| 1. |
- Boswell, M. T., et al.
(författare)
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Intrahost evolution of the HIV-2 capsid correlates with progression to AIDS
- 2022
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Ingår i: Virus Evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2057-1577. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- HIV-2 infection will progress to AIDS in most patients without treatment, albeit at approximately half the rate of HIV-1 infection. HIV-2 capsid (p26) amino acid polymorphisms are associated with lower viral loads and enhanced processing of T cell epitopes, which may lead to protective Gag-specific T cell responses common in slower progressors. Lower virus evolutionary rates, and positive selection on conserved residues in HIV-2 env have been associated with slower progression to AIDS. In this study we analysed 369 heterochronous HIV-2 p26 sequences from 12 participants with a median age of 30 years at enrolment. CD4% change over time was used to stratify participants into relative faster and slower progressor groups. We analysed p26 sequence diversity evolution, measured site-specific selection pressures and evolutionary rates, and determined if these evolutionary parameters were associated with progression status. Faster progressors had lower CD4% and faster CD4% decline rates. Median pairwise sequence diversity was higher in faster progressors (5.7x10-3 versus 1.4x10-3 base substitutions per site, P<0.001). p26 evolved under negative selection in both groups (dN/dS=0.12). Median virus evolutionary rates were higher in faster than slower progressors – synonymous rates: 4.6x10-3 vs. 2.3x10-3; and nonsynonymous rates: 6.9x10-4 vs. 2.7x10-4 substitutions/site/year, respectively. Virus evolutionary rates correlated negatively with CD4% change rates (ρ = -0.8, P=0.02), but not CD4% level. The signature amino acid at p26 positions 6, 12 and 119 differed between faster (6A, 12I, 119A) and slower (6G, 12V, 119P) progressors. These amino acid positions clustered near to the TRIM5α/p26 hexamer interface surface. p26 evolutionary rates were associated with progression to AIDS and were mostly driven by synonymous substitutions. Nonsynonymous evolutionary rates were an order of magnitude lower than synonymous rates, with limited amino acid sequence evolution over time within hosts. These results indicate HIV-2 p26 may be an attractive therapeutic target.
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| 2. |
- Sugawara, Yuuki, et al.
(författare)
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Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers: An Overview
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan. - 0021-9592. ; 56:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The green-H-2 production through water electrolysis from renewable energies is vital in the context of developing a sustainable and cost-effective methodology. Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) is considered as a promising energy conversion device, which can be an alternative to fossil fuel-based energyplatforms. AEMWE can employ inexpensive nonprecious metal catalysts and current collectors, which is preferable forpractical applications of this technology. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for AEMWE plays a significant role forthe hydrogen production efficiency. Thus, understanding the MEA components, operation, and performance is critical forthe development of prominent materials for the AEMWE. In this review, we highlight the performances of the MEAs andtheir components, such as the AEMs and catalysts with a broad discussion of the progress with current status. Additionally,we also have put forward our assessment to lead the way for future research, to commercialize AEMWE as a provenalternative for the cost-effective production of high-purity hydrogen.
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