| 1. |
- Kadesjö, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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ADHD in Swedish 3- to 7-year-old children.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - 0890-8567. ; 40:9, s. 1021-1028
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a representative group of clinically impaired young children in Sweden with the disorder. Method: One hundred thirty-one children with ADHD (aged 3–7 years) were examined, and their parents were interviewed. Independent parent questionnaire data (Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale-IV, Conners) were collected. For comparison 131 children without ADHD were matched for age, gender, parents’ marital status, child’s adoption status, and social class. Results: Children with ADHD had extremely high ADHD symptom levels—on average four to eight times higher than the comparison group. Sociodemographic correlates of ADHD symptoms were more pronounced in parent questionnaire data than in parent interview data, underscoring the importance of diagnostic interview when dealing with clinical issues. Very few of the children with ADHD (6%) appeared “normal” with regard to attention/activity level at clinical examination.Conclusions: Clinic children with a diagnosis of DSMIV ADHD have typical and impairing symptoms already before starting school. The variance of ADHD in this age group appears to be accounted for by primary psychosocial factors only to a limited degree. It would seem reasonable to establish supportive and treatment measures for these young children so that the psychosocial and academic problems shown by so many individuals with ADHD later in their development might be reduced.
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| 2. |
- Kadesjö, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder in 3- to 7-year-old children
- 2003
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Ingår i: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - 0012-1622. ; 45:10, s. 693-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a high degree of associated behavioural problems. In order to study characteristics of ADHD with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a representative group of young children with clinical impairment in Sweden, 131 children (101 males, 30 females) with ADHD (mean age 5 years, SD 1 year 5 months; range 3 to 7 years) were clinically examined, and their parents interviewed. Independent questionnaire data (Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale-IV, ODD Rating Scale-IV, Conners Hyperactivity Index) were collected. For comparison 131 children without ADHD were matched for sex, age, marital status, and socioeconomic status (115 males, 16 females; mean age 4 years 10 months, SD 1 year 5 months; range 3 to 7 years). Sixty percent of those with ADHD met full DSM-IV criteria for ODD. Only 10 of the 131 children with ADHD had no symptoms of ODD at all. The rate of children meeting full diagnostic criteria for ODD was similar across all age cohorts. Males were overrepresented in ODD, as were children of divorced parents and of mothers with low socioeconomic status. ADHD combined subtype was a stable independent factor influencing the diagnosis of ODD, regardless of psychosocial factors. Those with ADHD with ODD consistently showed higher rates of ADHD symptoms than did those with ADHD without ODD. The prevalent comorbidity of ADHD with ODD indicates that all children presenting with ADHD or ODD symptoms need to be assessed with a view to exploring both types of problem behaviours. The link between ODD and some psychosocial variables indicates the need to address these, possibly by measures such as parent training and network support.
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| 3. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Co-existing disorders in ADHD -- implications for diagnosis and intervention.
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 13 Suppl 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: It is only recently that "comorbidity" in ADHD has come to the forefront as one of the most important aspects of the disorder. It is agreed that, often, these problems are at least as important as ADHD in contributing to the longer term outcome in the individual child. OBJECTIVE: To provide the reader with basic information about clinics and treatment of "comorbidity" in ADHD. METHOD: Review of the empirically based literature. RESULTS: ADHD exists in a surprisingly high frequency together with a broad range of child neuropsychiatric disorders. This is accompanied with many still unresolved treatment problems. CONCLUSION: It would not be appropriate to develop ADHD-services where clinicians would only have expertise in ADHD as such. Anyone working with children, adolescents and adults with ADHD would need to have training in general neuropsychiatry. Further research in this field is urgently needed.
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| 4. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Why bother about clumsiness? The implications of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD).
- 2003
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Ingår i: Neural Plasticity. - 2090-5904. ; 10:1-2, s. 59-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common motor problem affecting--even in rather severe form--several percent of school age children. In the past, DCD has usually been called "clumsy child syndrome" or "non-cerebral-palsy motor-perception dysfunction". This disorder is more common in boys than in girls and is very often associated with psychopathology, particularly with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders/ autistic-type problems. Conversely, children with ADHD and autism spectrum problems, particularly those given a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, have a very high rate of comorbid DCD. Psychiatrists appear to be unaware of this type of comorbidity in their young patients. Neurologists, on the other hand, usually pay little attention to the striking behavioral and emotional problems shown by so many of their "clumsy" patients. A need exists for a much clearer focus on DCD-in child psychiatry and in child neurology-both in research and in clinical practice.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945
(författare)
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ADHD/DAMP : en uppdatering
- 2004
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Ingår i: Epidemiologi och psykosociala faktorer. Red: Vanna Beckman. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9144035322
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945
(författare)
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ADHD och missbruk
- 2002
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Ingår i: Kan det vara missbruk?. - Stockholm : Svenska Läkaresällskapet.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945
(författare)
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Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in a young school-age population. Epidemiology and comorbidity in a school health perspective
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A total population of 826 7-year old children attended schools in Karlstad, a middle-sized town in central Sweden in August of 1992. Of these, 818 attended mainstream classrooms. The remaining 8, attending special schools, had been comprehensively assessed by the county habilitation team and diagnosed as having autistic disorder (n=4), Down syndrome (n=2) and cerebral palsy (n=2) with or without various comorbidities. Exactly half of the 818 children in mainstream classrooms were assigned for neuropsychiatric study in a school health setting. These 409 children were all personally examined by the author using a broad battery of instruments including teacher and parent questionnaires, teacher and parent interviews, and neurodevelop-mental and motor examination of the child. In addition, teachers evaluated motor performance, phonological and reading ability in connection with this first diagnostic assessment. The DSM-III-R was used for diagnostic classifications. Alternative diagnostic systems were used for certain categories (DAMP (Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception) and Asperger syndrome in particular). Follow-up measures 0.5-4 years after initial evaluation included motor examination by teachers, portions of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, the Raven Coloured Matrices Test, tests of reading comprehension, Conners teacher screening and the Asperger Syndrome Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ). Screens and register searchers were also accomplished with the aim of identifying cases of autism spectrum disorders and tic disorders. Clinically severely impairing ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and/or DAMP, i.e. ADHD with DCD (developmental coordination disorder) was identified in 3.7% of the population. An additional 1.1% had autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome. Tourette syndrome was identified in 1.2% of the population but only in about 0.15% if attendance at a specialised clinic was required for a diagnosis to be made. Many more children were affected by DCD, mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Boys were generally much more often affected than girls were. The rate of comorbidity was extremely high. For instance, in ADHD, more than four in five of all affected children had other clinically impairing syndromes. DAMP was a considerably stronger predictor for negative outcome than was ADHD without DCD, particularly as regards social and reading skills several years after initial assessment. The results are discussed as they relate to the need for screening, diagnosis and intervention in a school health perspective.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. - 0021-9630. ; 42:04, s. 487-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined patterns of comorbid/associated diagnoses and associated problems in a population sample of children with and without DSM-III-R attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Half (N = 409) of a mainstream school population of Swedish 7-year-olds were clinically examined, and parents and teachers were interviewed and completed questionnaires. The children were followed up 2–4 years later. Eighty-seven per cent of children meeting full criteria for ADHD (N = 15) had one or more—and 67% at least two—comorbid diagnoses. The most common comorbidities were oppositional defiant disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Children with subthreshold ADHD (N = 42) also had very high rates of comorbid diagnoses (71% and 36%), whereas those without ADHD (N = 352) had much lower rates (17% and 3%). The rate of associated school adjustment, learning, and behaviour problems at follow-up was very high in the ADHD groups. We concluded that pure ADHD is rare even in a general population sample. Thus, studies reporting on ADHD cases without comorbidity probably refer to highly atypical samples. By and large, such studies cannot inform rational clinical decisions.
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| 12. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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The FTF (Five to Fifteen): the development of a parent questionnaire for the assessment of ADHD and comorbid conditions.
- 2004
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Ingår i: European child & adolescent psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 13 Suppl 3, s. 3-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the development of a new parent questionnaire ("Five to Fifteen", or the FTF) for elicitation of symptoms and problems typical of ADHD and its comorbidities. The FTF comprises 181 statements related to behavioural or developmental problems that can be endorsed as either "does not apply" (0), applies sometimes or to some extent" (1), "definitely applies" (2), plus a number of open-ended questions including some about the child's strengths. The items are arranged into eight different domains (memory, learning, language, executive functions, motor skills, perception, social skills, and emotional/behavioural problems), most of which can be subdivided into subdomains. For each domain, a mean score ranging from 0-2 can be calculated. A representative sample (n=1350) of the total population of 6-15-year-old children was targeted. Parents of 63% of these completed a questionnaire and returned it to the researchers. Boys showed significantly more problems than did girls across domains and age. Younger children had more problems than pre-adolescents and adolescents (except in the domains of social skills and emotional/behavioural problems). Executive dysfunction was common, and 5.3% of all children in the population had clear problems suggesting a diagnosis of ADHD according to parent report. The paper provides means, medians, and 90(th) and 95(th) centiles for individual items as well as for the eight domains. The Discussion centres on whether or not the FTF can (or should) be used in school-aged children for the identification of children at risk for ADHD or other early childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorder.
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| 13. |
- Kadesjö, Björn, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Tourette's disorder: epidemiology and comorbidity in primary school children.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0890-8567. ; 39:5, s. 548-555
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To study prevalence and comorbidity of Tourette's disorder in the general population of children and in a clinical setting. Method School-age children in the general population and children attending a county-wide tic disorder clinic were screened and examined by the same doctor. Behavioral-psychometric instruments with demonstrated reliability and validity were used. Results Depending on the sample characteristics, 0.15% to 1.1% of all children had Tourette's disorder. Boys outnumbered girls by 4:1 through 6:1. Attention deficits and empathy/autism spectrum problems (including Asperger's disorder) were very common, each type of comorbidity affecting approximately two thirds of individuals with Tourette's disorder. Overall behavior problem scores were high, and affected children exhibited a marked degree of functional impairment. Conclusions Tourette's disorder is a common disorder with high rates of significant comorbidity. In most cases, attention deficits and empathy problems are likely to cause more suffering than the tics per se. Key Words: Tourette's disorder; prevalence; comorbidity; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism; Asperger's disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; deficits in attention; motor control; perception
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