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Sökning: WFRF:(Lindblad Ulf 1950)

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1.
  • Andersson, Susanne, et al. (författare)
  • It's up to me! Experiences of living with pre-diabetes and the increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Primary Care Diabetes. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1751-9918 .- 1878-0210. ; 2:4, s. 187-193
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: To explore experiences of pre-diabetes and the associated increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Eight participants with pre-diabetes were interviewed for a 45-60 min period. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Results: Living with pre-diabetes means existing on the borderline of being healthy and suffering from T2DM. Three themes were formulated; "seeing possibilities in an uncertain future", "facing obstacles and loss of liberty" and "balancing between possibilities and obstacles" Being on the borderline and balancing between possibilities and obstacles were interpreted as a distressing feeling of being at increased risk of developing T2DM, although this feeling can change to one of either facing possibilities or facing obstacles. Conclusions: Special focus must be directed towards persons with pre-diabetes, as they are caught between possibilities and obstacles. Advanced care in the form of health dialogues can convince these people of their own abilities to influence the outcome of pre-diabetes. The result of this study can guide health care practitioners in comprehending each participant's understanding of the situation, thus helping them to create pedagogical dialogues in which patients' experiences, conceptions, explanations as well as explicit and implicit questions are identified. © 2008 Primary Care Diabetes Europe.
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2.
  • Andersson, Susanne, 1957, et al. (författare)
  • Perceived symptoms in people living with impaired glucose tolerance.
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Nursing Research and Practice. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-1429 .- 2090-1437. ; 2011:Article ID 937038
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the study was to identify symptoms in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and describe their experiences of living with the symptoms which they related to their condition. Twenty-one participants, from a cross-sectional population-based study, diagnosed as having IGT, were invited for an interview. The interviews were analyzed in two phases by means of a manifest and latent content analysis. The narratives included seven categories of symptoms (and more than 25 different symptoms) presented by the respondents. This study shows that symptoms such as the patient's own interpretation of different perceptions in the body must be considered, as well as signs and/or objective observations. Symptoms ought to be seen as complementary components in the health encounter and health conversation. The results of this study indicate that health professionals should increase their awareness of the balance between the implicit and the explicit bodily sensations that individuals communicate. Further studies are needed.
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3.
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4.
  • Andersson, Susanne, 1957, et al. (författare)
  • The association between self-rated health and impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish adults: A cross-sectional study
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 31:2, s. 111-118
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective. To investigate gender differences in the association between self-rated health (SRH) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in subjects unaware of their glucose tolerance. Design. A cross-sectional population-based study. Setting. The two municipalities of Vara and Skövde in south-western Sweden. Subjects. A total of 2502 participants (1301 women and 1201 men), aged 30–75, were randomly selected from the population. Main outcome measures. IGT was regarded as the outcome measure and SRH as the main risk factor. Results. The prevalence of IGT was significantly higher in women (11.9%) than in men (10.1%), (p = 0.029), as was the prevalence of low SRH (women: 35.4%; men: 22.1%, p = 0.006). Both men and women with low SRH had a poorer risk factor profile than those with high SRH, and a statistically significant crude association between SRH and IGT was found in both men (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.8–4.4) and women (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.2, p = 0.033). However, after controlling for several lifestyle factors and biomedical variables, the association was attenuated and remained statistically significant solely in men (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.3). Conclusion. The gender-specific associations found between SRH and IGT suggest that SRH may be a better indicator of IGT in men than in women. Future studies should evaluate the utility of SRH in comparison with objective health measures as a potential aid to health practitioners when deciding whether to screen for IGT and T2DM.
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5.
  • Andersson, Susanne, et al. (författare)
  • The association between self-reported lack of sleep, low vitality and impaired glucose tolerance : A Swedish cross-sectional study
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are serious public health issues, and several studies link sleeping disorders with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IR). This study explore how self-reported lack of sleep and low vitality, are associated with IGT in a representative Swedish population. Methods. A cross-sectional survey conducted in two municipalities in South-western Sweden. Participants aged 30-75 were randomly selected from the population in strata by sex and age. Altogether, 2,816 participants were surveyed with a participation rates at 76%. Participants with normal glucose tolerance (n=2,314), and those with IGT (n=213) were retained for analyses. The participants answered a questionnaire before the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Associations for questions concerning sleeping disorders, vitality and IGT were analysed using logistic regression and were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI. Results: In men a statistically significant age-adjusted association was found between self-reported lack of sleep and IGT: OR 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1-5.4). It did not weaken after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and leisure time physical activity 2.3 (1.0-5.5, p=0.044). No such associations were found in females. Corresponding age-adjusted associations between low vitality and IGT in both men 2.8 (1.3-5.8), and women 2.0 (1.2-3.4) were successively lost with increasing adjustment. Conclusions: Insufficient sleep seems independently associated with IGT in men, while low vitality was not independently associated with IGT neither in men nor women, when multiple confounders are considered. IGT should be considered in patients presenting these symptoms, and underlying mechanisms further explored. © 2013 Andersson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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6.
  • Buschard, Karsten, et al. (författare)
  • Low serum concentration of sulfatide and presence of sulfated lactosylceramid are associated with Type 2 diabetes. The Skaraborg Project
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Diabetic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0742-3071 .- 1464-5491. ; 22:9, s. 1190-8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AIMS: The glycosphingolipid sulfatide (sulfated galactosyl-ceramide) increases exocytosis of beta-cell secretory granules, activates K(ATP)-channels and is thereby able to influence insulin secretion through its presence in the islets. A closely related compound, sulfated lactosylceramide (sulf-lac-cer), is present in the islets during fetal and neonatal life when, as in Type 2 diabetes, insulin is secreted autonomically without the usual first phase response to glucose. The aim was to examine whether serum concentrations of these glycolipids are associated with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A case-control study, comprising 286 women and 283 men, was designed using a population-based sample of patients with Type 2 diabetes and a population survey. RESULTS: Low serum concentrations of sulfatide were associated with Type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors for diabetes in a sex-specific analysis: odds ratio (OR) 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 3.9) in men, and 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) in women, comparing the lowest and the highest tertiles. Type 2 diabetes was also associated with detectable amounts of sulf-lac-cer in serum: OR 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) in men, and 7.6 (3.8, 15.2) in women. After adjustment for confounding from other diabetes risk factors, these associations remained basically unchanged. The connections between sulfatide and Type 2 diabetes, and sulf-lac-cer and Type 2 diabetes were independent of each other. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was negatively correlated with sulfatide concentration and positively correlated with sulf-lac-cer (both P < 0.0001, independently). CONCLUSIONS: We report a new, robust and highly significant independent association between Type 2 diabetes and serum concentrations of sulfatide in both sexes, and sulf-lac-cer in females. The associations were also independent of other known diabetes risk factors.
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7.
  • Emma, Lindblad, et al. (författare)
  • Experiences of the new role of advanced practice nurses in Swedish primary health care--a qualitative study
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Practice. - 1322-7114. ; 2010:16, s. 69-74
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the experiences of the first advanced practice nurses (APNs), a new profession for Swedish health care, and of their supervising general practitioners (GPs), regarding the new role and scope of practice of APNs in primary health care. Individual interviews were conducted with the four first APNs and one focus group interview was conducted with five supervising physicians. The material was transcribed verbatim and analysed using latent content analysis. The respondents expressed confidence and trust in the new role of APNs. Some opposition to this new role from the GPs and other colleagues was observed, but was nonetheless overcome. The experiences of the APN role indicate that the new role is clearly demarcated from the role of physicians. The APNs were considered an extra resource for both the GPs and other nurses, which contributed to an increased availability of care for patients. The APN role requires an explicit definition and demarcation in relation to responsibility and roles among colleagues. Further development of the APN role presupposes the right to prescribe medication and order treatments, as well as an evaluation of patient, organizational and inter-professional perspectives on the matter.
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8.
  • Ljungvall, Åsa, et al. (författare)
  • Misreporting and misclassification: implications for socioeconomic disparities in body-mass index and obesity
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-7598 .- 1618-7601. ; 16:1, s. 5-20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Body-mass index (BMI) has become the standard proxy for obesity in social science research. This study deals with the potential problems related to, first, relying on self-reported weight and height to calculate BMI (misreporting), and, second, the concern that BMI is a deficient measure of body fat (misclassification). Using a regional Swedish sample, we analyze whether socioeconomic disparities in BMI are biased because of misreporting, and whether socioeconomic disparities in the risk of obesity are sensitive to whether BMI or waist circumference is used to define obesity. Education and income are used as socioeconomic indicators. The overall conclusion is that misreporting and misclassification may indeed matter for estimated educational and income disparities in BMI and obesity. In the misreporting part we find that women with higher education misreport less than those with lower education, leading to underestimation of the education disparity when using self-reported information. In the misclassification part we find that the probability of being misclassified decreases with income, for both men and women. Among women, the consequence is a steeper income gradient when obesity is defined using waist circumference instead of BMI. Among men the income gradient is statistically insignificant irrespective of how obesity is defined, but when estimating the probability of obesity defined by waist circumference, an educational gradient, which is not present when classifying men using BMI, arises.
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9.
  • Ahmadi, Nasser, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Breathlessness in everyday life from a patient perspective: A qualitative study using diaries
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Palliative & supportive care. - Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. - 1478-9515 .- 1478-9523. ; 12:3, s. 189-194
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Breathlessness is a subjective symptom, which makes it difficult to define and understand. The aim of the present study was to illuminate how patients suffering from breathlessness experience their everyday life. Method: The study was a qualitative study, and the focus of the analysis was the patients’ descriptions of their experiences of breathlessness using a diary with two unstructured questions for a period of 7 consecutive days. Sixteen participants: 7men, mean age 65+7 (range 55–73 years old), and 9 women, mean age 65+9 (range 50–72 years old) participated in the study. Results: Two themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Impaired quality of life and 2) symptom tolerance and adaptation. The theme “impaired quality of life” included the categories limited physical ability, psychological burdens, and social life barriers. The theme “symptom tolerance and adaptation” included importance of health care, social support, hobbies and leisure activities, and coping strategies. Significance of results: The findings in our study showed that patients, in spite of considerable difficulties with shortness of breath, found relief in several types of activities, in addition to drug therapy. The result indicates that the “biopsychosocial model” is an appealing approach that should be discussed further to gain a better understanding of breathlessness.
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10.
  • Ahmadi, Nasser, 1958, et al. (författare)
  • Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and its association with self-rated health and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide: a cross-sectional study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Esc Heart Failure. - : Wiley. - 2055-5822. ; 3:3, s. 205-211
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims Left ventricular hypertrophy, obesity, hypertension, and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) predict left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function (DD-PSF). Self-rated health (SRH) is shown to be associated with chronic diseases, but the association of SRH with DD-PSF is unclear. In light of the clinical implications of DD-PSF, the following goals are of considerable importance: (1) to determine the role of SRH in patients with DD-PSF in the general population and (2) to study the association between Nt-proBNP and DD-PSF. Methods and results The current study is a cross-sectional study conducted on a random sampling of a rural population. Individuals 30-75 years of age were consecutively subjected to conventional echocardiography and tissue velocity imaging. Data were collected on 500 (48%) men and 538 (52%) women (n = 1038). DD-PSF was the main outcome, and SRH and Nt-proBNP were the primary indicators. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity were accounted for as major confounders of the association with SRH. DD-PSF was identified in 137 individuals, namely, 79 men (15.8%) and 58 women (10.8%). In a multivariate regression model, SRH (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.02-8.57) and Nt-proBNP (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 OR 4.23; 95% CI 1.74-10.26) were both independently associated with DD-PSF. Conclusions SRH, evaluated based on a descriptive question on general health, should be included in the diagnostic process of DD-PSF. In agreement with previous studies, our study confirms that Nt-proBNP is a major indicator of DD-PSF.
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11.
  • Al-Majdoub, Mahmoud, et al. (författare)
  • Population-level analysis to determine parameters that drive variation in the plasma metabolite profiles
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Metabolites. - : MDPI AG. - 2218-1989. ; 8:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The plasma metabolome is associated with multiple phenotypes and diseases. However, a systematic study investigating clinical determinants that control the metabolome has not yet been conducted. In the present study, therefore, we aimed to identify the major determinants of the plasma metabolite profile. We used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) to determine 106 metabolites in plasma samples from 2503 subjects in a cross-sectional study. We investigated the correlation structure of the metabolite profiles and generated uncorrelated metabolite factors using principal component analysis (PCA) and varimax rotation. Finally, we investigated associations between these factors and 34 clinical covariates. Our results suggest that liver function, followed by kidney function and insulin resistance show the strongest associations with the plasma metabolite profile. The association of specific phenotypes with several components may suggest multiple independent metabolic mechanisms, which is further supported by the composition of the associated factors. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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12.
  • Altersved, Ewa, et al. (författare)
  • Advanced practice nurses : A new resource for Swedish primary health-care teams
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Practice. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1322-7114 .- 1440-172X. ; 17:2, s. 174-180
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Advanced practice nurses: A new resource for Swedish primary health-care teams This study is associated with the first evaluation of the four first advanced practice nurses (APNs), part of a primary health-care team in Sweden. The aim is to describe health-care teams' experiences of the new APN role and investigate what opportunities and barriers to the role exist. Eighty-one respondents answered a 14-question questionnaire with a Likert scale and one open-ended question. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to investigate differences between professional groups' answers. The qualitative material was analysed using deductive content analysis. Though mostly positive experiences of the role were found, differences did exist between the professional groups. APNs are considered a resource in that access to care, cooperation and patient flow increased. Barriers include APNs' limited autonomy and inability to prescribe medication. To further develop the role, the right to prescribe medication and strategic leadership within the Swedish health-care system, policy and legislation are needed.
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13.
  • Arvidsson, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • Cross-cultural validation of a simple self-report instrument of physical activity in immigrants from the Middle East and native Swedes.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 42:3, s. 255-262
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AIM: To investigate cross-cultural validity of a simple self-report instrument of physical activity intended to be used in Swedish health care. Methods: A validation study performed in 599 Iraqis (58% men) and 553 Swedes (53% men) aged 30-75 years living in the city of Malmö, Sweden. The self-report instrument by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare was compared to corresponding measures assessed from accelerometry as reference. Results: The agreement between the methods in assessing the participants as sufficiently/insufficiently physically active (cut-point 150 min/week) was 65% in the Iraqis and 52% in the Swedes (p<0.001). The proportion disagreement where the self-reported physical activity was sufficient but insufficient according to the accelerometry was 26% and 45% in Iraqis and Swedes, respectively. Physical activity time (min/week) was overestimated by self-report compared to accelerometry by 71% in the Iraqis and 115% in the Swedes (p<0.001). The smallest and largest overestimation was seen in Iraqi (57%) and Swedish (139%) women, respectively. The deviation of the self-report instrument compared to accelerometry was related to the physical activity level, as the overestimation mainly occurred at lower physical activity. Conclusions: The self-report instrument proposed by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare may overestimate the proportion sufficiently physically active, but to an extent depending on cultural background and gender.
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14.
  • Arvidsson, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • Vigorous Physical Activity may be Important for the Insulin Sensitivity in Immigrants From the Middle East and Native Swedes
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physical Activity & Health. - : Human Kinetics. - 1543-3080 .- 1543-5474. ; 12:2, s. 273-281
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: To compare physical activity measures and their associations with insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function and body mass index (BMI) between Iraqi immigrants and native Swedes. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 493 Iraqis (58% men) and 469 Swedes (54% men) aged 30 to 75 years living in the city of Malmo, Sweden. Accelerometry was used for physical activity measures (sedentary time, breaks in sedentary time, moderate and vigorous physical activity, total counts). Insulin sensitivity index and oral disposal index were determined from an oral glucose tolerance test and BMI by body weight and height. Results: Iraqi men were less physically active than Swedish men, while the physical activity was more similar in the women. BMI was a strong predictor of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function and frequently associated with the physical activity measures. BMI modified the associations of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function with the physical activity measures to such extent that only VPA and total counts show direct associations with insulin sensitivity in addition to the indirect associations via BMI. Iraqi women demonstrated weaker associations compared with Swedish women. Conclusions: Physical activity and performed at vigorous intensity may be important mainly for the insulin sensitivity in Iraqi immigrants and native Swedes.
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15.
  • Bennet, Louise, et al. (författare)
  • A family history of diabetes determines poorer glycaemic control and younger age of diabetes onset in immigrants from the Middle East compared with native Swedes
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Diabetes & Metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 1262-3636 .- 1878-1780. ; 41:1, s. 45-54
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims. - Immigrant populations from the Middle East develop diabetes earlier than indigenous European populations; however, the underlying etiology is poorly understood. This study looked at the risk factors associated with early diabetes onset and, in non-diabetics, glycaemic control in immigrants from Iraq compared with native Swedes. Methods. - This cross-sectional population-based study comprised 1398 Iraqi immigrants and 757 Swedes (ages 30-75 years) residing in the same area of Malmo, Sweden. Outcomes were age at diabetes onset and glycaemic control (HbA(1c)) as assessed by Cox proportional hazards and linear regression, respectively. Results. - In Iraqis vs Swedes, clustering in the family history (in two or more relatives) was more prevalent (23.2% vs 3.6%, P<0.001) and diabetes onset occurred earlier (47.6 years vs 53.4 years, P=0.001). Having an Iraqi background independently raised the hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes onset. Diabetes risk due to family history was augmented by obesity, with the highest HRs observed in obese participants with clustering in the family history (HR: 5.1, 95% CI: 3.2-8.2) after adjusting for country of birth and gender. In participants without previously diagnosed diabetes (Iraqis: n=1270; Swedes: n=728), HbA(1c), levels were slightly higher in Iraqis than in Swedes (4.5% vs 4.4%, P=0.038). This difference was explained primarily by clustering in the family history rather than age, obesity, lifestyle or socioeconomic status. Conclusion. - The study shows that the greater predisposition to diabetes in Middle Eastern immigrants may be explained by a more extensive family history of the disorder; clinical interventions tailored to Middle Eastern immigrants with such a family history are thus warranted.
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16.
  • Bennet, Louise, et al. (författare)
  • Cardiovascular disease in relation to diabetes status in immigrants from the Middle East compared to native Swedes: a cross-sectional study.
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: BMC public health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in immigrants to Sweden from Iraq, but the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors are not known. In this survey we aimed to compare the prevalence of CVD and CVD-associated risk factors between a population born in Iraq and individuals born in Sweden. METHODS: This population-based, cross-sectional study comprised 1,365 Iraqi immigrants and 739 Swedes (age 30-75 years) residing in the same socioeconomic area in Malmö, Sweden. Blood tests were performed and socio-demography and lifestyles were characterized. To investigate potential differences in CVD, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for metabolic, lifestyle and psychosocial risk factors for CVD. Outcome measures were odds of CVD. RESULTS: There were no differences in self-reported prevalence of CVD between Iraqi- and Swedish-born individuals (4.0 vs. 5.5%, OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-1.8). However, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was higher in Iraqi compared to Swedish participants (8.4 vs. 3.3%, OR=4.2, 95% CI 2.6-6.7). Moreover, among individuals with type 2 diabetes, Iraqis had a higher prevalence of CVD (22.8 vs. 8.0%, OR=4.2, 95% CI 0.9-20.0), after adjustment for age and sex. By contrast, among those without diabetes, immigrants from Iraq had a lower prevalence of CVD than Swedes (2.2 vs. 5.5%, OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.3-0.9).Type 2 diabetes was an independent risk factor for CVD in Iraqis only (OR=6.8, 95% CI 2.8-16.2). This was confirmed by an interaction between country of birth and diabetes (p=0.010). In addition, in Iraqis, type 2 diabetes contributed to CVD risk to a higher extent than history of hypertension (standardized OR 1.5 vs. 1.4). CONCLUSIONS: This survey indicates that the odds of CVD in immigrants from Iraq are highly dependent on the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and that type 2 diabetes contributes with higher odds of CVD in Iraqi immigrants compared to native Swedes. Our study suggests that CVD prevention in immigrants from the Middle East would benefit from prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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17.
  • Bennet, Louise, et al. (författare)
  • Diastolic dysfunction is associated with sedentary leisure time physical activity and smoking in females only
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 28:3, s. 172-178
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function (DD-PSF) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Population-based surveys studying the associations between DD-PSF and lifestyle-associated risk factors, such as leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and smoking, are scarce. Thus, the aims were to explore the associations between DD-PSF and LTPA and smoking, employing optimal echocardiographic techniques. Design. Cross-sectional study conducted from 2001 to 2003. Setting.The study was conducted in a random sample of a rural Swedish population. Subjects. Men and women of 30–75 years of age were consecutively invited for conventional echocardiography and tissue velocity imaging (n = 1149). Structured questionnaires and physical examinations were conducted using standardized methods. Main outcome measures. DD-PSF was defined according to the European Society of Cardiology criteria excluding subjects with ejection fraction < 45%, or a self-reported history of heart failure. Results. Complete information was available in 500 men and 538 women. In a multivariate model, DD-PSF was independently associated with sedentary LTPA and smoking in females; sedentary LTPA odds ratio (OR) 2.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 8.27, and smoking OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.35 to 8.64. The probability of identifying DD-PSF in females with a sedentary LTPA was 37% and increased to 80% if they also had hypertension and were obese. Conclusions. Sedentary LTPA and smoking are independently associated with DD-PSF in females. Identification of a sedentary lifestyle in females increases the probability of diagnosing DD-PSF.
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18.
  • Bennet, Louise, et al. (författare)
  • Dubbelt så hög risk för diabetes typ 2 hos svenskar födda i Irak
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 112:16, s. 1-4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The MEDIM study reports that Immigrants from the Middle East to Sweden – independently of other diabetes related risk factors – have a twice as high type 2 diabetes risk as compared to non-immigrated Swedes. Diabetes onset occurs 6 years earlier in this group and is partly explained by family history and/or obesity. But the MEDIM study has identified that Middle Eastern background per se is an independent risk factor for earlier disease onset. Immigrants from the Middle East free of diabetes have a more pronounced insulin resistance and worse glycaemic control than non-immigrated Swedes independently of age, obesity or other risk factors for diabetes. To be able to reduce the risk of diabetes and offer an equal health care, glucose/HbA1c should be controlled on wide indications, and risk evaluation and preventive actions provided earlier for this population at high risk for type 2 diabetes. © 2015, Swedish Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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19.
  • Bennet, Louise, et al. (författare)
  • Ethnicity is an independent risk indicator when estimating diabetes risk with FINDRISC scores: A cross sectional study comparing immigrants from the Middle East and native Swedes
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Primary Care Diabetes. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-9918 .- 1878-0210. ; 8:3, s. 231-238
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: This study sought to compare type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk indicators in Iraqi immigrants with those in ethnic Swedes living in southern Sweden. Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional cohort study of men and women, aged 30-75 years, born in Iraq or Sweden conducted in 2010-2012 in Malmö, Sweden. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. T2D risk was assessed by the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Results: In Iraqi versus Swedish participants, T2D was twice as prevalent (11.6 vs. 5.8%, p < 0.001). A large proportion of the excess T2D risk was attributable to larger waist circumference and first-degree family history of diabetes. However, Iraqi ethnicity was a risk factor for T2D independently of other FINDRISC factors (odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-3.9). The FINDRISC algorithm predicted that more Iraqis than Swedes (16.2 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001) will develop T2D within the next decade. The total annual costs for excess T2D risk in Iraqis are estimated to exceed 2.3 million euros in 2005, not accounting for worse quality of life. Conclusions: Our study suggests that Middle Eastern ethnicity should be considered an independent risk indicator for diabetes. Accordingly, the implementation of culturally tailored prevention programs may be warranted. © 2014 Primary Care Diabetes Europe.
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20.
  • Bergman, Karin, et al. (författare)
  • Patients' satisfaction with the care offered by advanced practice nurses: a new role in Swedish primary care
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Practice. - : Wiley. - 1322-7114 .- 1440-172X. ; 19:3, s. 326-333
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study is to describe patients’ satisfaction with the new role of advanced practice nurses (APNs) in Swedish primary care. A questionnaire pertaining to patient satisfaction with the care offered by APNs was sent to respondents. Descriptive statistics, a chi-squared test and manifest qualitative content analysis were used during analysis. Although the results show an overall high level of patient satisfaction as regards APN-led care, those patients informed of the APN role prior to a consultation were significantly more satisfied. Respondents’ comments indicate that professional treatment and competence are characteristic of the care offered by APNs and also relate the concepts of increased availability of and continuity in health care to the APN role. In order to guarantee the positive development of the APN role in Sweden, continued research is needed from patient, organizational and interprofessional perspectives, including intervention studies of cost effectiveness and the quality of care.
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21.
  • Boström, Kristina Bengtsson, et al. (författare)
  • Polymorphisms in alpha - and betaadrenergic receptor genes, hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. The Skaraborg Sleep Study. J Hypertension
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Hypertension. - 2090-0392. ; 2010:Art ID 458410
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The sympathetic nervous system and the adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulation of blood pressure. This study explored the associations between functional polymorphisms of the α(2B)-, β(1)-, and β(2)-adrenergic receptor genes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in hypertensive patients and hypertension in patients with OSA in a populationbased sample of 157 hypertensive patients and 181 healthy control subjects. Only the Arg389Gly polymorphism of the β(1)-adrenergic receptor gene was associated with increased risk for mild OSA in hypertensive patients (Arg/Arg versus Gly/Arg/Gly/Gly, 2.1, 95% CI, 1.02-4.7). Hypertensive men carrying the Arg389Arg genotype had higher crude and age-adjusted AHI than carriers of the Arg389Gly/Gly389Gly genotypes. When adjusted also for BMI this difference became borderline significant. This difference was not observed in women. The risk of hypertension in mild OSA was associated with increasing number of Arg-alleles (Arg/Arg OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.4-21.2).
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22.
  • Cunningham, S. G., et al. (författare)
  • Core Standards of the EUBIRO Project Defining a European Diabetes Data Dictionary for Clinical Audit and Healthcare Delivery
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Methods of Information in Medicine. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0026-1270 .- 2511-705X. ; 55:2, s. 166-176
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: A set of core diabetes indicators were identified in a clinical review of current evidence for the EUBIROD project. In order to allow accurate comparisons of diabetes indicators, a standardised currency for data storage and aggregation was required. We aimed to define a robust European data dictionary with appropriate clinical definitions that can be used to analyse diabetes outcomes and provide the foundation for data collection from existing electronic health records for diabetes. Methods: Existing clinical datasets used by 15 partner institutions across Europe were collated and common data items analysed for consistency in terms of recording, data definition and units of measurement. Where necessary, data mappings and algorithms were specified in order to allow partners to meet the standard definitions. A series of descriptive elements were created to document metadata for each data item, including recording, consistency, completeness and quality. Results: While datasets varied in terms of consistency, it was possible to create a common standard that could be used by all. The minimum dataset defined 53 data items that were classified according to their feasibility and validity. Mappings and standardised definitions were used to create an electronic directory for diabetes care, providing the foundation for the EUBIROD data analysis repository, also used to implement the diabetes registry and model of care for Cyprus. Conclusions: The development of data dictionaries and standards can be used to improve the quality and comparability of health information. A data dictionary has been developed to be compatible with other existing data sources for diabetes, within and beyond Europe.
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23.
  • Cunningham, S G, et al. (författare)
  • Core Standards of the EUBIROD Project. Defining a European Diabetes Data Dictionary for Clinical Audit and Healthcare Delivery.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Methods of information in medicine. - 2511-705X. ; 55:2, s. 166-76
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A set of core diabetes indicators were identified in a clinical review of current evidence for the EUBIROD project. In order to allow accurate comparisons of diabetes indicators, a standardised currency for data storage and aggregation was required. We aimed to define a robust European data dictionary with appropriate clinical definitions that can be used to analyse diabetes outcomes and provide the foundation for data collection from existing electronic health records for diabetes.Existing clinical datasets used by 15 partner institutions across Europe were collated and common data items analysed for consistency in terms of recording, data definition and units of measurement. Where necessary, data mappings and algorithms were specified in order to allow partners to meet the standard definitions. A series of descriptive elements were created to document metadata for each data item, including recording, consistency, completeness and quality.While datasets varied in terms of consistency, it was possible to create a common standard that could be used by all. The minimum dataset defined 53 data items that were classified according to their feasibility and validity. Mappings and standardised definitions were used to create an electronic directory for diabetes care, providing the foundation for the EUBIROD data analysis repository, also used to implement the diabetes registry and model of care for Cyprus.The development of data dictionaries and standards can be used to improve the quality and comparability of health information. A data dictionary has been developed to be compatible with other existing data sources for diabetes, within and beyond Europe.
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24.
  • Daka, Bledar, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Circulating concentrations of endothelin-1 predict coronary heart disease in women but not in men: A longitudinal observational study in the Vara-Skövde Cohort
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2261. ; 15:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2015 Daka et al.Background: The vasoconstricting peptide endothelin-1 has been proposed to be a marker of cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to investigate whether circulating endothelin-1 levels predict coronary heart disease (CHD) in Sweden. Methods: In 2002-2005, 2816 adult participants (30-74 years) were randomly selected from two municipalities in south-western Sweden. Cardiovascular risk factors and endothelin-1 levels were assessed at baseline, and incident CHD was followed-up in all participants through 2011. After exclusion of 50 participants due to known CHD at baseline and 21 participants because of unsuccessful analysis of endothelin-1, 2745 participants were included in the study. In total, 72 CHD events (52 in men and 20 in women) were registered during the follow-up time. Results: We showed that baseline circulating endothelin-1 levels were higher in women with incident CHD than in women without CHD (3.2 pg/ml, SE: 0.36 vs 2.4 pg/ml, SE: 0.03, p = 0.003) whereas this difference was not observed in men (2.3 pg/ml, SE: 0.16 vs 2.3 pg/ml, SE: 0.04, p = 0.828). An age-adjusted Cox proportional regression analysis showed an enhanced risk of CHD with increasing baseline endothelin-1 levels in women (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.1, p = 0.015) but not in men (HR = 0.98, 95 % CI = 0.8-1.2, p = 0.854). Furthermore, the predictive value of endothelin-1 for incident CHD in women was still significant after adjustments for age, HOMA-IR, apolipoprotein (apo)B/apoA1 and smoking (HR = 1.53, CI = 1.1-1.2, p = 0.024). Conclusion: Circulating endothelin-1 levels may predict CHD in women.
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25.
  • Daka, Bledar, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Inverse association between serum insulin and sex hormone-binding globulin in a population survey in Sweden
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Endocrine Connections. - 2049-3614. ; 2:1, s. 18-22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). While the reason is not fully understood, we aimed to study the association between serum insulin and levels of SHBG in a random population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Between 2001 and 2005, a random sample of 2816 participants aged 30-74 years were enrolled in a cross-sectional survey in the South-west of Sweden. Fasting blood samples were collected and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in all subjects without known diabetes. Diabetes mellitus was defined according to criteria from WHO, and clinical characteristics were used to discriminate between type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Analyses of SHBG were successful in 2782 participants (98%), who thus constituted the current study population. RESULTS: WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEVELS OF SHBG AND FASTING SERUM INSULIN IN BOTH GENDERS (MEN: β=-0.090, P=0.001; women: β=-0.197, P<0.001), which was independent of differences in age and BMI. The associations remained when also differences in fasting plasma glucose were accounted for (men: β=-0.062, P=0.022; women: β=-0.176, P≤0.001). Subjects with T1D exhibited higher levels of SHBG than both T2D (men: δ=15.9nmol/l, P<0.001; women: δ=71.1nmol/l, P<0.001) and non-diabetic subjects (men: δ=15.1nmol/l, P<0.001; women: δ=72.9nmol/l, P<0.001) independent of age, BMI and fasting glucose levels. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with high levels of SHBG in T1D, and correspondingly low levels in T2D subjects, suggesting an inhibitory effect of insulin on the SHBG production in the liver.
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26.
  • Daka, Bledar, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Low concentrations of serum testosterone predict acute myocardial infarction in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Bmc Endocrine Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6823. ; 15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between endogenous testosterone concentrations and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in men and women with and without type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study comprised 1109 subjects >= 40 years of age (mean age 62 +/- 12 years) participating in a baseline survey in Sweden in 1993-94. Information about smoking habits and physical activity was obtained using validated questionnaires. Serum concentrations of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were obtained using radioimmunoassay. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was based on WHO's 1985 criteria. Individual patient information on incident AMI was ascertained by record linkage with national inpatient and mortality registers from baseline through 2011. Results: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes at baseline was 10.0 % in men and 7.5 % in women. During a mean follow-up of 14.1 years (+/- 5.3), there were 74 events of AMI in men and 58 in women. In age-adjusted Cox models, a significant inverse association between concentrations of testosterone and AMI-morbidity was found in men with type 2 diabetes (HR = 0.86 CI (0.75-0.98)). In a final model also including waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and active smoking, the association still remained statistically significant (HR = 0.754 CI (0.61-0.92)). Conclusion: Low concentrations of testosterone predicted AMI in men with type 2 diabetes independent of other risk factors. Trials with testosterone investigating the effect regarding cardiovascular outcome are still lacking. Future trials in this field should take into account a modification effect of diabetes.
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27.
  • Daka, Bledar, et al. (författare)
  • Low sex hormone-binding globulin is associated with hypertension: a cross-sectional study in a Swedish population
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2261. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and hypertension in a Swedish population. Methods: The study is based on a random sample of a Swedish population of men and women aged 30-74 years (n=2,816). Total testosterone, oestradiol and SHBG were measured in 2,782 participants. Free androgen index was then calculated according to the formula FAI=100 x (Total testosterone)/SHBG. Hypertension was diagnosed according to JNC7. Results: In men, but not in women, significant association between SHBG and both diastolic (diastolic blood pressure: beta=-0.143 p<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (systolic blood pressure beta=-0.114 p<0.001) was found. The association was still significant after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (diastolic blood pressure: beta=-0.113 p<0.001; systolic blood pressure beta=-0.093 p=0.001). An inverse association was observed between SHBG and hypertension in both men (B=-0.024 p<0.001) and women (B=-0.022 p<0.001). The association was still significant in women older than 50 years after adjustments for age, BMI, physical activity, CRP and alcohol consumption (B=-0.014, p=0.008). Conclusion: In conclusion, these results show a strong association between SHBG and blood pressure independent of major determinants of high blood pressure. This association might be addressed to direct effects of SHBG in endothelial cells through the receptor for SHBG. If this is confirmed by other observational and experimental studies, it might become a new field for the development of therapies for lowering blood pressure.
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28.
  • Diurlin, Sven, et al. (författare)
  • Men with impaired glucose tolerance have lower self-rated health than men with impaired fasting glucose
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Primary Care Diabetes. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-9918. ; 14:1, s. 40-46
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: Previous studies have shown that individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have lower self-rated health than normoglycaemic individuals. The aim of this study was to examine differences in self-rated health between individuals with IGT and those with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to consider the potentially mediating effect of physical activity. Methods: In 2002–2005, a total of 2816 individuals were randomly selected for a population-based study in Sweden. All participants performed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Fasting venous blood samples were drawn, and questionnaires concerning lifestyles were completed. Self-rated health (SRH) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) were reported on a five-graded and four-graded scale, respectively. A total of 213 individuals with IGT and 129 with IFG were detected. Results: IGT, but not IFG, was associated with low self-rated health. The difference in self-rated health was seen particularly in men when adjusted for age and BMI (OR = 2.13, CI: 1.13–4.02, p = 0.020). The results became insignificant when including physical activity in the model (OR = 1.8, CI: 0.91–3.58, p = 0.094). Conclusion: The low self-rated health adds further weight to the risk profile in men with IGT and stresses the importance of early detection and lifestyle interventions. © 2019
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29.
  • Diurlin, Sven, et al. (författare)
  • Persisting prediabetic conditions and glomerular filtration rate - A longitudinal study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Primary Care Diabetes. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-9918 .- 1878-0210. ; 16:4, s. 597-599
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim was to explore differences in the development of eGFR in persisting prediabetic conditions. This prospective study including 1327 individuals showed that eGFR decreased more in individuals with persisting IGT than in individuals with persisting IFG. Repeating OGTT and monitoring eGFR might improve the risk estimation in prediabetes.
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30.
  • Eckner, Jenny, 1972, et al. (författare)
  • Blood pressure and global risk assessment in a Swedish population.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Hypertension. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-0384 .- 2090-0392. ; 2012
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigated the association between SCORE and the 2007 ESH-ESC blood pressure categories and explored achievements of blood pressure goals considering global risk. In 2001–2005, a random sample of inhabitants aged 30–74 years in southwestern Sweden was invited to a survey of cardiovascular risk factors. The study enrolled 2816 participants (participation rate 76%). Blood pressure was categorized according to the 2007 ESH-ESC guidelines. Global risk of 10-year CVD death was estimated using the Swedish SCORE chart also accounting for additional risk from diabetes (SCORE-DM). SCORE-DM increased in both sexes from optimal blood pressure to manifest hypertension but did not differ between the normal blood pressure categories. However, SCORE-DM became significantly higher among those with temporarily high blood pressure (men 3.3 SD (1.7), women 1.1 (1.8)) and hypertension (3.6 (2.0), 2.0 (2.0)), compared to optimal blood pressure (1.6 (2.9), 0.6 (1.9)). In the presence of both hypertension and diabetes, high-risk subjects dominated (men 76%, women 61%), and correspondingly a major proportion of patients with known hypertension were at high risk at a blood pressure ≥160/100mm Hg. These findings have strong implications on blood pressure evaluation in clinical practice and support the use of SCORE to evaluate global risk.
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31.
  • Eriksson, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Association between low internal health locus of control, psychological distress and insulin resistance. An exploratory study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Plos One. - 1932-6203. ; 18:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AimTo assess the hypothesis that low internal health locus of control (IHLC) and psychological distress (PD) are associated with insulin resistance. Materials and methodsIn 2002-2005, a random population sample of 2,816 men and women aged 30-74 years participated (76%) in two municipalities in southwestern Sweden. This study included 2,439 participants without previously known diabetes or cardiovascular disease. IHLC was measured by a global scale and PD was measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Insulin resistance was estimated using HOMA-ir. General linear models were used to estimate differences in HOMA-ir between groups with low IHLC, PD, and both low IHLC and PD, respectively. ResultsFive per cent (n = 138) had both PD and low IHLC, 62 per cent of participants (n = 1509) had neither low IHLC nor PD, 18 per cent (n = 432) had PD, and 15 per cent (n = 360) low IHLC. Participants with both low IHLC and PD had significantly higher HOMA-ir than participants with neither low IHLC nor PD (Delta = 24.8%, 95%CI: 12.0-38.9), also in the fully adjusted model (Delta = 11.8%, 95%CI: 1.5-23.0). Participants with PD had significantly higher HOMA-ir (Delta = 12%, 95%CI: 5.7-18.7), but the significance was lost when BMI was included in the model (Delta = 5.3%, 95%CI:0.0-10.8). Similarly, participants with low IHLC had significantly higher HOMA-ir (Delta = 10.1%, 95%CI: 3.5-17.0) but the significance was lost in the fully adjusted model (Delta = 3.5%, 95%CI: -1.9-9.3). ConclusionsInternal health locus of control (IHLC) and psychological distress (PD) were associated with insulin resistance. Especially individuals with both PD and low IHLC may need special attention.
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32.
  • Eriksson, Maria Christina, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Long-term effects of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in primary care - the PRIM-NET controlled trial.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of primary health care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7724 .- 0281-3432. ; 35:2, s. 126-136
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) is recommended as an efficient treatment alternative for depression in primary care. However, only few previous studies have been conducted at primary care centers (PCCs). We evaluated long-term effects of ICBT treatment for depression compared to treatment as usual (TAU) in primary care settings.Randomized controlled trial.Patients were enrolled at16 PCCs in south-west Sweden.Patients attending PCCs and diagnosed with depression (n=90).Patients were assessed by a primary care psychologist/psychotherapist and randomized to ICBT or TAU. The ICBT included an ICBT program consisting of seven modules and weekly therapist e-mail or telephone support during the 3-month treatment period.Questionnaires on depressive symptoms (BDI-II), quality of life (EQ-5D) and psychological distress (GHQ-12) were administered at baseline, with follow-ups at 3, 6 and 12 months. Antidepressants and sedatives use, sick leave and PCC contacts were registered.Intra-individual change in depressive symptoms did not differ between the ICBT group and the TAU group during the treatment period or across the follow-up periods. At 3-month follow-up, significantly fewer patients in ICBT were on antidepressants. However, the difference leveled out at later follow-ups. There were no differences between the groups concerning psychological distress, sick leave or quality of life, except for a larger improvement in quality of life in the TAU group during the 0- to 6-month period.ICBT with weekly minimal therapist support in primary care can be equally effective as TAU among depressed patients also over a 12-month period.The trial was registered in the Swedish Registry, researchweb.org, ID number 30511.
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33.
  • Eriksson, Maria Christina, 1981, et al. (författare)
  • Validation of a single question to measure internal health locus of control in Swedish primary care
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 64:5, s. 674-678
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundBehavioral risk factors are highlighted in the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Screening for health locus of control could be a feasible way to better identify individuals who could benefit from preventive behavioral change interventions. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between a single question measuring internal health locus of control (IHLC) and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) and to assess how IHLC relates to the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) in a primary care setting. MethodsPrimary care patients, aged 18 and older, attending three primary care centers in southwest Sweden were consecutively asked to anonymously participate in the study. The patients were given a questionnaire and instructed to return the questionnaire in a sealed box in the waiting room. ResultsIn all, 519 patients were included. The correlation between MHLC Internality and IHLC was weak (r = 0.21, p < 0.001). An increase of one point on the internality scale of the MHLC gave an odds ratio of 1.19 (95% CI 1.11-1.28) for reporting high IHLC, and thus a five-point increase gave a doubled likelihood, OR = 2.40, CI 1.67-3.46. The results for the other scales of the MHLC and GSE were similar. ConclusionIn this study, we found weak but statistically significant support for the single-question IHLC as a measure of internal health locus of control. Given that the correlation was weak, we recommend using the MHLC when possible.
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34.
  • Frostegård, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • Antibodies against Phosphorylcholine among New Guineans Compared to Swedes: An Aspect of the Hygiene/Missing Old Friends Hypothesis.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Immunological investigations. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-4311 .- 0882-0139. ; 46:1, s. 59-69
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We here study antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) which we reported to be inversely associated with atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and autoimmune conditions. In previous studies, we determined that this inverse association is more pronounced at low levels with high risk and at high levels, with decreased risk. We compare individuals from Kitava, New Guinea (with low risk of these conditions), with Swedish controls.We studied a group of 178 individuals from Kitava (age 20-86), and compared those above age 40 (n = 108) with a group of age- and sex-matched individuals from a population based cohort in Sweden (n = 108). Traditional risk factors for CVD and fatty acids were determined. IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-PC were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).All anti-PC measures were significantly lower among Swedish controls as compared to Kitavans (p < 0.001), independent of traditional risk factors. Having low levels of anti-PC, defined as below 25th percentile of values among Swedish controls, was associated with this cohort after adjustment for other risk factors (OR 5.7, 95% CI 2.2-14.7 for IgM; OR 31.7, 95% CI 3.9-252 for IgA; and OR 11.1, 95% CI 2.4-51 for IgG).PC is highly exposed on microorganisms and helminths (common on Kitava) exposing much PC which humans and hominids may have been exposed to for millions of years. We propose that low anti-PC levels in the developed world could be a new aspect of the hygiene hypothesis, generating a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic state.
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35.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • A lifestyle intervention in primary care prevents deterioration of insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: A randomised controlled trial.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of public health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1651-1905 .- 1403-4948. ; 44:7, s. 718-725
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We hypothesised that the expected increase in insulin resistance over three years' time in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose could be attenuated by an intervention with focus on physical activity in ordinary primary care.We conducted a randomised controlled trial with 96 participants over three years. Examination of the participants included anthropometric measures, blood pressure, body weight and height, blood samples, an oral glucose tolerance test, and questionnaires about diet and lifestyle. The study subjects were randomised to either an intense intervention with information, group sessions, referral to physical activity and a step-counter (n = 31), a less intense intervention without the group sessions (n = 35), or care as usual group (CAUG) (n = 30). Differences between the groups were analysed with general linear models adjusted for age, gender, baseline values and time in the intervention.Individual insulin resistance increased in the CAUG. Due to having a similar effect, we combined the two intervention groups into a combined intervention group (CIG; n = 66) in the analyses. In individuals with IGT, the increase in the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance differed significantly between those in the CAUG and the CIG (Δ = 0.8; CI: 0.1-1.6; p = 0.034). Likewise, diastolic blood pressure decreased more in the CIG than in the CAUG (Δ = 5.1; CI: 0.1-10.0; p = 0.047). A total of 17 individuals developed Type 2 diabetes, 23% were in the CIG and 33% in the CAUG; so there was a 32% reduced risk in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS A LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION FOCUSED ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS FEASIBLE IN ORDINARY PRIMARY CARE AND PREVENTS DETERIORATION IN INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH IGT OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD.
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36.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Association between body mass index and self-rated health: A Swedish population-based longitudinal study.
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of public health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1651-1905 .- 1403-4948. ; 49:4, s. 369-376
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: We aimed to investigate (a) the association between body mass index (BMI) and self-rated health (SRH) and (b) BMI's predicted value for SRH within a representative population in the Skaraborg Project. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study. A random population of 2816 individuals were included in the study between 2002 and 2005, and a representative sample of these individuals were invited consecutively for a follow-up visit between 2012 and 2014. At follow-up, data from 1327 participants were collected concerning anthropometric variables, blood samples and validated questionnaires regarding lifestyle factors. Results: A significant inverse association was observed between BMI and SRH both at baseline and at follow-up, with all p-values for trend being ⩽0.001 in both men and women. This association was observed even after adjusting for confounders such as co-morbidity, age, sex, education, marital status and lifestyle factors. In addition, the longitudinal analyses showed that BMI at baseline was inversely associated with SRH at follow-up in both sexes (odds ratio (OR)=1.1, confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.16, p=0.017 in men; and OR=1.1, CI 1.04-1.14, p=0.001 in women). These findings remained in participants whose weight increased (p=0.022) or was stable (p=0.004), while it was not seen in individuals who lost weight over the years (p=0.340). Conclusions: SRH is inversely associated with BMI in Swedish men and women. High BMI predicted low SRH from a longitudinal perspective, independent of co-morbidities, except for individuals who lost weight over the years. This knowledge emphasises the importance of an understanding and empathetic attitude towards these individuals.
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37.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • C-Reactive Protein Concentrations and Level of Physical Activity in Men and Women With Normal and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study in Sweden
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physical Activity & Health. - : Human Kinetics. - 1543-3080 .- 1543-5474. ; 13:6, s. 625-631
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: We aimed to explore the association between self-reported leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in men and women with and without impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a random sample (n = 2,816) was examined with an oral glucose tolerance test, CRP and information about LTPA. Those with IGT or normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and CRP value <= 10 mg/L were selected (n = 2,367) for the study. Results: An inverse association between LTPA and CRP concentrations was observed in the population (P < .001), though, only in men with IGT (P = .023) and in women with NGT. Men with IGT, reporting slight physical activity up to 4 hours a week presented significantly higher CRP concentrations than normoglycemic men (Delta 0.6 mg/L, P = .004). However, this difference could not be found in men with IGT reporting more intense physical activity (Delta 0.01 mg/L, P = .944). Conclusions: Physical inactivity seems to have greater inflammatory consequences for men (vs. women) with IGT. More importantly, although 4 hours of physical activity per week is more than the usual minimum recommendation, an even greater intensity of LTPA appears to be required to limit subclinical inflammation in men with IGT.
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38.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Circulating endothelin-1 levels are positively associated with chronic kidney disease in women but not in men: a longitudinal study in the Vara-Skovde cohort
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Bmc Nephrology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2369. ; 22:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The vasoconstricting peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether circulating ET-1 levels predicts chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a prospective population study. Methods In 2002-2005, 2816 participants (30-74 years) were randomly selected from two municipalities in South-Western Sweden and followed up in a representative sample of 1327 individuals after 10 years. Endothelin-1 levels were assessed at baseline. Outcome was defined as CKD stage 3 or above based on eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m(2). Those 1314 participants with successful analysis of ET-1 were further analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results At follow-up, 51 (8%) men and 47 (7,8%) women had CKD stage 3 and above. Based on levels of ET-1 the population was divided into quintiles showing that women in the highest quintile (n = 132) had a significantly increased risk of developing CKD during the follow up period (OR = 2.54, 95% CI:1.19-5.45, p = 0.02) compared with the other quintiles (1-4). The association was borderline significant after adjusted for age, current smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, BMI, high- sensitive CRP and LDL-cholesterol (OR = 2.25, 95% CI:0.97-5.24, p = 0.06). No significant differences were observed between quintiles of ET-1 and development of CKD in men (NS). Conclusions High levels of ET-1 are associated with development of CKD in women.
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39.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Feasibility of a randomized controlled intervention with physical activity in participants with impaired glucose tolerance recruited by FINDRISC: A pilot study
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 42:5, s. 463-470
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: This study aimed to explore the feasibility and effect of an intervention in clinical practice with isolated physical activity in individuals with IGT, recruited by the FINDRISC questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire was sent to a population of 9734 individuals, 35-75 years old, in Sweden. Those with a risk score >= 15 were encouraged to perform an oral glucose tolerance test. Individuals with IGT were invited to participate in a randomized controlled trial with a focus on physical activity. The participants were allocated to one of three arms; basic intervention, intensive intervention or to care as usual. A total of 52 individuals were carefully examined and questionnaires about diet and lifestyle were completed at baseline and after one year. All analyses were adjusted for differences in age and sex, and calorie intake when relevant. Results: The prevalence of chronic diseases in the study population was high, creating considerable difficulties in conducting a standardized test for fitness. Waist circumference (p=0.020), sagittal diameter (p=0.035), body weight (p=0.038) and BMI (p=0.043) decreased significantly more in the intensive care group than in care as usual and the basic care group. However, the significance was abolished when differences in energy intake were accounted for. Conclusions: In an intention to treat, prospective lifestyle interventions with physical activity are feasible, but a high prevalence of comorbidities needs to be considered. Also, an intervention focused on isolated physical activity inevitably led to changes in diet with weight loss and significant improvement of essential risk factors in spite of the participants' burden of chronic diseases.
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40.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Feasibility of the FINDRISC questionnaire to identify individuals with impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish primary care. A cross-sectional population-based study.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Diabetic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1464-5491 .- 0742-3071. ; 29:12, s. 1501-1505
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: To evaluate the performance of the FINDRISC questionnaire as a tool to recruit individuals with impaired glucose tolerance for lifestyle intervention programmes. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study in primary Health Care Centres in a middle-sized Swedish town. All 9734 individuals, aged 35–75 years, living within a defined area, were invited by mail to fill in and return the FINDRISC questionnaire. Participants with a risk score ≥ 15 (n = 525) were invited to perform an oral glucose tolerance test while those with known diabetes were excluded. Results: In total, 5452 questionnaires (58%) were returned and revealed a mean risk-score of 8.5 ± 4.5 (mean ± SD). We found that 525 participants had a risk-score ≥ 15 and 302 (58%) were further examined with an oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). Among them we detected 11% with previously undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes, 16% with impaired glucose tolerance and 29% with impaired fasting glucose. A FINDRISC score ≥ 15 was associated with a positive predictive value of 55% for impaired glucose metabolism (impaired fasting glucose + impaired glucose tolerance + Type 2 diabetes) and of 16% for impaired glucose tolerance, respectively. The positive predictive value for impaired glucose tolerance did not increase to more than 17% when choosing the cut-point 17, while there was a significant increase in the positive predictive value for impaired glucose metabolism (70%). Conclusions: The FINDRISC questionnaire is a useful instrument for identification of individuals with impaired glucose metabolism but seems less effective for detection of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Strategies to find individuals with impaired glucose tolerance for implementation of lifestyle changes in primary care should therefore be developed further.
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41.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Insulin resistance predicts early cardiovascular morbidity in men without diabetes mellitus, with effect modification by physical activity
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4873 .- 2047-4881. ; 22:7, s. 940-949
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: to assess how well insulin resistance predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) in non-diabetic men and women and to explore the influence of physical activity. Methods: in this prospective study 2563 men and women without diabetes were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure assessment. Questionnaires about lifestyle and physical activity were completed. Insulin resistance was estimated by fasting concentrations of plasma insulin and by HOMA index for insulin resistance. Participants were followed up for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during an 8-year period, using information from the National Swedish Inpatient and Mortality registers. Results: at follow-up, HOMAir predicted CVD morbidity in males (50 events) and females (28 events) combined (HRage/sex-adj 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.7); however, when stratified by gender HOMAir was predictive solely in men (HRage-adj 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.4), whereas no association was found in women (HRage-adj 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.5). When stratifying the data for high and low physical activity, the predictive value of insulin resistance became stronger in sedentary men (HRage-adj 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.4) but was abolished in men performing moderate to vigorous physical activity (HRage-adj 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.6). The results remained when step-wise adjusted also for BMI, ApoB/ApoA1 and hypertension, as well as for smoking, alcohol consumption and education. Outcome for fasting plasma insulin was similar to HOMAir. Conclusions: insulin resistance predicts CVD in the general population; however, men may be more vulnerable to increased insulin resistance than women, and physically inactive men seem to be at high risk.
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42.
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43.
  • Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Report from an effort to prevent type 2 diabetes development in primary care
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Primary Care Diabetes. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-9918. ; 15:2, s. 240-244
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: In a clinical trial 2009?2012, individuals with prediabetes were randomised to a lifestyle intervention (LI) focused on physical activity or care as usual (CAU), with the aim of reducing development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). At study termination after three years, there was a significantly less of an increase in insulin resistance in LI compared with the CAU group. The aim of this extended follow-up was to investigate whether positive results concerning metabolic variables remained five years after study termination. Method: All participants from the original study were contacted for a new follow-up with an oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and blood samples. Questionnaires about lifestyle were completed. Results: A total of 69 of the original 123 participants were examined, and personal data for another five participants were collected from the medical charts (n = 74). The LI group showed a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (?4 mmHg, CI 95% 0.8?6.8, p = 0.014) and body weight (?3 kg, CI 95% 1.2?4.9, p = 0.002) since base-line. Weight loss in the LI group was significantly greater compared with weight loss in the CAU group (?3 kg, CI 0.1?5.9, p = 0.044). Insulin resistance markers and incident T2DM were similar among the groups. Conclusion: Although without modifying the incidence of diabetes or the level of insulin resistance, a physical activity intervention may be used to induce sustainable weight change in subjects with prediabetes at the primary care level. ? 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Primary Care Diabetes Europe. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).
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44.
  • Hjerpe, Per, et al. (författare)
  • Increased registration of hypertension and cancer diagnoses after the introduction of a new reimbursement system
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 30:4, s. 222-228
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective. To investigate the impact on ICD coding behaviour of a new case-mix reimbursement system based on coded patient diagnoses. The main hypothesis was that after the introduction of the new system the coding of chronic diseases like hypertension and cancer would increase and the variance in propensity for coding would decrease on both physician and health care centre (HCC) levels. Design. Cross-sectional multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed in periods covering the time before and after the introduction of the new reimbursement system. Setting. Skaraborg primary care, Sweden. Subjects. All patients (n = 76 546 to 79 826) 50 years of age and older visiting 468 to 627 physicians at the 22 public HCCs in five consecutive time periods of one year each. Main outcome measures. Registered codes for hypertension and cancer diseases in Skaraborg primary care database (SPCD). Results. After the introduction of the new reimbursement system the adjusted prevalence of hypertension and cancer in SPCD increased from 17.4% to 32.2% and from 0.79% to 2.32%, respectively, probably partly due to an increased diagnosis coding of indirect patient contacts. The total variance in the propensity for coding declined simultaneously at the physician level for both diagnosis groups. Conclusions. Changes in the healthcare reimbursement system may directly influence the contents of a research database that retrieves data from clinical practice. This should be taken into account when using such a database for research purposes, and the data should be validated for each diagnosis.
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45.
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46.
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47.
  • Ingelsson, Erik, et al. (författare)
  • The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in men.
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: BMC cardiovascular disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2261. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The Gly482Ser polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A) has been demonstrated to be associated with diabetes, obesity and hypertension, all of which are important risk factors for left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism was genotyped in a community-based cohort of 499 men and 533 women, who also underwent an echocardiographic examination to determine their left ventricular diastolic function. The association between the polymorphism and the presence of diastolic dysfunction was evaluated using logistic regression models. RESULTS: The Ser allele of the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism was significantly associated with a lower risk of diastolic dysfunction in men, but not in women. In a model adjusting for potential confounders (age, body mass index, leisure time physical activity, hypertension and diabetes) the results were still significant and substantial (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.54, p for trend = 0.004). The results were consistent in a series of models, and they imply a multiplicative, protective effect of the Ser allele, with lower risk of diastolic dysfunction for each copy of the allele. CONCLUSION: The Ser allele of the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in men, but not in women, in our large community-based sample. It was associated with a substantially decreased risk, even after adjustment for potential confounders. The clinical importance of the findings has to be established in further studies.
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48.
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49.
  • Iorio Di, C T, et al. (författare)
  • Cross-border flow of health information: is 'privacy by design' enough? Privacy performance assessment in EUBIROD.
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 23:2, s. 247-53
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The EUBIROD project aims to perform a cross-border flow of diabetes information across 19 European countries using the BIRO information system, which embeds privacy principles and data protection mechanisms in its architecture (privacy by design). A specific task of EUBIROD was to investigate the variability in the implementation of the EU Data Protection Directive (DPD) across participating centres. Methods: Compliance with privacy requirements was assessed by means of a specific questionnaire administered to all participating diabetes registers. Items included relevant issues e.g. patient consent, accountability of data custodian, communication (openness) and complaint procedures (challenging compliance), authority to disclose, accuracy, access and use of personal information, and anonymization. The identification of an ad hoc scoring system and statistical software allowed an overall quali-quantitative analysis and independent evaluation of questionnaire responses, automated through a dedicated IT platform (‘privacy performance assessment’). Results: A total of 18 diabetes registers from different countries completed the survey. Over 50% of the registers recorded a maximum score for accountability, openness, anonymization and challenging compliance. Low average values were found for disclosure and disposition, access, consent, use of personal information and accuracy. A high heterogeneity was found for anonymization, consent, accuracy and access. Conclusions: The novel method of privacy performance assessment realized in EUBIROD may improve the respect of privacy in each data source, reduce overall variability in the implementation of privacy principles and favour a sound and legitimate cross-border exchange of high quality data across Europe.
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50.
  • Isaksson, Sofia Sterner, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of nutrition education using a food-based approach, carbohydrate counting or routine care in type 1 diabetes: 12 months prospective randomized trial
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Bmj Open Diabetes Research & Care. - : BMJ. - 2052-4897. ; 9:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction Evidence on the effects of structured nutrition education is weak in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) with moderately impaired glycemic control. Objective was to compare the effects of different types of nutrition education programs on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, quality of life, diet quality and food choices in T1D. Research design and methods A 12 months randomized controlled study conducted at nine diabetes specialist centers with three parallel arms: (i) a food-based approach (FBA) including foods with low glycemic index or (ii) carbohydrate counting (CC) according to today's standard practice or (iii) individual sessions according to routine care (RC). The primary end point was difference in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between groups at 12 months. Results 159 patients were randomized (FBA: 51; CC: 52; RC: 55). Mean (SD) age 48.6 (12.0) years, 57.9% females and mean (SD) HbA1c level 63.9 (7.9) mmol/mol, 8% (0.7%). After 3 months, HbA1c improved in both FBA and CC compared with RC. However, there were no significant differences at 12 months in HbA1c; FBA versus RC (-0.4 mmol/mol (1.3), 0.04% (0.1%)), CC versus RC (-0.8 mmol/mol (1.2), 0.1% (0.1%)), FBA versus CC (0.4 mmol/mol (0.3), 0.04% (0.01%)). At 12 months, intake of legumes, nuts and vegetables was improved in FBA versus CC and RC. FBA also reported higher intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats compared with RC, and dietary fiber, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats compared with CC (all p values <0.05). There were no differences in blood pressure levels, lipids, body weight or quality of life. Conclusions Nutrition education using an FBA, CC or RC is equivalent in terms of HbA1c and cardiovascular risk factors in persons with T1D with moderately impaired glycemic control. An FBA had benefits regarding food choices compared with CC and RC.
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