electricity.Alternatively, the certificate scheme could be reformed in a number of ways to improve performance. However decisions to change or abolish the instrument cannot be taken lightly since instrument stability is very important for the credibility of future policy.
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- Kåberger, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Entropy and economic processes ' physics perspectives
- 2001
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics, Vol 36, sid 165-179.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the relation between thermodynamics and economic theory. With respect to thermodynamic constraints on the economy, there are two diametrically opposite positions in this discussion. One claims that the constraints are insignificant (of no immediate practical importance for modelling) and in the intermediate run, do not limit economic activity and, therefore, need not be incorporated in the economic theory. The other holds that thermodynamics tells us that there are practical limits to materials recycling, which already puts bounds on the economy and, therefore, must be included in the economic models. Using thethermodynamic concept of entropy, we show here that there are fundamental problems with both positions. Even in the long run, entropy production associated with material dissipation need not be a limiting factor for economic development. Abundant energy resources from solar radiation may be used to recover dissipated elements. With simple, quantitative analysis we show that the rate of entropy production caused by human economic activities is very small compared to the continuous natural entropy production in the atmosphere and on the Earths surface. Further, the societal entropy production is well within the range of natural variation. It is possible to replace part of the natural entropy production with societal entropy production by making use of solar energy. Society consumes resources otherwise available for coming generations. However, future generations need not have less resources available to them than the present generation. Human industrial activities could be transformed into a sustainable system where the more abundant elements are industrially used and recycled, using solar energy as the driving resource. An economic theory, fit to guide industrial society in that development, must not disregard thermodynamicsnor must it overstate the consequences of the laws of thermodynamics
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- Kåberger, Tomas, 1961
(författare)
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Environmental labelling of electricity delivery contracts in Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215. ; 31, s. 633-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Competition in the electricity market allows customers to choose between suppliers. As a consequence, customers may demand electricity from specified sources of energy. In Sweden, the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC), operates a system of environmental labelling of electricity delivery contracts since 1996. Labelling is available for suppliers offering electricity from renewable sources of energy with some additional criteria. Companies may acquire a licence to use the label by showing ability to deliver such electricity and by agreeing to be audited. The system is private independent. It is operating on the bases of credibility earned by the SSNC during 90 years as an environmental organisation and 10 years as operator of environmental labelling of consumer products. The system is market oriented, compatible with WTO and EU market principles, and independent of governmental environmental restrictions, subsidy or quota systems. It is relying on voluntary agreements. The results are desirable if only a few by electricity under labelled contracts as well as if every customer do so. The market is growing. A majority of the suppliers have a license and may offer labelled contracts. In the year 2000, 7% of all electricity sold to final consumers was sold under labelled contracts.
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