| 1. |
- Hanson, Lars A, et al.
(författare)
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Immune system modulation by human milk.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. - 0065-2598 .- 2214-8019. ; 503, s. 99-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Hanson, Lars A, et al.
(författare)
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Breast-feeding, a complex support system for the offspring.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Pediatrics International. - 1328-8067 .- 1442-200X. ; 44:4, s. 347-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The newborn has an immune system, very limited in size at birth and its postnatal expansion and maturation takes time. In the meantime the transplacental IgG antibodies from the mother play an important role for the protection of the infant. However, these antibodies act in tissues and induce inflammation and are energy-consuming. In contrast, the milk secretory IgA antibodies stop microbes already on the mucosa preventing infection, tissue engagement and energy loss. In addition, the milk contains many protective factors such as lactoferrin and oligosacharides functioning as analogues for microbial receptors preventing mucosal attachment, the initial step of most infections. As a result, breast-feeding significantly reduces the risk of neonatal septicemia, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, infection-induced wheezing and necrotizing enterocolitis. Via several mechanisms it seems that human milk can actively stimulate the immune system of the breast-fed infant. This reduces the risk of infections like otitis media, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea and infection-induced wheezing for several years after the termination of breast-feeding. Furthermore, it seems that breast-feeding decreases the risk of attracting celiac disease and allergic diseases. The latter has been much debated, but a recent critical review of published reports gives good support for long-term protection of allergic diseases, especially in high-risk children.
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| 3. |
- Hanson, Lars A, et al.
(författare)
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The transfer of immunity from mother to child.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 987, s. 199-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The newborn's immune system grows fast from a small size at birth by exposure primarily to the intestinal microflora normally obtained from the mother at and after birth. While building up its immune system, the infant is supported by the transplacental IgG antibodies, which also contain anti-idiotypic antibodies, possibly also actively priming the offspring. The second mode of transfer of immunity occurs via the milk. Numerous major protective components, including secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies and lactoferrin, are present. The breastfed infant is better protected against numerous common infections than the non-breastfed. Breastfeeding also seems to actively stimulate the infant's immune system by anti-idiotypes, uptake of milk lymphocytes, cytokines, etc. Therefore, the breastfed child continues to be better protected against various infections for some years. Vaccine responses are also often enhanced in breastfed infants. Long-lasting protection against certain immunological diseases such as allergies and celiac disease is also noted.
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| 4. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in the perinatal period affects bone parameters in adult female rats.
- 2004
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Ingår i: The British journal of nutrition. - 0007-1145. ; 92:4, s. 643-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PUFA and their metabolites are important regulators of bone formation and resorption. The effect of PUFA on bone growth may be especially striking during the perinatal period. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diets with different n-6:n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios during the perinatal period on bone parameters in the adult offspring. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rat dams were fed an isoenergetic diet containing 70 g linseed oil (n-3 diet), soyabean oil (n-6+n-3 diet) or sunflower-seed oil (n-6 diet) per kg with n-6:n-3 FA ratios of 0.4, 9 and 216, respectively. The offspring were weaned onto an ordinary chow and followed until 30 weeks of age. Bone parameters were analysed using peripheral quantitative computerised tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Femur length and cortical cross-sectional bone area and bone mineral content were significantly higher in the n-6+n-3 group than in the other groups. Cortical bone thickness in the n-6+n-3 group was increased compared with the n-3 group, but most cortical bone parameters did not differ between the n-3 and n-6 groups. The results suggest that regulatory mechanisms were influenced by the n-6:n-3 FA ratio early in life and not compensated for by the introduction of an ordinary diet after weaning.
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| 5. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954
(författare)
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Essential fatty acids in the perinatal period. Short and long term effects in a rat model
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nutritional factors during a sensitive perinatal period may lead to developmental adaptations proposed to program for pathological conditions later in life. An adequate supply of essential fatty acids (EFA) during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for optimal fetal and postnatal development. In animals and man, variations in the levels of EFA and in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affect growth, development of the neuroendocrine and the immune systems of the offspring and might also have additional effects later in life via, for instance, leptin-associated mechanisms. The major aim of the study was to investigate whether variation in the type of dietary EFA during pregnancy and lactation in rats could modulate neonatal leptin levels and induce developmental adaptations that may persist into adulthood.A deficiency of both n-6 and n-3 EFA in the maternal diet resulted in decreased serum leptin levels in the offspring associated with reduction of both the amount of inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and the leptin mRNA expression in inguinal WAT. In addition, deficiency of EFA in the maternal diet affected also the milk leptin levels, which were higher in the EFA deficient dams than in the controls at 3 weeks of lactation. The serum leptin levels during the first week of age was two-fold less in the pups of dams fed the diet enriched in n-3 PUFA (n-3 diet) compared to the those fed the diet containing nine-fold more n-6 PUFA than n-3 PUFA (n-6/n-3 diet). Further increase in the dietary intake of n-6 PUFA (n-6 diet) did not elevate the leptin levels in the pups compared to the n-6/n-3 group. Both the lower adipose tissue mass and smaller adipocyte size could explain the lower serum leptin levels in the n-3 group. The data demonstrate that the total intake and the ratio of the n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the mother's diet modulated neonatal leptin levels. Furthermore, the maternal n-6/n-3 diet promoted increase in body weight, inguinal WAT mass and adipocyte size and suppressed leptin mRNA levels in WAT in the offspring. In order to study the long-term effects of the dietary intake of n-6 in relation to n-3 PUFA during the perinatal period, all offsprings were weaned onto an ordinary chow and followed up until 30 weeks of age. At postnatal week 28 the food intake and the mean body weight were significantly higher in the offsprings of the dams fed the n-6/n-3 diet during pregnancy and lactation compared to the other two diet groups. The fasting plasma insulin concentration was elevated in both the adult male and female rats of the n-6/n-3 group, but the systolic blood pressure was only increased in the adult male rats. The data suggest that the ratio of the n-6 to n-3 PUFA in the mother's diet have important long-term effects in the offspring. Variations in the dietary intake of PUFA during pregnancy and lactation seem to be important for development and programming, influencing the health of the offspring in adult life.
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| 6. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Leptin levels in rat offspring are modified by the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the maternal diet
- 2002
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Ingår i: J Lipid Res. ; 43:10, s. 1743-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is important for optimal fetal and postnatal development. We have previously shown that leptin levels in suckling rats are reduced by maternal PUFA deficiency. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of maternal dietary intake of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA on the leptin content in rat milk and serum leptin levels in suckling pups. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, the rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7% linseed oil (n-3 diet), sunflower oil (n-6 diet), or soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet). Body weight, body length, inguinal fat pad weight, and adipocyte size of the pups receiving the n-3 diet were significantly lower during the whole suckling period compared with n-6/n-3 fed pups. Body and fat pad weights of the n-6 fed pups were in between the other two groups at week one, but not different from the n-6/n-3 group at week 3. Feeding dams the n-3 diet resulted in decreased serum leptin levels in the suckling pups compared with pups in the n-6/n-3 group. The mean serum leptin levels of the n-6 pups were between the other two groups but not different from either group. There were no differences in the milk leptin content between the groups. These results show that the balance between the n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the maternal diet rather than amount of n-6 or n-3 PUFA per se could be important for adipose tissue growth and for maintaining adequate serum leptin levels in the offspring.
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| 7. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal dietary intake of essential fatty acids affects adipose tissue growth and leptin mRNA expression in suckling rat pups
- 2002
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Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 52:1, s. 78-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have previously shown that maternal intake of essential fatty acids during late gestation and lactation affects the level of serum leptin in pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary essential fatty acids on leptin content in the milk of rat dams and leptin expression in white adipose tissue of pups during the suckling period. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rats were fed a control or an essential fatty acid-deficient (EFAD) diet. Milk of the EFAD dams contained more saturated and less polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the control dams. Milk leptin levels were higher in the EFAD dams than in the control dams at 3 wk of lactation. The weight of inguinal white adipose tissue depots and the serum leptin levels of the EFAD pups were significantly lower than in the control pups during the whole suckling period. In addition, semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of leptin mRNA levels in inguinal white adipose tissue showed a reduction in the EFAD pups compared with the control pups at 3 wk of age. We conclude that maternal dietary essential fatty acid intake affects serum leptin levels in pups by regulating both the amount of adipose tissue and the leptin mRNA expression.
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| 8. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 42:3, s. 359-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dietary lipid quantity and quality have recently been shown to affect serum leptin levels in adult rats. Moreover, suckling pups from dams fed a high fat diet had increased serum leptin levels. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on serum leptin levels in dams and their pups during the suckling period. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, pregnant rats were fed a control or an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet. The levels of leptin and EFA in the serum of the dams and pups were analyzed 1, 2, and 3 weeks after delivery. In parallel, serum levels of glucose and corticosterone were analyzed in the pups. Low serum leptin levels were found in the control lactating dams during the entire lactation period compared with the age-matched nonlactating animals. The leptin concentrations in the lactating dams fed the EFAD diet were lower compared with those fed the control diet. The serum leptin levels of suckling pups from dams on the EFAD diet were markedly decreased compared with controls (P < 0.05). The reduced serum leptin levels could not be explained by nutritional restriction as evaluated by serum levels of glucose and corticosterone. These results indicate the importance of the EFA composition of the maternal diet for serum leptin levels in both dams and pups. EFA deficiency in lactating dams may cause long-term effects on the pups through dysregulation of leptin and leptin-dependent functions. -- Korotkova, M., B. Gabrielsson, L. A. Hanson, and B. Strandvik. Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 359--365.
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| 9. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of neonatal immunological tolerance to ovalbumin by maternal essential fatty acid intake
- 2004
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Ingår i: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. - 0905-6157. ; 15:2, s. 112-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examines whether dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) intake influences the induction of oral tolerance to ovalbumin (OA) in neonatal and adult rats. During late gestation and throughout lactation Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet supplemented (S) with EFA (7% soybean oil), or a diet deficient (D) in EFA (7% hydrogenated lard). The rat offspring were subsequently exposed to OA either via the milk at 10-16 days (neonatal rats), or as adults via the drinking water at 7-9 wk of age. Oral administration of OA to the adult rats lead to suppression of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity and IgG antibody response against OA, which was not influenced by their diets. In the offspring of the dams fed the D diet antigen exposure via the milk resulted in suppression of the serum antibody levels and DTH reaction against OA indicating induction of oral tolerance. Higher transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA levels in the draining lymph nodes suggested this to be mediated by regulatory T cells. In contrast, OA exposure of the dams fed the S diet did not result in a suppressed OA response of their offspring. Thus, the quality of FA ingested by the mother may have effects on the development of immunological tolerance to dietary antigens in the offspring. Our results might have importance for the understanding of the increase in allergy related to the Western type of diet.
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| 10. |
- Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in maternal diet influences the induction of neonatal immunological tolerance to ovalbumin
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical and experimental immunology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 137:2, s. 237-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prevalence of allergy is increasing in many countries and might be related to changed environmental factors, such as dietary fatty acids (FA). The present study investigates whether dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA influences the induction of immunological tolerance to ovalbumin (OA) in neonatal rats. During late gestation and throughout lactation Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 7% linseed oil (n-3 diet), sunflower oil (n-6 diet) or soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet). At 10-16 days of age the rat offspring were subsequently exposed, or not, to OA via the milk. The offspring were weaned onto the same diets as the mothers and immunized with OA and the bystander antigen human serum albumin (HSA). In the offspring on the n-3 diet exposure to OA via the milk resulted in lower delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) and antibody responses against both OA and HSA, compared to those in the offspring not exposed to OA, indicating the induction of oral tolerance. In the offspring on the n-6 diet, the exposure to OA led to depressed specific immune responses against only OA, not HSA. In the offspring on the n-6/n-3 diet oral exposure to OA did not influence immune responses against OA, or HSA. The results indicate that the dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 FA is important for the induction of neonatal oral tolerance. Thus nonoptimal feeding may have effects on the development of immunological tolerance to dietary antigen ingested by the mother. The ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in the diet may be considered in the context of increased prevalence of allergy.
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