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| 2. |
- Berggren, Eva, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Creating an Entrepreneurial region
- 2008
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In: Bridging the Functional and Territorial views on Regional Entrepreneurship and Development. - Örebro : Forum för småföretagsforskning. - 9189301277 ; , s. 35-54
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 3. |
- Berggren, Eva, 1955-, et al.
(author)
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Creating an entrepreneurial region : Two waves of academic spin-offs from Halmstad University
- 2009
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In: European Planning Studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0965-4313 .- 1469-5944. ; 17:8, s. 1171-1189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article presents a Swedish case study of the regional effects of academic spin-offs. It is based on empirical data from Halmstad University and the Halmstad region, on the west coast of Sweden. The Halmstad case functions as an illustration of co-existing territorial and functional rationales, where a “rurban” lifestyle is combined with an increasingly “pracademic” knowledge. Spillover effects of university research (directly as well as indirectly) in the form of academic spin-offs have been traced over time. In doing so, we are able to identify two waves of academic entrepreneurship with direct and indirect regional effects. These waves contribute to the strengthening of the regional entrepreneurship and the attractiveness of the region. The establishment and (early) actions of the university can be seen as a stone that was thrown in the water, causing several waves to appear in the region. Whether these waves will be reinforced enough to create an entrepreneurial region, or just slowly disappear as rings on the water, also depends on the creation of an absorptive capacity and construction of the regional innovation system.
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| 5. |
- Johannisson, Bengt, et al.
(author)
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Bridging the functional and territorial rationales : Proposing a virtual integrating framework for regional dynamics
- 2006
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In: 14th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research. ; , s. 1-16
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In identifying and enacting roads to sustainable development in welfare states, several divides fragment the research community as well as the public policies being practised. First there is a major gap between what might be addressed as a functional and a territorial rationale. The former is supported by those who in the name of national development propose a concentration of efforts to advanced and boundary-spanning innovation systems, staged as resourceful coalitions between private business, policy-makers and the universities as major knowledge-creators. A territorial rationale in contrast withholds that the power of development is nested into the local community, its committed member firms and other stakeholders as a collective. The outcome of an analytical inquiry into the construction of these contradictory discourses is integrated into a three-dimensional model. These dimensions are: the dominant life-setting in the territory (place), the general outlook of the people in the locality/region and the critical competence needed to materialise ideas that emerge in the context. Based on our earlier research we then frame theoretically and illustrate empirically the argumentation in two Swedish territories, the industrial district (Gnosjö) and an urban area (Gothenburg). Finally we propose that the very bridging of these rationales or rationales both analytically and in practice build a dynamic foundation for territorial development. The associated 'virtual' rationale suggests the need for upholding an ongoing dialogue between contrasted rationales along each proposed dimension. The paper concludes with the implications of this view for public policy concerning localised business activity.
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| 6. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-
(author)
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Att göra pengar av forskning?
- 2009
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In: Management of Technology. - Stockholm : IMIT Institute for management of innovation and technology. - 1102-5581. ; :4, s. 5-6
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Challanges for Researchers and Policy-Makers
- 2008
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In: Bridging the Functional and Territorial views on Regional Entrepreneurship and Development. - Örebro : Forum för småföretagsforskning. - 9189301277 ; , s. 148-153
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Försök inte göra forskare till entreprenörer
- 2008
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In: Dagens industri. - Stockholm : Dagens industri AB. - 0346-640X. ; :17 sept.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Internal venturing : Sponsored corporate spin-offs in Sweden
- 2007
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In: International Business Geography. - London : Routledge. - 9780415429191 - 0415429196 - 9780203939208 ; , s. 97-116
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Quite a number of earlier studies have found that the majority of new technology-based firms are spin-offs from existing organizations, usually established in the geographical neighborhood of the parent (Dorfman 1983; Roberts 1991; Saxenian 1994; Sternberg 1996; Keeble 1997; Lindholm Dahlstrand 1997, 2001; Lindholm Dahlstrand and Dahlander 2003). Since established corporations are responsible for a large amount of R&D in many industrialized regions and countries, they are also likely to play a key role in evolving new technologies and future growth. However, even though knowledge-intensive organizations such as large technology-based corporations and universities are often found as sources of technological innovations, they have frequently demonstrated difficulties in realizing or exploiting the full value of such innovations (Abernathy and Utterback 1978; Pavitt 1991; Bower and Christensen 1995; Rivette and Kline 2000). Reasons for this may be: a financial, e.g. they cannot find the capital to explore further; b organizational, e.g. the present organization is not suitable for exploitation; or c related to opportunity recognition, i.e. the established firm cannot see an underlying opportunity that may be appropriated with its resource-base.
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| 15. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Internal venturing: sponsored corporate spin-offs in Sweden
- 2007
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In: Pellenbarg and E. Wever (Eds.). Routledge, London. International Business Geography: Case studies of Corporate Firms..
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper investigates how spin-off firms perceive support from parent firms. The question was addressed by administering a questionnaire to 51 firms listed on the new Swedish stock markets (NGM and Aktietorget) set up in the mid-1990s. Spin-offs were identified as new firms, where the founder had drawn on experiences with his or her previous employer when starting the new firm. The sponsoring of spin-off firms (financing and other resources) was compared to the sponsoring of other new firms listed on these new stock markets. We found that more than a third of all corporate spin-offs had received sponsoring from their parents. However, it was quite unusual that the parent firms became minority owners or contributed financially to spin-off firms. Instead, sponsoring with other resources, especially personnel and equipment, was more common. Even so, sponsoring from the founders’ previous employers was found to be at least as – if not more – common among other ventures listed on the new stock market. Especially ventures based on external ideas seem to attract resources from previous employers. The results suggest that there are two types of relationships between established firms and former employees starting new firms. The first type is where the relationship is based on a business opportunity originating in the established firm and where this perceived opportunity is embodied in the former employee. This is the logic for entrepreneurial spin-offs found in literature. The second type is where the relationship is only based on a business opportunity embodied in the former employee, but where the opportunity did not originate in the established firm where the founder used to work. The second type is relevant because of the finding that former employers sponsor new firms of this kind as well. Finally, we conclude that the spin-off mechanism is indeed important for generating new ventures. However, the results suggests that established firms still to a large extent ignore the potential of listing sponsored entrepreneurial spin-off ventures on the stock exchange, and instead focus such activities on relatively more mature spin-offs.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Linking Innovation and Entrepreneurship Policy
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Globalization and the shift towards knowledge as the source of competitiveness have rendered traditional policy instruments less effective (Gilbert et al., 2004). Traditional economic/ industrial policies can no longer guarantee high growth and employment, certainly not for all regions and locations. Instead, both innovation and entrepreneurship policy have caught the attention of policymakers at different governmental levels, e.g. local, regional, national and supranational. Both are considered vital for economic growth and industrial renewal and rank high on government policy agendas. Also their combination, that is, innovative entrepreneurship, is a phenomenon that has become increasingly important, especially in the last decade.There are many examples of highly successful innovations stemming from small enterprises, which have revolutionized entire industries. Start-up companies, young entrepreneurs, university spin-offs, and small highly innovative firms, more often than not produce the major technological breakthroughs and innovations, leaving behind the R&D efforts and innovation strategies of large global corporations (European Commission, forthcoming). It has been argued that entrepreneurship takes on new importance in a knowledge economy because it serves as a key mechanism by which knowledge created in one organization can become commercialized in another (new) enterprise (Lindholm 1994, Lindholm Dahlstrand 1997, Audretsch 2004). New and small firms also serve as important vehicles for knowledge spill- overs when their ideas, competencies, products, strategies, innovations and technologies are acquired, accessed and commercialized by larger enterprises (Lindholm 1994, European Commission, forthcoming). Audretsch (2004) argues that small firms as the engine of innovative activity reflects changes in technology, globalization and other factors that have fundamentally altered the importance and process of innovation and technological change. SMEs and entrepreneurship continue to be a key source of dynamism, innovation and flexibility in advanced industrialized countries, as well as in emerging and developing economies (European Commission, forthcoming).Even so, the two areas of innovation policy and entrepreneurship policy, both relatively recent as distinct policy areas, are seldom integrated and the concept of “innovative entrepreneurship policy” has not yet fully emerged. For innovative entrepreneurship to be able to fully contribute to economic growth and development, its importance will need to be further acknowledged in innovation as well as entrepreneurship policies. This paper attempts to make a bridge between and integrate innovation and entrepreneurship policy. Since this task is not easily accomplished, the concept of an Innovative entrepreneurship policy will also be introduced in the discussion. We will start, in section 2, with an overview of innovation and entrepreneurship policies as derivatives of other policy areas, hinting at why it might be problematic to integrate an innovative entrepreneurship policy into existing policy areas. Insection 3, we will discuss innovative entrepreneurship, and innovative entrepreneurial firms, leading to some suggestions regarding the emergence of an Innovative entrepreneurship policy. In section 4, the paper will end with some conclusions and implications.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Politis, Diamanto, et al.
(author)
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Exploring the mindset of university entrepreneurs : Do they have a different resource logic?
- 2008
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In: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. - Wellesley, Massachusetts : Babson College. - 0740-7416. ; 28:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Principal Topic: Universities are today increasingly acknowledged as powerful drivers of innovation, job creation and economic growth. To promote and support university-based entrepreneurship there has been a tremendous increase in the supply of entrepreneurship courses and the creation of business incubators. As a result of this development there is an increasing group of entrepreneurs that have been educated or fostered in the university context, and who often continue to develop their new ventures in close interaction with the university. The principal research question we ask in this paper is whether university entrepreneurs have a different resource logic compared to entrepreneurs that start up their ventures independently of the university and its surrounding innovation system. Resource logic is in the paper defined as a set of ideas for how to secure and use resources in the start-up process, and we link this concept to three streams of research that can be related to the resource logic of entrepreneurs; effectual decision making, bootstrapping orientation; and personal networking.Method: The empirical study was designed as a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was sent out to two groups of entrepreneurs resulting in responses from 182 university entrepreneurs and 209 non- university entrepreneurs. The hypotheses are tested using parametric and non-parametric tests in SPSS.Results and Implications: In line with our hypotheses the results suggest that university entrepreneurs to a larger extent have a mindset that favours both effectual reasoning and the use of bootstrapping. When it comes to use of network contacts the results were however contrary to our hypothesis. In sum, our findings add to our knowledge about the extent to which the close connection to the university has any significant influence on the resource acquisition behaviour of university entrepreneurs once they start an entrepreneurial career. The paper develops and uses the concept of “resource logic”. On the basis of this concept the paper provides general implications for our understanding of differences in the mindset of entrepreneurs in the start-up process.
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| 21. |
- Saemundsson, Rögnvaldur J., 1968, et al.
(author)
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How business opportunities constrain young technology-based firms from growing into medium-sized firms
- 2005
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In: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-0913 .- 0921-898X. ; 24:2, s. 113-129
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyses how the novelty of business opportunities at start-up constrains young technology-based firms from attaining substantial growth and becoming medium-sized. Data from 262 young Swedish technologybased firms are used to estimate a logit regression model relating different types of opportunities to the probability of becoming medium-sized. The results show that firms which seek to exploit opportunities based on new market knowledge are less likely to attain substantial growth than firms that seek to exploit opportunities based on existing market knowledge. The former class of firms can nevertheless increase the probability of such growth by actively seeking external financing.
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| 22. |
- Wallin, Martin, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Sponsored spin-offs, industrial growth and change
- 2006
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In: Technovation. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0166-4972 .- 1879-2383. ; 26:5-6, s. 611-620
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper focuses on the role of sponsored spin-offs for industrial growth and dynamics. A sponsored spin-off is a firm born out of the venturing activities and the active involvement of an established organization; in this paper the latter in the form of retained partial ownership in the new firm. Sponsored spin-offs are one mechanism whereby the respective potential advantages of large and new firms may be exploited. Little is known about the nature and magnitude of contributions by existing firms to the creation of new technology-based firms and the effects these new firms have on innovation, change and renewal.In this paper, an empirical sample of 101 Swedish IPO firms is used in the analysis of three research questions. (1) Are sponsored spin-offs an important mechanism for the creation of new technology-based firms? (2) Are sponsored spin-off firms important for industrial growth? (3) Are sponsored spin-offs influencing industrial renewal and change? The results add to the understanding of how, and to what degree the venturing activities of existing firms contribute to the creation of new firms, as well as how and to what extent these spin-offs differ from other new firms in terms of their impact on industrial growth and change.
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