| 1. |
- Almgren, Magnus, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Alternative Audit Sources for Web Server Attack Detection
- 2007
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Ingår i: The 12th Nordic Workshop on Secure IT-systems.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most intrusion detection systems available today are usinga single audit source for detecting all attacks, eventhough attacks have distinct manifestations in differentparts of the system. In this paper we carry out a theoretical investigation of the role of the audit source for the detection capability of the intrusion detection system (IDS). Concentrating on web server attacks, we examine the attack manifestations available to intrusiondetection systems at different abstraction layers, includinga network-based IDS, an application-based IDS, andfinally a host-based IDS.Our findings include that attacks indeed have differentmanifestations depending on the audit source used. Someaudit sources may lack any manifestation for certain attacks, and, in other cases contain only events that are indirectly connected to the attack in question. This, in turn, affects the reliability of the attack detection if the intrusion detection system uses only a single audit source for collecting security-relevant events. Hence, we conclude that using a multisource detection model increases the probability of detecting a range of attacks directed toward the web server. We also note that this model should account for the detection quality of each attack / audit stream to be able to rank alerts.Keywords: intrusion detection, attack manifestations
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| 2. |
- Almgren, Magnus, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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A Multi-Sensor Model to Improve Automated Attack Detection
- 2008
-
Ingår i: 11th International Symposium, RAID 2008, Cambridge, MA, USA, September 15-17, 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. - 9783540874027 ; 5230/2008, s. 291-310
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most intrusion detection systems available today are using a single audit source for detection, even though attacks have distinct manifestations in different parts of the system. In this paper we investigate how to use the alerts from several audit sources to improve the accuracy of the intrusion detection system (IDS). Concentrating on web server attacks, we design a theoretical model to automatically reason about alerts from different sensors, thereby also giving security operators a better understanding of possible attacks against their systems. Our model takes sensor status and capability into account, and therefore enables reasoning about the absence of expected alerts. We require an explicit model for each sensor in the system, which allows us to reason about the quality of information from each particular sensor and to resolve apparent contradictions in a set of alerts.Our model, which is built using Bayesian networks, needs some initial parameter values that can be provided by the IDS operator. We apply this model in two different scenarios for web server security. The scenarios show the importance of having a model that dynamically can adapt to local transitional traffic conditions, such as encrypted requests, when using conflicting evidence from sensors to reason about attacks.
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| 3. |
- Aulchenko, Yurii S, et al.
(författare)
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Loci influencing lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk in 16 European population cohorts
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 41:1, s. 47-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies of lipids have been conducted in samples ascertained for other phenotypes, particularly diabetes. Here we report the first GWA analysis of loci affecting total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides sampled randomly from 16 population-based cohorts and genotyped using mainly the Illumina HumanHap300-Duo platform. Our study included a total of 17,797-22,562 persons, aged 18-104 years and from geographic regions spanning from the Nordic countries to Southern Europe. We established 22 loci associated with serum lipid levels at a genome-wide significance level (P < 5 x 10(-8)), including 16 loci that were identified by previous GWA studies. The six newly identified loci in our cohort samples are ABCG5 (TC, P = 1.5 x 10(-11); LDL, P = 2.6 x 10(-10)), TMEM57 (TC, P = 5.4 x 10(-10)), CTCF-PRMT8 region (HDL, P = 8.3 x 10(-16)), DNAH11 (LDL, P = 6.1 x 10(-9)), FADS3-FADS2 (TC, P = 1.5 x 10(-10); LDL, P = 4.4 x 10(-13)) and MADD-FOLH1 region (HDL, P = 6 x 10(-11)). For three loci, effect sizes differed significantly by sex. Genetic risk scores based on lipid loci explain up to 4.8% of variation in lipids and were also associated with increased intima media thickness (P = 0.001) and coronary heart disease incidence (P = 0.04). The genetic risk score improves the screening of high-risk groups of dyslipidemia over classical risk factors.
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| 4. |
- Enoksson, Emmi
(författare)
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Studies on image control for better reproduction in offset
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research work has focused on studies of image control for better reproduction in offset and has been applied practically. This research work has resulted in a survey of color management knowledge, a communication list concerning ICC profiles, an educational kit, a proposal for a new terminology and a patent concerning image adaptation. The work is divided into following three areas: 1) image classification A better understanding of image processing can avoid misunderstandings in the print and leading to more satisfied customers. To achieve optimal print quality for different images, it is important to adapt the prepress settings to the image category. Images can be divided into different categories depending on their image content, key information and tone distribution. Trials have been carried out in which the IT.8 test chart has been adapted to different image categories. The results of the image adaptation suggest that an adjustment only to low-key images (dark images) is sufficient, as even normal-key images then show a better similarity to the original image. The low-key image showed more details in dark areas. 2) color separation Two studies has been carried out. The purpose has been to investigate the knowledge level in color separation, the use of ICC-profiles and the understanding of color management in various printing houses in Sweden. This was done to identify and suggest new applications and suggested actions. These studies indicate that there is a serious problem in the graphic arts industry. The problem is that there is both an insufficient knowledge of color management and a lack of communication. There is a lack of competence and a lack of literature and instructions which can help printers to better understand the technology, and communication suffers through a lack of a common language. 3) suggested actions and the development of tools Terminology simplification is crucial for the users. A new term for separation “Compensation by Black”, CB, has been suggested. A single term should make it easier for the users to understand and use the different settings which impact the image reproduction. A new tool/kit for the evaluation of ICC-profiles has been created. The goal of this educational kit is to facilitate and exemplify the practical understanding of profiles and their use for the users.
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| 5. |
- Enroth, Maria, 1960-
(författare)
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Developing tools for sustainability management in the graphic arts industry
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main aim of this thesis is to develop and test industry-specific, applied work procedures and tools for environmental and emerging sustainability work in the graphic arts industry. This includes methods to quantify, follow-up, evaluate, manage, improve and communicate the environmental performance of activities in the graphic arts supply chain and printed products.In order to achieve the aims of the thesis, a selection of work areas were chosen as the basis for developing the industry-specific work procedures and tools. The selected work areas are the following: environmental management (being a part of sustainability management), environmental and sustainability strategies, environmental indicators and design for environment (DfE).The research presented in this thesis was based on survey research methods, case studies and multi-company studies. Within the framework of these methods, quantitative and qualitative techniques for data gathering were used. The companies included in the studies were selected according to their willingness, interest and motivation to participate and develop their environmental or sustainability work.The most significant results of the research presented in this thesis regarding the selected work areas are the following:• An evaluation of early certified environmental management systems (EMSs) in Sweden identified four areas as priorities in making the EMSs more efficient. Two of them, viz. improvement in the follow-up of environmental work, and the linking of EMSs to product design, were developed for the graphic arts industry. The remaining two areas were clarifying the identification process and assessment of environmental aspects, and streamlining and co-ordinating different management systems.• An established and successfully tested working method for formulating and realising corporate sustainability strategies in the graphic arts industry.• Industry-specific environmental indicator models for the graphic arts industry with defined methods for standardised inventorying and calculations. These models have been tested, used and approved of by the industry itself.• Collected and compiled data for the developed environmental indicator models. Data have been collected from quite a large number of companies (10-20 companies for each of the printing techniques covered, i.e. coldset offset, heatset offset and gravure) over a period of several years.• The use of the industry-specific environmental indicator models was developed and illustrated.• A described and recommended work procedure for DfE in graphic arts companies including industry-specific tools for applying DfE to printed products, in the form of a manual and a checklist. The checklist was designed so that it can serve as a simple tool for the environmental assessment of printed products. The tools were tested by graphic arts companies.
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| 6. |
- Fransson, Martin, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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A preliminary study of modeling and simulation in individualized drug dosage – azathioprine on inflammatory bowel disease
- 2007
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Ingår i: SIMS 2006: Proceedings of the 47th Conference on Simulation and Modelling, Helsinki, Finland. - Helsinki : Kopio Niini Oy. - 9525183300 ; , s. 216-220
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individualized drug dosage based on population pharmacokinetic/dynamic models is an important future technology used to reduce or eliminate side effects of certain drugs, e.g. cancer drugs. In this paper we report preliminary results from work-in-progress: a simplified linear model of the metabolism of a cancer treatment drug was estimated from experimental data. The model was then validated against the same data as a test of the adequacy of the model structure. From this investigation it became apparent that the model structure could not be used due to its inability to recreate the dynamic properties of the system.
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| 7. |
- Gustafsson, Ulf, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Apical circumferential motion of the right and the left ventricles in healthy subjects described with speckle tracking
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0894-7317 .- 1097-6795. ; 21:12, s. 1326-1330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The aim of this study was to determine whether right ventricular (RV) apical rotation could be of importance in RV function and compare this with left ventricular (LV) apical rotation. Methods Short-axis images at the apical level of both ventricles were simultaneously recorded in 14 healthy subjects (mean age, 62 ± 11 years). Results There was a significant difference in mean rotation between the two ventricles in the time interval between 50% of ejection and aortic valve closure (P < .05). At aortic valve closure, LV rotation was 10.9 ± 4.8° counterclockwise, and RV rotation was 1.1 ± 5.8° clockwise. The anterior and inferior parts of the right ventricle rotated in opposite directions toward the septum. The septal segments of both ventricles rotated inferiorly, thus likely reducing interventricular stress. Conclusion This study showed clear differences in apical rotation between the two ventricles. Whereas the left ventricle displayed uniform rotation, the right ventricle showed heterogeneous rotation, resulting overall in almost no rotation but in a “tightening belt” motion.
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| 8. |
- Gustafsson, Ulf, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of regional rotation patterns improves the understanding of the systolic and diastolic left ventricular function : an echocardiographic speckle-tracking study in healthy individuals
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Echocardiography. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-2167 .- 1532-2114. ; :10, s. 56-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM To elucidate the complexity of left ventricular motion throughout the cardiac cycle, we studied regional rotation in detail. METHODS AND RESULTS: Regional rotation in six subdivisions of the circumference at three levels was studied by using speckle-tracking echocardiography in 40 healthy subjects. At the basal level the inferoseptal segments rotated significantly more clockwise during systole than the opposing anterolateral segments. At the papillary level the inferoseptal segments differed significantly from the anterolateral segments, where the inferoseptal segments rotated clockwise and the anterolateral segments rotated counter-clockwise. The apical level showed significant difference in regional rotation only at aortic valve opening. In early systole, untwist before the main systolic twist was seen at the basal and apical levels; however, the duration of the basal untwist was much longer than that of the apical. The diastolic phases of rotation at the basal and apical levels matched the different filling phases. CONCLUSION: Large regional differences in rotation are present at the basal and papillary levels in healthy subjects. The diastolic untwist matches the phases of both the E-wave and A-wave and seems to be related with intraventricular pressure differences, indicating that untwist plays an important role in the filling of the ventricle.
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| 9. |
- Hindorf, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
- 2006
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Ingår i: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 0269-2813 .- 1365-2036. ; 24:2, s. 331-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Adverse events leading to discontinuation or dose reduction of thiopurine therapy occur in 9-28% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aims: To evaluate the influence of thiopurine methyltransferase status and thiopurine metabolites in a large patient population for the risk of developing adverse event. Methods: Three hundred and sixty-four patients with inflammatory bowel disease and present or previous thiopurine therapy were identified from a local database. Results: The adverse event observed in 124 patients (34%) were more common in adults than children (40% vs. 15%, P < 0.001) and in low to intermediate (≤9.0 U/mL red blood cell) than normal thiopurine methyltransferase activity (P = 0.02). Myelotoxicity developed later than other types of adverse event. An increased frequency of adverse event was observed in patients with tioguanine (thioguanine) nucleotide above 400 or methylated thioinosine monophosphate above 11 450 pmol/ 8 × 108 red blood cell. A shift to mercaptopurine was successful in 48% of azathioprine-intolerant patients and in all cases of azathioprine-induced myalgia or arthralgia. Conclusions: A pre-treatment determination of thiopurine methyltransferase status might be appropriate as patients with low to intermediate thiopurine methyltransferase activity are more prone to develop an adverse event, determination of metabolite levels can be useful in the case of an adverse event. Mercaptopurine therapy should be considered in azathioprine-intolerant patients. © 2006 The Authors.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Hindorf, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacogenetics during standardised initiation of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 1468-3288 .- 0017-5749. ; 55:10, s. 1423-1431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Firm recommendations about the way thiopurine drugs are introduced and the use of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and metabolite measurements during treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lacking. Aim: To evaluate pharmacokinetics and tolerance after initiation of thiopurine treatment with a fixed dosing schedule in patients with IBD. Patients: 60 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease (n = 33) or ulcerative colitis (n = 27) were included in a 20 week open, prospective study. Methods: Thiopurine treatment was introduced using a predefined dose escalation schedule, reaching a daily target dose at week 3 of 2.5 mg azathioprine or 1.25 mg 6-mercaptopurine per kg body weight. TPMT and ITPA genotypes, TPMT activity, TPMT gene expression, and thiopurine metabolites were determined. Clinical outcome and occurrence of adverse events were monitored. Results: 27 patients completed the study per protocol, while 33 were withdrawn (early protocol violation (n = 5), TPMT deficiency (n = 1), thiopurine related adverse events (n = 27)); 67% of patients with adverse events tolerated long term treatment on a lower dose (median 1.32 mg azathioprine/kg body weight). TPMT activity did not change during the 20 week course of the study but a significant decrease in TPMT gene expression was found (TPMT/huCYC ratio; p = 0.02). Patients with meTIMP concentrations > 11 450 pmol/8 x 10(8) red blood cells during steady state at week 5 had an increased risk of developing myelotoxicity (odds ratio = 45.0; p = 0.015). Conclusions: After initiation of thiopurine treatment using a fixed dosing schedule, no general induction of TPMT enzyme activity occurred, though TPMT gene expression decreased. The development of different types of toxicity was unpredictable, but we found that measurement of meTIMP early in the steady state phase helped to identify patients at risk of developing myelotoxicity.
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| 12. |
- Hindorf, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacogenetics during standardised initiation of thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 55:10, s. 1423-1431
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Firm recommendations about the way thiopurine drugs are introduced and the use of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and metabolite measurements during treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lacking. Aim: To evaluate pharmacokinetics and tolerance after initiation of thiopurine treatment with a fixed dosing schedule in patients with IBD. Patients: 60 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease (n = 33) or ulcerative colitis (n = 27) were included in a 20 week open, prospective study. Methods: Thiopurine treatment was introduced using a predefined dose escalation schedule, reaching a daily target dose at week 3 of 2.5 mg azathioprine or 1.25 mg 6-mercaptopurine per kg body weight. TPMT and ITPA genotypes, TPMT activity, TPMT gene expression, and thiopurine metabolites were determined. Clinical outcome and occurrence of adverse events were monitored. Results: 27 patients completed the study per protocol, while 33 were withdrawn (early protocol violation (n = 5), TPMT deficiency (n = 1), thiopurine related adverse events (n = 27)), 67% of patients with adverse events tolerated long term treatment on a lower dose (median 1.32 mg azathioprine/kg body weight). TPMT activity did not change during the 20 week course of the study but a significant decrease in TPMT gene expression was found (TPMT/huCYC ratio, p = 0.02). Patients with meTIMP concentrations > 11 450 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells during steady state at week 5 had an increased risk of developing myelotoxicity (odds ratio = 45.0, p = 0.015). Conclusions: After initiation of thiopurine treatment using a fixed dosing schedule, no general induction of TPMT enzyme activity occurred, though TPMT gene expression decreased. The development of different types of toxicity was unpredictable, but we found that measurement of meTIMP early in the steady state phase helped to identify patients at risk of developing myelotoxicity.
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| 13. |
- Kuna, P., et al.
(författare)
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Once-daily dosing with budesonide/formoterol compared with twice-daily budesonide/formoterol and once-daily budesonide in adults with mild to moderate asthma
- 2006
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Ingår i: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-3064 .- 0954-6111. ; 100:12, s. 2151-2159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adherence to maintenance therapy is often poor in patients with asthma. Simplifying dosing regimens has the potential to improve both adherence and asthma-retated morbidity. In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parattel-group study, 617 patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma (mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV,] 78.5% predicted) who were not optimally controlled on inhaled corticosteroids (200-500pg/day) were randomized to once-daily budesonide/formoterot (80/4.5 tg, 2 inhalations in the evening), twice-daity budesonide/formoterol (80/4.5 pg, 1 inhalation), or a corresponding dose of budesonide once-daily (200pg, 1 inhalation in the evening). AR patients received budesonide (100pg twice daily) during a 2-week run-in. Changes in mean morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) were similar for od budesonide/formoterol (23.4 l/min) and twice-daily budesonide/formoterot (24.1 l/min), and both were greater than with budesonide (5.5 Unnin; both P < 0.001). Evening PEF, symptom-free days, reliever-free days, and asthma control days were improved with budesonide/ formoterol therapy vs. budesonide (P < 0.05 vs. budesonide for all variables). All treatments were well tolerated. Budesonide/formoterot administered once daily in the evening is a convenient treatment regimen that is as effective in improving asthma control as twice-daily dosing in patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Lindqvist Appell, Malin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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No induction of thiopurine methyltransferase during thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1525-7770 .- 1532-2335. ; 25:9-11, s. 1033-1037
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to follow, during standardized initiation of thiopurine treatment, thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene expression and enzyme activity and thiopurine metabolite concentrations, and to study the role of TPMT and ITPA 94C > A polymorphisms for the development of adverse drug reactions. Sixty patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease were included in this open and prospective multi-center study. Thiopurine naive patients were prescribed azathioprine (AZA), patients previously intolerant to AZA received 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). The patients followed a predetermined dose escalation schedule, reaching target dose at Week 3; 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg body weight for AZA and 6-MP, respectively. The patients were followed every week during Weeks 1-8 from baseline and then every 4 weeks until 20 weeks. TPMT activity and thiopurine metabolites were determined in erythrocytes, TPMT and ITPA genotypes, and TPMT gene expression were determined in whole blood. One homozygous TPMT-deficient patient was excluded. Five non compliant patients were withdrawn during the first weeks. Twenty-seven patients completed the study per protocol; 27 patients were withdrawn because of adverse events. Sixty-seven percent of the withdrawn patients tolerated thiopurines at a lower dose at Week 20. There was no difference in baseline TPMT enzyme activity between individuals completing the study and those withdrawn for adverse events (p = 0.45). A significant decrease in TPMT gene expression (TPMT/huCYC ratio, p = 0.02) was found, however TPMT enzyme activity did not change. TPMT heterozygous individuals had a lower probability of remaining in the study on the predetermined dose (p = 0.039). The ITPA 94C > A polymorphism was not predictive of adverse events (p = 0.35).
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Lindqvist Appell, Malin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease - The role of pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug monitoring
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Current Pharmacogenomics. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1570-1603. ; 4:4, s. 285-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmacogenetics represents the study of variability in drug response due to genetic variations. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, i.e. primarily Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) is characterized by a chronic or relapsing inflammation of the digestive tract. The thiopurines 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA), an imidazol derivative and pro-drug of 6-MP, are widely used in IBD, particularly in Crohn's disease. The metabolism of thiopurines is complex and individually variable. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is a key enzyme in this metabolism and exhibits a genetic variability due to a number of variant alleles coding for a defective enzyme. The formation of biologically active thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) and methylated metabolites may vary considerably due to the TPMT activity. Patients with decreased TPMT activity are at increased risk of developing severe side effects if treated with conventional thiopurine doses, due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Determination of the TPMT phenotype or genotype is often used to identify individuals with increased risk for adverse events. Twenty-one variant TPMT alleles have been described, of which three are more common than the others. An association between inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase polymorphisms and adverse events during thiopurine treatment has also been proposed. In this review, the clinical value of TPMT status determination and pharmacological monitoring of thiopurine metabolites are discussed as well as the increased interest in the use of 6-thioguanine, a thiopurine with a less complex metabolism, as an alternative for patients who do not tolerate AZA or 6-MP. It can be concluded that TPMT determination before start of thiopurine therapy is of value to identify individuals with increased risk for adverse reactions due to genetic enzyme deficiency. However, large prospective studies are still needed to evaluate the true benefit of monitoring thiopurine metabolites during thiopurine treatment. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
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| 17. |
- Lindqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Asynchronous normal regional left ventricular function assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography : appearances can be deceptive
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 134:2, s. 195-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an angle independent method with high temporal resolution, which offers quantification of regional left ventricular (LV) wall motion. We studied radial and longitudinal LV wall motion by STE in healthy subjects with normal wall motion analysis (WMA) by eye-balling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen healthy subjects were studied. We acquired parasternal short and apical long axis projections to determine the basal, mid and apical radial and longitudinal functions. At each level we measured; (I) radial and longitudinal peak displacement and displacement at aortic valve closure (AVC) and (II) the time interval from the Q-wave to the AVC and peak displacement. RESULTS: WMA indicated normal wall motion in all subjects. The mean peak radial displacement varied in different segments (range 3.9-9.8 mm) with highest values in the mid-level (6.9+/-1.5 mm), compared to basal level (5.9+/-1.0 mm, p<0.01) and apical level (5.4+/-1.0 mm, p<0.001). The time from Q-wave to AVC was 393 ms and in 89% of the analysed segments peak radial displacement occurred after AVC, thus mean peak radial displacement occurred 60 ms after AVC. The peak longitudinal amplitude was more synchronous with respect to AVC and with the highest amplitudes found in the two basal segments. CONCLUSIONS: In normal LV function, significant differences in peak displacement exist between segments at various LV levels using STE. In addition, in early diastole, significant discrepancy occurs between radial and longitudinal time of peak displacement, suggesting a shape change. Finally, while radial displacement was highest at mid-cavity level longitudinal displacement was highest at basal level.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Nilsson, Dennis, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Key Management and Secure Software Updates in Wireless Process Control Environments
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security (WiSec), March 31 - April 2, 2008, Alexandria, VA, USA. - 9781595938145 ; , s. 100-108
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Process control systems using wireless sensor nodes are large and complex environments built to last for a long time. Cryptographic keys are typically preloaded in the wireless nodes prior to deployment and used for the rest of their lifetime. To reduce the risk of successful cryptanalysis, new keys must be established (rekeying).We have designed a rekeying scheme that provides both backward and forward secrecy.Furthermore, since these nodes are used for extensive periods of time, there is a need to update the software on the nodes. Different types of sensors run different types and versions of software. We therefore establish group keys to update the software on groups of nodes. The software binary is split into fragments to construct a hash chain that is then signed by the network manager. The nodescan thus verify the authenticity and the integrity of the new software binary. We extend this protocol by encrypting the packets with the group key such that only the intended receivers can access the new software binary.
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| 20. |
- Persson, Christian, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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New Business Forms in e-Business and Media “e-Media”
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a preliminary study a Nordic network for e-Business has been established between the media industry, vendors, service providers and scientists. This network has performed this project with the scope to develop new new innovative service forms and products for this new business area called ”e-Media”, and to identify the value chains and new business models needed for this area.The study first analyses the strucrural changes in the media and allied industries, i.e. content creation and advertising. Thereafter, a framework for innovations in e-Media is built together with a variety of business models. The framework is then used to identify new innovative service embryos for e-Media. Finally eight new services are exploited in industrial case studies.The outcome of the project is an extensive description of innovation methods, business models, more than sixty innovation embryos for exploitation and eight examples of more or less successfully exploited e-Media pilot cases. The project also elucidates the huge business potential of e-Media.
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| 21. |
- Persson, Christian, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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New Business Forms in e-Business and Media – e-Media
- 2009
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Ingår i: Iarigai 2009.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been the scope of this study to create new service forms and business models for the border area between e-Business and Media (e-Media). The project was carried out by a Nordic consortium consisting of five research organisations and eight companies with financial support from the Nordic Innovation Centre (NICe). The study first analyses the structural changes in the media and allied industries, i.e. content creation and advertising. Thereafter, a framework for innovations in e-Media is built up, together with a variety of business models. The framework is used to identify new, innovative service embryos for the e-Media sector. Finally eight new services are developed in industrial case studies. The project has been carried out by a consortium consisting of five Nordic research organisations, which have relations to e-Business and the media sector, together with eight industrial partners from the media sector, software companies, and service providers. The outcome of the project is an extensive description of innovation methods and business models for Nordic companies working in the media or e-Business sector or offering services over the net. The report also gives eight examples of more or less successfully exploited e-Media pilot cases.
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| 22. |
- Roosta, Tanya, et al.
(författare)
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An Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Process Control Systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems. - 9781424425754 ; , s. 866-872
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent trend in the process control system (PCS) is todeploy sensor networks in hard-to-reach areas. Using wireless sensors greatly decreases the wiring costs and increases the volume of data gathered for plant monitoring. However, ensuring the security of the deployed sensor network, which is part of the overall security of PCS, is of crucial importance. In this paper, we design a model-based intrusion detection system (IDS) for sensor networks used for PCS. Given that PCS tends to have regular traffic patterns and a well-defined request-response communication, we can design an IDS that models normal behavior of the entities and detects attacks when there is a deviation from this model. Model-based IDS can prove useful in detecting unknown attacks.
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| 23. |
- Schnell, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Siroheme- and [Fe4-S4]-dependent NirA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a sulfite reductase with a covalent Cys-Tyr bond in the active site
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 280:29, s. 27319-27328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nirA gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is up-regulated in the persistent state of the bacteria, suggesting that it is a potential target for the development of antituberculosis agents particularly active against the pathogen in its dormant phase. This gene encodes a ferredoxin-dependent sulfite reductase, and the structure of the enzyme has been determined using x-ray crystallography. The enzyme is a monomer comprising 555 amino acids and contains a [Fe4-S4] cluster and a siroheme cofactor. The molecule is built up of three domains with an alpha/beta fold. The first domain consists of two ferredoxin-like subdomains, related by a pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis passing through the whole molecule. The other two domains, which provide much of the binding interactions with the cofactors, have a common fold that is unique to the sulfite/nitrite reductase family. The domains form a trilobal structure, with the cofactors and the active site located at the interface of all three domains in the center of the molecule. NirA contains an unusual covalent bond between the side chains of Tyr69 and Cys161 in the active site, in close proximity to the siroheme cofactor. Removal of this covalent bond by site-directed mutagenesis impairs catalytic activity, suggesting that it is important for the enzymatic reaction. These residues are part of a sequence fingerprint, able to distinguish between ferredoxin-dependent sulfite and nitrite reductases. Comparison of NirA with the structure of the truncated NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase from Escherichia coli suggests a binding site for the external electron donor ferredoxin close to the [Fe4-S4] cluster.
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