| 1. |
- Gustafsson, G, et al.
(författare)
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The electric field and wave experiment for the Cluster mission
- 1997
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 79, s. 137-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric-field and wave experiment (EFW) on Cluster is designed to measure the electric-field and density fluctuations with sampling rates up to 36 000 samples s(-1). Langmuir probe sweeps can also be made to determine the electron density and temperature. The instrument has several important capabilities. These include (1) measurements of quasi-static electric fields of amplitudes lip to 700 mV m(-1) with high amplitude and time resolution, (2) measurements over short periods of time of up to five simualtaneous waveforms (two electric signals and three magnetic signals from the seach coil magnetometer sensors) of a bandwidth of 4 kHz with high time resolution, (3) measurements of density fluctuations in four points with high time resolution. Among the more interesting scientific objectives of the experiment are studies of nonlinear wave phenomena that result in acceleration of plasma as well as large- and small-scale interferometric measurements. By using four spacecraft for large-scale differential measurements and several Langmuir probes on one spacecraft for small-scale interferometry, it will be possible to study motion and shape of plasma structures on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper describes the primary scientific objectives of the EFW experiment and the technical capabilities of the instrument.
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| 2. |
- Gustafsson, G, et al.
(författare)
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The electric field and wave experiment for the Cluster mission
- 1997
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Ingår i: SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS. - : KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL. - 0038-6308. ; 79:1-2, s. 137-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric-field and wave experiment (EFW) on Cluster is designed to measure the electric-field and density fluctuations with sampling rates up to 36 000 samples s(-1). Langmuir probe sweeps can also be made to determine the electron density and tempera
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| 3. |
- Mursula, K, et al.
(författare)
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Nonbouncing Pc 1 wave bursts
- 1997
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). ; 102:A8, s. 17611-17624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On April 11, 1986, at about 0600 UT a long Pc 1 wave event of the hydromagnetic chorus type started on the ground, as registered by the Finnish pulsation magnetometer network. The main pulsation band at about 0.3 Hz was observed for several hours. Soon after start, this band smoothly extended to higher frequencies, forming another separate wave band which finally reached up to 0.5 Hz. During the event the Viking satellite was on its southbound pass over Scandinavia, close to the MLT sector of the ground network. From 0650 until 0657 UT, Viking observed a chain of Pc 1 bursts with increasing frequency. The strongest bursts could be grouped into two separate wave regions whose properties differed slightly. The higher-latitude region had a frequency of 0.3 Hz, well in agreement with the main Pc 1 band on the ground. The lower-latitude region contained the highest frequencies observed on the ground at about 0.5 Hz. The latitudinal extent of both wave regions was about 0.5 degrees. They had slightly different normalized frequencies, Alfven velocities, and repetition periods. Most interestingly, the repetition periods of both wave sources were too short for the bursts to be due to a wave packet bouncing between the two hemispheres. The results give new information about the high-latitude Pc 1 waves, showing that they can consist of separate repetitive but nonbouncing bursts. We suggest that the long-held bouncing wave packet hypothesis is generally incorrect and discuss two alternative models where the burst structure is formed at the equatorial source region of the waves.
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| 4. |
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| 6. |
- Escoubet, C P, et al.
(författare)
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Density in the magnetosphere inferred from ISEE 1 spacecraft potential
- 1997
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS. - ROYAL INST TECHNOL,ALFVEN LAB,DIV PLASMA PHYS,S-10044 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.. ; 102:A8, s. 17595-17609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential of ISEE 1 spacecraft has been used to derive the plasma density in the magnetosphere and its environment. First, we show that using the equilibrium of currents flowing in and out of a spacecraft, we could numerically derive a relation between the spacecraft potential and the density of the surrounding plasma, After verifying: that this relation was in good agreement with the measurement of the density made by other instruments during selected periods of time, we apply this relation to the spacecraft potential measured continuously from 1977 to 1984 on ISEE 1, An image of the plasma density in the magnetosphere and its environment is obtained as a result, All principal magnetospheric regions are clearly identified: the solar wind with a density around 5 cm(-3) : the magnetosheath with a density around 50 cm(-3), the magnetosphere with a density around 1 cm(-3) the plasma sheet with a density around 0.5 cm(-3), and finally, the more tenuous tail lobes with a density below 0.1 cm(-3), The plasma density was observed slightly higher on the dawnside than on the duskside of the magnetosphere, In addition, the magnetosheath was closer to the Earth on the dawnside than on the duskside, When the magnetic activity increased (recorded by the AE index), the dayside magnetosphere was compressed/eroded by about 1 to 2 R-E, while the plasmasphere/inner magnetosphere became quite irregular and expanded in the dawn-midnight and in the dusk-noon sectors, In addition, during high magnetic activity, the plasma sheet at Y-GSM = 0 was thicker and slightly denser than at low-activity, On the other hand, the flanks of the plasma sheet were thinner and slightly less dense during high-activity than during low-activity.
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| 7. |
- Escoubet, C. P., et al.
(författare)
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Imaging the magnetosphere using ISEE-1 spacecraft potential
- 1996
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Ingår i: European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP. - 0379-6566. ; :392, s. 179-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential of ISEE 1 spacecraft has been used to derived the plasma density in the magnetosphere and its environment. First we show that using the equilibrium of currents flowing in and out of a spacecraft, we could derive numerically a relation between the spacecraft potential and the density of the surrounding plasma. After verifying that this relation was in good agreement with the measurement of the density made by other instruments during selected periods of time, we apply this relation to the spacecraft potential measured continuously from 1977 to 1984 on ISEE-1. An image of the plasma density in the magnetosphere and its environment is obtained as a result. All principal magnetospheric regions are clearly identified, from the solar wind with a density around 5 cm-3 , the magnetosheath around 50 cm-3, the magnetosphere around 1 cm-3, the plasma sheet around 0.5 cm-3 and finally the more tenuous tail lobes below 0.1 cm-3. The plasma density was observed slightly higher on the dawnside than on the dusk side of the magnetosphere. In addition the magnetosheath was closer to the Earth on the dawnside than on the duskside. When the magnetic activity increased (recorded by the AE index), the dayside magnetosphere was compressed/eroded by about 1 to 2 RE while the plasmasphere/inner magnetosphere became quite irregular and expanded in the dawn-midnight and in the dusk-noon sectors. In addition, during high magnetic activity, the plasmasheet at Ygsm = 0 was thicker and denser than at low activity. On the other hand the flanks of the plasmasheet were thinner and less dense during high activity than during low activity.
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| 8. |
- Graves, J R, et al.
(författare)
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Survivors of out of hospital cardiac arrest: their prognosis, longevity and functional status.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 35:2, s. 117-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports, consistent with Utstein Style definitions, 13 years experience observing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors' prognosis, longevity and functional status. We report for all patients, available outcome information for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors in Göteborg Sweden between 1980 and 1993. Patients were followed for at least 1 year and some for over 14 years. From 1980 to 1993 Göteborg EMS treated 3754 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. 9% (n = 324) were discharged from the hospital alive. Survivors' median age was 67 and 21% (n = 67) were women. Mortality rate was: 21% (n = 61) at 1 year; 56% (n = 78) by 5 years; and 82% (n = 32) by 10 years following the arrest. During the first 3 years, 16% (n = 46) experienced another cardiac arrest, 19% (n = 53) had an acute myocardial infraction and a total of 81% (n = 232) were rehospitalized for various conditions. 14% (n = 40) returned to previous employment, and 74% (n = 229) had retired before their arrest occurred. Cerebral performance categories (CPC) scores were: At hospital discharge N = 324; Data available for 320-1 = 53% (n = 171), 2 = 21% (n = 66), 3 = 24% (n = 77), 4 = 2% (n = 6). One year post arrest N = 263; Data available for 212-1 = 73% (n = 156), 2 = 9% (n = 18), 3 = 17% (n = 36), 4 = 1% (n = 2). Overall, 21% (n = 61) of cardiac arrest survivors died during the first year, and an additional 16% (n = 46) experienced another arrest. 73% of those patients who were still alive after 1 year returned to pre-arrest function.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Herlitz, Johan, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Experience with the use of automated external defibrillators in out of hospital cardiac arrest.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - 0300-9572. ; 37:1, s. 3-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To describe the sequences of arrhythmias, number of shocks delivered and the number of failures in a consecutive series of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest attended by our emergency medical service (EMS) and in whom cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated and in whom automated external defibrillators (AEDs) were used.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- LINDQVIST, M, et al.
(författare)
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INTERFEROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF HCN AND CN TOWARDS CARBON STARS
- 1995
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Ingår i: ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE. - : KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL. ; , s. 501-502
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using the IRAM interferometer we have observed four carbon stars (U Cam, CIT6, Y CVn, IRC+40540) in the HCN(J = 1 --> 0) and CN(N = 1 --> 0) lines. Here we present some results for CIT6 and U Cam.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Pirhonen, J P, et al.
(författare)
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Frequency of anal sphincter rupture at delivery in Sweden and Finland--result of difference in manual help to the baby's head
- 1998
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0412 .- 0001-6349. ; 77:10, s. 974-977
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Anal sphincter rupture is a serious complication of vaginal delivery and almost half the affected women have persistent defecatory symptoms despite adequate primary repair. During the past decade, the incidence of anal sphincter ruptures has been increasing in Sweden and is currently estimated to occur in 2.5% of vaginal deliveries. The aim of the study was to report the frequency of anal sphincter ruptures in two university hospitals in two Scandinavian countries, Malmo in Sweden and Turku in Finland, and analyze the potential determinants. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a population of 30,933 deliveries (26,541 vaginal) during the years 1990 to 1994. RESULTS: The incidence of anal sphincter ruptures in Malmo, Sweden was 2.69%, and in Turku, Finland 0.36%. There were no significant population differences for the known risk factors (fetal weight, nulliparity or fetal head circumference). However, there is a difference in manual support given to the perineum and to the baby's head when crowning through the vaginal introitus between Malmo and Turku. The proportion of operative vaginal deliveries and abnormal presentations was significantly higher in Turku reflected in the lower Apgar score at 5 minutes and longer duration of second phase of labor. When high risk deliveries (operative vaginal delivery, abnormal presentation and newborns over 4,000 g) were excluded, the risk for anal sphincter ruptures was estimated to be 13 times higher in Malmo than in Turku. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the incidence of anal sphincter rupture between Malmo, Sweden and Turku, Finland may be due to the difference in manual control of the baby's head when crowning.
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| 17. |
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