| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Agarwal, Natasha, et al.
(författare)
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Getting more out of India's 'Tourist Visa on Arrival' scheme
- 2015
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The Government of India has extended the ‘Tourist Visa on Arrival’ scheme - now expected to be renamed 'Visa Online (ETA)' scheme - from five countries in 2010 to 44 countries in 2014. In this article, Natasha Agarwal and Magnus Lodefalk highlight some of the limitations in the design and implementation of the scheme, and make recommendations for maximising its economic benefit and effectiveness.
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| 3. |
- Agarwal, Natasha, et al.
(författare)
-
Guaranteed Success? : The Effects of Export Credit Guarantees on Firm Performance
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many countries offer government-backed export credit guarantees to domestic firms. We investigate the effects of such guarantees on firm exports, jobs and value added. Using uniquely detailed and exhaustive transaction-level panel data on guarantees and granular information on trade, exporters and foreign buyers, we perform difference-indifferences matching estimations. We find that guarantees improve firm performance. However, the effects are strikingly heterogeneous across firm size and response variables. Using guarantees increases the firm-destination probability of exporting and the value of exports by 18 and 172 percent, respectively, but does not generally increase jobs or value added. Smaller firms benefit the most in terms of exports. Overall, the evidence suggests a causal link from guarantees to firm export performance.
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| 4. |
- Agarwal, Natasha, et al.
(författare)
-
Institutions for Non-Simultaneous Exchange : Microeconomic Evidence from Export Insurance
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Information frictions make non-simultaneous exchange risky, particularly across borders. Therefore, many countries insure cross-border exchange. We investigate the effects on firm trade, jobs, value added and productivity, using uniquely detailed, comprehensive and longitudinal transaction-level Swedish data on insurance and granular data on exporters and foreign buyers. For identification, we employ matching and differencein-difference and fuzzy regression discontinuity estimators and exploit a quasi-natural experiment. We find strikingly heterogeneous effects across firm size and response variables. The strongest positive effects are for small traders and new users. Overall, the evidence suggests a causal link from export insurance to firm performance.
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| 5. |
- Agarwal, N., et al.
(författare)
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Mitigating information frictions in trade : Evidence from export credit guarantees
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of International Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1996 .- 1873-0353. ; 145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information frictions make foreign trade risky. In particular, the risk of buyer default deters firms from selling abroad. To address this issue, many countries offer export credit guarantees to provide insurance to exporters. In this paper, we investigate the causal effects of guarantees by exploiting a quasi-natural experiment in Sweden and rich register data on guarantees, firms and trade. Estimates from a fuzzy regression discontinuity design show large positive effects on the probability of exporting and the value of exports to the destination for which the guarantees are issued. These results are robust to an alternative approach using a difference-in-differences matching estimator. Further findings suggest that guarantees impact firms heterogeneously and play an important role in resolving buyer default risk and easing liquidity constraints. Larger impacts are observed in non-OECD countries, on smaller, liquidity constrained exporters and for firms selling products that face a relatively high cost of buyer default.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Female top management in family firms and non-family firms : Evidence from total population data
- 2018
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 35:3, s. 303-326
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We exploit information on ownership, management and kinship to study the representation of women in top management teams in Swedish family and non-family firms among domiciled limited liability firms over the years 2004 to 2010. The share of female top managers is analysed across listed and non-listed firms as well as across industries. We then estimate the likelihood that a woman is elected into the top management team in family and non-family firms using a probit regression model where we control for firm- A nd individual-level characteristics, including the gender distribution of the firm and kinship relations to existing board members and firm owners. We find that non-listed family firms are more likely to appoint female top managers, whereas we find no differences among listed firms. Moreover, we find that the gender composition and kinship structures of firms influence the appointment of female top managers.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Svenska affärsänglar : hur lyckas de med sina investeringar?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska Föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 46:3, s. 29-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aktiebolag som affärsänglar investerar i blir med högre sannolikhet snabbväxande företag, s k gasellföretag, jämfört med ett slumpmässigt valt aktiebolag. Resultatet håller även efter att affärsänglarnas företag jämförts med liknande ”tvillingföretags” tillväxt. Detta kan indikera att det är affärsänglarna som bidrar och hjälper till att utveckla företag i stället för att de enbart väljer ut ”vinnarföretag” att investera i, s k picking cherries-beteende.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Characteristics and Performance of Family Firms : Exploiting information on ownership, governance and kinship using total population data
- 2017
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Family firms are often considered characteristically different from non-family firms, and the economic implications of these differences have generated significant academic debate. However, our understanding of family firms suffers from an inability to identify them in total population data, as this requires information on owners, their kinship and involvement in firm governance, which is rarely available. We present a method for identifying domiciled family firms using register data that offers greater accuracy than previous methods. We then apply it to data from Statistics Sweden concerning firm ownership, governance and kinship over the years 2004-2010. Next, we use Swedish data to estimate these firms’ economic contribution to total employment and gross domestic product (GDP) and compare them to private domiciled non-family firms in terms of their characteristics and economic performance. We find that the family firm is the prevalent organizational form, contributing to over one-third of all employment and GDP. Family firms are common across industries and sizes, ranging from the smallest producers to the largest multinational firms. However, their characteristics differ across sizes and legal forms, thereby indicating that the seemingly contradictory findings among previous studies on family firms may be due to unobserved heterogeneity. We furthermore find that they are smaller than private non-family firms in employment and sales and carry higher solidity, although they are more profitable. These differences diminish with firm size, however. We conclude that the term ‘family firm’ contains great diversity and call for increased attention to their heterogeneity.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Fredrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Characteristics of Family Firms : Exploiting Information on Ownership, Kinship and Governance Using Total Population Data
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 51:3, s. 539-556
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Family firms are often considered characteristically different from non-family firms. However, our understanding of family firms suffers from an inability to identify them in total population data; information is rarely available regarding owners, their kinship, and their involvement in firm governance. We present a method for identifying domiciled family firms using register data; this method offers greater accuracy than previous methods. We apply this method to Swedish data concerning firm ownership, governance, and kinship from 2004 to 2010. We find that the family firm is a significant organizational form, contributing over one third of all employment and gross domestic product (GDP). Family firms are common in most industries and range in size. Furthermore, we find that, compared to private non-family firms, family firms have fewer total assets, employment, and sales and carry higher solidity, although family firms are more profitable. These differences diminish with firm size. We conclude that the term “family firm” includes a large variety of firms, and we call for increased attention to their heterogeneity.
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| 11. |
- Anér, Emilie, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-border movement of persons stimulates trade
- 2015
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Ingår i: VoxEU.org. - : CEPR.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large body of research has established a positive link between immigrants and bilateral trade. However, the temporary movement of people across borders has received less attention. This column uses Swedish data to analyse the impact of temporary cross-border movement on trade. Recently arrived migrants are found to reduce the negative impact of distance on foreign trade, by assisting firms to overcome informal and informational barriers to trade with their origin country. Facilitating movement of people across borders can be a highly useful tool for engaging in and benefitting from specialised and internationalised production networks.
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| 12. |
- Baccini, Leonardo, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Determinants of Attitudes Toward Migration : Firm-level Evidence from Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Organization. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0020-8183 .- 1531-5088. ; 78:1, s. 67-102
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the distributional consequences of migration, and how do they affect attitudes toward migration? In this paper we leverage a natural experiment generated by the ousting of former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, which created an unprecedented influx of economic migrants from African countries to Europe. This surge of low-skilled labor benefited low-productivity firms by lowering their production costs and expanding their labor supply. Employing a triple difference-in-differences design, we document that attitudes toward migration became more positive in Western European regions with large shares of migrants and low-productivity firms. Evidence from Sweden, which provides finely grained geographical data, confirms these findings. We then test the economic microfoundations of this attitudinal shift. We show that the surge in the supply of low-skilled labor increased the profitability of low-productivity firms more in areas that experienced larger migration flows. We find no evidence that migration worsened natives’ labor market conditions.
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| 13. |
- Borchert, Ingo, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital Technologies, Services and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasingly rapid uptake of digital technologies is launching the global economy into the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the next transformative wave of globalisation. Trade in merchandise is in long-run relative decline; trade in services, especially e services, is on a long-term relative upward trend - and associated cross-border data flows are growing exponentially. These structural shifts, and their impacts on competitiveness, are set to intensify. The G20 must assert a leadership role by signalling best practice policy and regulatory settings, including sustained openness to international trade, investment and data flows, so every nation can reap the productivity gains of the digital age. This Working Paper has been prepared as background for a short Policy Brief for the 2020 THINK20 Taskforce 1: Trade and Investment.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Gidehag, Anton, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Recruiting for Small Business Growth : Micro-Level Evidence
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Review of Entrepreneurship. - : Senate Hall Ltd. - 2009-2822. ; 15:2, s. 151-174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the link between new employees in leading positions and subsequent productivity in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Managers and professionals are likely to possess important tacit knowledge. They are also in a position to influence the employing firm. Exploiting rich and comprehensive panel data for Sweden in the 2001-2010 period and employing semi-parametric and quasi-experimental estimation techniques, we find that newly recruited professionals have a positive and statistically significant impact on the productivity of the hiring SME. For newly recruited managers there is no general link to the productivity of the hiring SME. We also find that professionals with experience from international firms and enterprise groups contribute the most to total factor productivity. Overall, the findings suggest the importance of mobility of key personnel for productivity-enhancing knowledge spillovers to SMEs.
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| 16. |
- Gidehag, Anton, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
-
Recruiting for Small Business Growth : Micro-level Evidence
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the link between new employees in leading positions and subsequent productivity in small- and medium-sized (SME) enterprises. Managers and professionals are likely to possess important tacit knowledge. They are also in a position to influence the employing firm. Exploiting rich and comprehensive panel data for Sweden in the 2001-2010 period and employing semi-parametric and quasi-experimental estimation techniques, we find that newly recruited leading personnel have a positive and statistically significant impact on the productivity of the hiring SME. Interestingly, our results suggest that professionals with experience from international firms and enterprise groups contribute the most to total factor productivity. Overall, the findings suggest the importance of mobility of leading personnel for productivity-enhancing knowledge spillovers to SMEs.
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| 17. |
- Gidehag, Anton, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
-
Recruiting for Small Business Growth : Micro-level Evidence
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the link between new employees in leading positions and subsequent productivity in small- and medium-sized (SME) enterprises. Managers and professionals are likely to possess important tacit knowledge. They are also in a position to influence the employing firm. Exploiting rich and comprehensive panel data for Sweden in the 2001-2010 period and employing semi-parametric and quasi-experimental estimation techniques, we find that newly recruited leading personnel have a positive and statistically significant impact on the productivity of the hiring SME. Interestingly, our results suggest that professionals with experience from international firms and enterprise groups contribute the most to total factor productivity. Overall, the findings suggest the importance of mobility of leading personnel for productivity-enhancing knowledge spillovers to SMEs.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Graneli, Anna, et al.
(författare)
-
Temporary Expats for Export : Firm-Level Evidence
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze the relation between temporary expats in firms and exports. Temporary expats are positively associated with exports. The within-firm-destination-country link with export intensity is substantially larger for services than for merchandise and for exports of heterogeneous services and merchandise than for exports of homogeneous products. Additionally, the association with exports is stronger for temporary than for permanent expats. Furthermore, our evidence suggests that temporary expats are positively related to exports by assisting firms in overcoming informal trade barriers. Overall, our findings suggest the importance of the temporary movement of persons for providing firms with up-to-date links to export markets.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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A literature review of the nexus between migration and internationalization
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. - : Routledge. - 0963-8199 .- 1469-9559. ; 30:3, s. 319-340
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protectionism and anti-globalization tides have been rising already before the COVID-19 pandemic, with Brexit and the China-U.S. trade war, as two examples. A continued disruption to global trade, investment and value chains could worsen global development. Economic recovery will require restoring firms' ability to trade, offshore and invest globally. To achieve this, it will be useful to understand the role of migration for foreign trade, investment and other aspects of internationalization. In this paper we review and discuss over 100 papers published about migrants' roles on international trade, foreign direct investment and offshoring. Although the evidence suggests that migration facilitates trade and internationalization, we also note substantial gaps and inconsistencies in the existing literature. The aim of this paper is to encourage further research and assist policymakers in their efforts to promote economic recovery including internationalization.
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| 22. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Brexflektioner : Vilka blir de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av att Storbritannien lämnar EU?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Uppsala, Sweden : Nationalekonomiska Föreningen / Swedish Economic Society. - 0345-2646. ; 44:6, s. 15-27
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En kommande brexit kommer att få politiska och ekonomiska konsekvenser, inte minst genom minskad utrikeshandel och försämrat ekonomiskt samarbete i Europa. Vi diskuterar de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av en brexit, med fokus på handel och handelspolitik. Förmodligen har de negativa ekonomiska konsekvenserna underskattats eftersom den handelshämmande effekten av minskad migration inte beaktats. Vår slutsats är att brexit kommer att försämra den ekonomiska integrationen mellan EU och Storbritannien samt leda till en försvagad brittisk handelspolitik, vilket särskilt kan drabba Sverige. För att minimera kostnaderna av brexit bör Sverige eftersträva ett så ambitiöst och heltäckande ekonomiskt partnerskapsavtal mellan EU och Storbritannien som möjligt.
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| 23. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Do Immigrants Spur Offshoring? : Firm-Level Evidence
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Offshoring is an important aspect of firms’ internationalization. However, offshoring comes at a cost, especially where information or trust is lacking. Immigrant employees could reduce such offshoring costs through their knowledge of their former home countries and via access to foreign networks. We develop a framework of heterogeneous final-good firms to guide our empirical analysis and draw on new employer-employee data for approximately 12,000 Swedish firms during the time period 1998-2007. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant employees spur offshoring activities by firms through lower offshoring costs. Hiring one additional foreign-born worker can increase offshoring up to three percent on average, with skilled migrants having the strongest effects.
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| 24. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Do Immigrants Spur Offshoring? : Firm-Level Evidence
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Offshoring provides firms with opportunities for internationalization and growth. But, offshoring comes at a cost, especially in presence of inadequate information and trust friction. Immigrant employees could reduce such offshoring transaction costs through their knowledge of former home countries and via access to foreign networks. This is the first firm-level study on migration and offshoring. In estimating a firm-level gravity model on new employer-employee data for approximately 12,000 Swedish firms during the time period 1998-2007, we are able to show that immigrant employees have a significant and positive impact on offshoring. Hiring one additional foreign-born worker can spur offshoring with up to three percent on average, and even more to low-income countries. The findings of this study could have potentially important policy implications. In addition to showing that immigrants could provide options for countries that aim to promote offshoring, the results introduce a completely new channel through which migration may promote development, through offshoring. This could encourage governments of developed nations to enhance their emphasis on migration as a tool for supporting private sector development in emerging economies.
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| 25. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Migrants Facilitate Internationalization? : A Review of the Literature
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How migration relates to internationalization has been a prominent question in international economics for a long time and its relevance for policy has increased with the amplified political focus on migration. But the role of migration for internationalization is not as obvious as the standard theory suggests, and tightening migration could have unexpected consequences for both developing and developed countries. In this paper we review and discuss over 100 papers published about migrants’ role in international trade and foreign direct investment, from pioneering country-level studies to nascent firm-level studies that utilize employer-employee data. To our knowledge, this is the first paper offering a wide-ranging review of the different strands of theory on the relationship between migration and internationalization, as well as new empirical findings. Although the evidence suggests that migration can facilitate internationalization, we also note substantial gaps and inconsistencies in the extant literature. The aim of this paper is to encourage future research and assist policymakers in their efforts to promote internationalization, and better understand the economic effects of changes in migration policy.
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| 26. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Immigrant employment and the contract enforcement costs of offshoring
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Review of World Economics. - : Springer. - 1610-2878 .- 1610-2886.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Offshoring continues to be an important dimension of firms' internationalization choices. However, offshoring also increases contract enforcement costs by inhibiting the coordination and monitoring of performance. Immigrant employees may reduce such costs through their specific knowledge of the employer, their country of birth and access to foreign networks. In this paper, we investigate the role of immigrant employees within firms on firm offshoring, employing rich administrative Swedish microlevel data that include specific information about the characteristics of employees, manufacturing firms and their bilateral offshoring. Our results support the hypothesis that immigrant employees increase offshoring by lowering contract enforcement costs. Hiring one additional immigrant employee is linked to a relatively larger increase in offshoring at the intensive than the extensive margin, on average. The association to offshoring is considerably stronger for skilled immigrant employees and for contract and R&D intensive offshoring. Instrumental variable estimations demonstrate qualitatively similar results, while a placebo test with randomized immigrant employment does not generate any link between immigrants and offshoring.
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| 27. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Migrants' Influence on Firm-level Exports
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - New York : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 16:4, s. 477-497
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the role of migrants in trade using a firm-level approach. We exploit a new employer–employee panel for Sweden, which encompasses close to 600,000 full-time employees, approximately 12,000 firms and data for 176 countries for the period 1998–2007. The resulting analysis provides novel firm-level evidence on the trade-migration relationship. Foreign-born workers have a positive association with firm exports. However, immigrants do not have an unconditional positive impact on firm trade. Mainly small firms gain from hiring foreign-born workers, and migrants need to be skilled and recently arrived to have a clear positive impact on firm export performance.
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| 28. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Migration and Servicification : Do Immigrant Employees Spur Firm Exports of Services?
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The World Economy. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0378-5920 .- 1467-9701. ; 42:11, s. 3368-3401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Services play an increasingly important role in production, employment and international trade but are subject to substantially higher trade costs relative to manufactured goods. Knowledge of how these trade costs can be mitigated is important for facilitating trade of services. In this paper, we analyze the role of immigrant employees as facilitators of firm exports of services, a role that remains largely unexamined. We bridge the gap in existing research by drawing on new data for nearly 30,000 Swedish firms during the period 1998-2007 within a heterogeneous firm framework. The results have important policy implications. As the multilateral approach to facilitating trade is challenged and more countries are imposing measures to restrict the cross-country mobility of people, policymakers may need to find new ways to promote exports of services. Our results indicate that immigrant employees spur firms’ export of services activities: hiring one additional foreign-born worker can increase services exports by approximately 2.5 percent, on average, with a stronger effect found for skilled and newly arrived immigrants. Therefore, policymakers could leverage the findings of this study to implement initiatives that utilize high-skilled immigrants to promote services exports.
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| 29. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Migration kan främja internationalisering
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ekonomiska samfundets tidskrift. - Helsingfors. - 0013-3183 .- 2323-1378. ; , s. 44-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Migration kan främja internationalisering. De positiva sambanden härleds till att migranterna med sina språkfärdigheter samt kunskaper om och kontakter i andra länder kan bidra till att sänka kostnaderna för företagens utrikeshandel. Dessutom kan migranter öka handeln genom att efterfråga produkter från sina hemländer. Bidraget till internationaliseringsprocesserna kan därmed ge företag och konsumenter tillgång till större marknader. Det ökar konkurrensen och effektiviteten i ekonomin.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The Brexit Trade Disruption Revisited
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The Estey Journal of International Law and Trade Policy. - Saskatoon, Canada : The Estey Centre for Law and Economics in International Trade. - 1496-5208. ; 17:1, s. 41-58
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The UK leaving the European Union, a ‘Brexit,’ would have economic and political implications. One of the most profound economic impacts would be on trade—the EU is the UK’s most important trade partner, with approximately half of UK total trade. A Brexit would imply looser economic integration between the UK and EU. In addition to the trade barriers that would arise from leaving the single market, there would also be negative trade policy effects. Previous analyses of the cost of a Brexit to the UK economy in terms of trade have probably underestimated the impact because they overlook the trade- enhancing role of migration. A Brexit would be likely to limit migration, which, in turn, would aggravate the exit’s trade-disruptive effect.
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| 33. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Foreign Networks for Trade in Services : Firm-level Evidence
- 2015
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study provides novel evidence of a positive and significant influence of firm investment into foreign networks – through the hiring of foreign-born workers in the firm – on both the propensity to export services as well as the intensity in exports. Because trade barriers are higher for services than for goods, and since trade in services is more sensitive to informal trade barriers, firm investment in access to foreign networks could in particular help to increase services exports. Investment in foreign links could benefit the overall access in the same cluster of firms,which, however, lowers the incentive for the individual firm to invest in such linkages itself. This study formalizes this idea that that the world can become ‘smaller’ through firms’ strategic trade-related decisions. We investigate whether firm investment to obtain access to foreign networks impacts exports of services by estimating a fixed effects panel model on a comprehensive firm-level dataset for Sweden and looking in particular at investment in links through the hiring of immigrants. Instrumental variable estimation mitigates the endogeneity concern. In addition to the key finding, our results demonstrate that weaker export experience enhances the role of investment into foreign networks in terms of propensity to export. As an ancillary result, we find that the skill level of foreignborn workers and the time elapsed since immigration also impact the degree to which firms can utilize foreign-born personnel as an investment to gain access to networks abroad. Our results provide a new understanding of how firms can overcome trade barriers that specifically impede services by investing in foreign networks, for example, through the hiring of foreign-born personnel. In this, our study emphasizes the need for policymakers to increase labor market participation among the foreign-born population as to way to promote internationalization in terms of services exports.
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| 34. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Role of Foreign Networks for Trade in Services : Firm-Level Evidence
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study provides novel evidence of a positive and significant influence of firm investment into foreignnetworks – through the hiring of foreign-born workers in the firm – on both the propensity to export services as wellas the intensity in exports. Because trade barriers are higher for services than for goods, and since trade in services ismore sensitive to informal trade barriers, firm investment in access to foreign networks could in particular help toincrease services exports. Investment in foreign links could benefit the overall access in the same cluster of firms,which, however, lowers the incentive for the individual firm to invest in such linkages itself. This study formalizesthis idea that that the world can become ‘smaller’ through firms’ strategic trade-related decisions. We investigatewhether firm investment to obtain access to foreign networks impacts exports of services by estimating a fixedeffects panel model on a comprehensive firm-level dataset for Sweden and looking in particular at investment inlinks through the hiring of immigrants. Instrumental variable estimation mitigates the endogeneity concern. Inaddition to the key finding, our results demonstrate that weaker export experience enhances the role of investmentinto foreign networks in terms of propensity to export. As an ancillary result, we find that the skill level of foreignbornworkers and the time elapsed since immigration also impact the degree to which firms can utilize foreign-bornpersonnel as an investment to gain access to networks abroad. Our results provide a new understanding of how firmscan overcome trade barriers that specifically impede services by investing in foreign networks, for example, throughthe hiring of foreign-born personnel. In this, our study emphasizes the need for policymakers to increase labormarket participation among the foreign-born population as to way to promote internationalization in terms ofservices exports.
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| 35. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Trade and migration : firm-level evidence
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Migration has been associated with higher levels of trade. Previous studies interpret this as evidence of migrants’ ability to lower trade costs. Nevertheless, no study has investigated the impact of migrants on firms’ foreign trade. Thus, they fail to both provide evidence on the role that migrants may play in lowering firms’ trade costs, and exactly through which mechanisms the impact is derived. This study, being the first to study in depth the impact of immigration on trade at the firm level, bridges this gap in research. It utilizes new and unique employer-employee data for 12,000 Swedish firms, for the period 1998-2007, in a firm-level gravity framework. It provides novel firm-level evidence, demonstrating a significant, positive, and robust impact of immigrants in raising firms’ foreign trade. Migrants are found to increase trade both on the extensive and intensive product margin. Further, the study is able to conclude that the sustained effect mainly derives from lower information frictions through superior knowledge of foreign-markets, although contacts are also important.
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| 36. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Trade, Migration and Integration : Evidence and Policy Implications
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The World Economy. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0378-5920 .- 1467-9701. ; 38:12, s. 2013-2048
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper takes as its point of departure the unique position recently adopted by Swedish policymakers emphasizing migration as a tool to increase trade. We attempt to empirically scrutinize this position. Our results demonstrate that migrants stimulate exports, especially along the extensive product margin of trade and for differentiated products, but have no significant impact on imports. This finding suggests that for small open economies where numerous immigrants are refugees, the strategy of using migration to facilitate trade may only be effective with respect to exports. This paper also contributes to the literature on trade and migration by exploiting data on gender and age, which allow us to draw inferences on the underlying impact channels. We adopt an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity issue due to potential reverse causality. The pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that migration primarily reduces fixed trade costs resulting from information and trust friction across migrant host and source countries. Importantly, the results imply that policymakers may be able to promote trade by improving immigrants’ labor market integration instead of simply being restricted to promoting more liberal immigration policies, which is generally more controversial.
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| 37. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Utlandsfödda främjar företagens utrikeshandel
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 40:5, s. 45-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mångfald i arbetskraften har betydelse för internationaliseringen av svenska företag. Personer födda i andra länder har kompetens som sänker trösklarna för internationalisering. De besitter användbara kunskaper om affärskultur, politik, religion och språk i sina tidigare hemländer. De har även tillgång till nätverk och kontakter i sina födelseländer som kan underlätta för internationella affärer. Denna artikel presenterar nya forskningsresultat som tyder på att mångfald i arbetskraften gynnar företagens utrikeshandel. Effekten kan förstärkas genom utbildning, samt genom att bättre underhålla nätverk och kontakter i ursprungsländerna. Företag kan därför använda mångfald som ett internationaliseringsfrämjande instrument.
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| 38. |
- Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Utlandsfödda kan främja företagens export av tjänster
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 43:6, s. 28-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ekonomin blir alltmer tjänsteorienterad. Sveriges BNP utgörs nu till ca 70 pro- cent av tjänster. Den andel av arbetskraften som sysselsätts inom tjänstesektorn ökar, samtidigt som industrin blir mer tjänsteintensiv. Men trots att karaktären på svensk utrikeshandel följer en liknande trend brister förståelsen av vad som driver och hämmar tjänsteutrikeshandeln. Denna kunskapslucka har fått oön- skade konsekvenser och kan förklara varför insatser för att underlätta interna- tionalisering avseende tjänster har fått en undanskymd roll i handelspolitiken. Denna artikel analyserar hur utlandsfödda inverkar på företagens utrikeshan- del med tjänster. Vi finner stöd för att svenska företag kan öka sin tjänsteutrikes- handel genom att anställa utlandsfödda med högskoleutbildning.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Johannesson, Louise, 1981-
(författare)
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Settling disputes at the World Trade Organization
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This cumulative dissertation consists of five self-contained essays, all of which are closely focused around issues that concern the WTO dispute settlement mechanism (DSM). In Essay 1, we describe salient features of the DSM using a unique data set. We observe a spike in new disputes in 2012, which in turn led to an increasing number of panels and appeals. This put the WTO under a heavy workload and delays soon became an issue. In Essay 2, we show that the DSM often appoint institutional insiders to serve as judges. Although the DSM was reformed under the WTO, the judges are similar to those found in the GATT. Furthermore, there is an incentive structure in place that encourage the WTO Secretariat to assume a larger role in writing panel reports and for panelists to let them. Essay 3 examines the role of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) provision Art. 8.10 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) in helping developing countries win disputes against richer countries. We observe that developing countries lose more claims when this provision is applied. I formulate a model and show that this observation can be consistent with the presumed benefit of Art. 8.10. Essay 4 addresses the problem of delays by asking ourselves whether we can lessen the problem with a permanent panel. I study features such as the panelists’ experience and prior working relationships in explaining the time it takes to issue panel reports and efficiency in examining claims. We find that prior collaboration can decrease duration. Lastly, in Essay 5, we assess the impact on trade for members that are not involved in disputes. There is evidence of positive trade effects after a dispute for noncomplainants, but the effects are limited to disputes that did not escalate to adjudication. We found no external dispute effects for adjudicated disputes.
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| 41. |
- Karlsson, Johan, 1990-
(författare)
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Essays on Family Firms and Firm Growth Barriers
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis concerns the implications of family ownership and perceived growth barriers for firm decision-making and performance. The first article examines the inclusion of family business in economics doctoral programs in the United States and Sweden, as well as the views of professors and textbook authors and research on family business. It is found that family business is not included in the examined curricula. Furthermore, professors and authors do not publish research on family business and generally do not see a need to incorporate it into economic theory. The article concludes by discussing the causes of this omission, as well as strategies to overcome them in order to further our understanding of economic action. The second article presents a novel strategy for identifying domiciled family firms using total population data. By applying this strategy to Swedish data, family firms are found to contribute to one-third of Swedish employment and gross domestic product, and a significant share of Sweden’s largest firms are family-owned. In general, family firms are found to be smaller than their non-family equivalents, although they are more profitable. Meanwhile, differences between family firms and nonfamily firms are found to diminish with firm size. The third article examines whether family firms have a comparative employment growth advantage over nonfamily firms in regions with relatively low population density. As a group, family firms are found to be the main source of job creation in rural regions, largely as a result of their large numbers. Nevertheless, the average family firm is found to grow more slowly than the average non-family firm. Meanwhile, in line with the study’s conjecture, this difference is found to decrease across the urban-rural context, i.e., across metropolitan, urban and rural regions. The fourth paper examines the representation of women in top management teams1 in family firms and non-family firms. Moreover, the share of women in a firm’s top management team is found to be positively associated with the additional appointment of female managers. Lastly, kinship bonds between the owning families and prospective managers are found to be positively associated with the appointment of women on top management teams. The fifth paper aims to capture the relationship between perceived growth barriers and firm size, which is achieved by developing a novel data-driven strategy for identifying firm size groups. It is found that smaller firms typically face accessibility constraints on equity financing, whereas larger firms generally face barriers related to competition and accessibility to qualified staff. These results are benchmarked against those using prevailing strategies for measuring firm size, whereby it is suggested that there may be a need for methodological rethinking in the field regarding its treatment of firm size.
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| 42. |
- Kinnman, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
-
A global Baltic : potential gains from trade liberalisation in the Baltic Sea states
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- What would a “Global Baltic”, liberalised to the rest of the world, mean for national income and trade patterns of the Baltic Sea region? Although the countries have displayed substantial economic growth and trading activity over the last decade, facilitated by politico-economic reforms, significant trade barriers still exist. Their removal might further boost the economies of the region. The aim of this study is to analyse the potential effects from unilateral trade liberalisation, using a CGE-model with monopolistic competition. Besides addressing the “usual suspects” (tariffs, subsidies and services barriers) and trade facilitation in the main simulation, we also address some non-tariff-measures (NTM) in a separate simulation. The NTM-simulation is based on recently released data. The effect of a “Global Baltic” would be a substantial boost to national income and trade of the region: a 1 and 0.9 percent increase in regional income, in the main and the NTM-scenario, respectively. Particularly strong results are found for the group of emerging economies. The largest income gains stem from a country’s own liberalisation. With respect to the different simulation elements, trade facilitation and reductions in NTMs bring the major sources of gains. In the main as well as the NTM scenario, income effects are primarily due to elimination of dead-weight losses caused by rules and regulations at, or behind the border and more efficient allocation of resources. The income effects from scale economies are slightly negative in both scenarios on an aggregate level. On a country level, the results show that different reforms create different incentives for production, and that the net-effect on a country’s national income will to a large extent be related to which sectors are expanding/contracting. Structurally, the expected joint effect of the two simulation scenarios is a move towards services and industrial production and export.
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| 43. |
- Kinnman, Susanna, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
A global Baltic : potential gains from trade liberalisation in the Baltic sea states
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Baltic Journal of Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1406-099X. ; 9:1, s. 55-79
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Though the Baltic Sea countries have displayed substantial growth and trading activity over the last decade, facilitated by reforms, significant trade barriers still exist. We analyse their implications, using a CGE-model. Besides the “usual suspects” (tariffs, subsidies and services barriers) and trade facilitation, we address non-tariff-measures (NTM) in a separate scenario. We find that the reforms would substantially boost national income and trade, especially for the group of emerging economies. Income gains are primarily due to elimination of dead-weight losses caused by rules and regulations and improved resource allocation. Jointly, the simulations indicate a move towards services and industrial production and export.
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| 44. |
- Kinnman, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic implications of the Doha round
- 2006
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study the key elements of the WTO Doha round are simulated and the main implications for international trade and national income are analysed. Based on negotiation positions at the recent Hong Kong ministerial conference, a number of Doha scenarios are carefully designed and implemented. All scenarios encompass goods, services and agricultural liberalisation as well as trade facilitation. For goods liberalisation, a so-called Swiss formula with two coefficients is used to cut bound tariff rates. Agricultural tariffs are cut according to a tiered linear formula with four bands. Considerable attention has been given to the modelling of trade facilitation. Indirect as well as direct trade transaction costs are modelled, using detailed cross-country data. For simulation of the services liberalisation we use quantitative estimates of the indirect trade barriers for each region and sector.The simulation results show that all regions in the aggregation gain in the simulated Doha scenarios, with a particularly strong result for developing countries. In this respect, the Doha round can be called a development round. A conservative estimate is that global income increases with 0.2-0.7 percent of initial GDP per year, depending on the level of liberalisation. Trade facilitation contributes the most to these results, with increased market access for non-agricultural goods coming in second place. However, services reforms contribute the least, as small real market openings are expected. Overall, simulations indicate the importance of countries’ own liberalisation for their national income gains. Therefore, a “round for free” does not seem to be a valid concept. Furthermore, the importance of a broad-based round is underlined. Excluding some elements of liberalisation from the round may turn potential gains into losses, for some countries.
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| 45. |
- Kinnman, Susanna, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
What is at Stake in the Doha Round?
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The World Economy. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0378-5920 .- 1467-9701. ; 30:8, s. 1305-1325
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study the key elements of the WTO Doha Round are simulated and the main implications for international trade and national income are analysed. Based on negotiation information, three scenarios are designed. All scenarios encompass goods, services and agricultural liberalisation as well as trade facilitation. For goods liberalisation, a so-called Swiss formula is used to cut bound tariff rates. Agricultural tariffs are cut according to a tiered linear formula. Attention has been given to the modelling of trade facilitation. Indirect as well as direct trade transaction costs are modelled. For simulation of the services liberalisation quantitative estimates of indirect trade barriers are used. The simulation results show that all regions in the aggregation gain in the simulated Doha scenarios, with a particularly strong result for developing countries. A conservative estimate is that global income increases with 0.2–0.7 per cent of initial GDP, depending on the level of liberalisation. Trade facilitation contributes the most to these results, with increased market access for non-agricultural goods coming in second place. Overall, simulations indicate the importance of countries' own liberalisation for their national income gains, and the importance of a broad-based round.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Kyvik Nordås, Hildegunn, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
-
Utrikeshandel, löner och rörlighet
- 2019
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Ingår i: En dynamisk arbetsmarknad. - Stockholm : Dialogos Förlag. - 9789175043609 ; , s. -55
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 49. |
- Lodefalk, Magnus, 1969-
(författare)
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Behovet av en ny handelspolitik
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm, Sweden : Nationalekonomiska Föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 45:6, s. 3-5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 50. |
- Lodefalk, Magnus, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
Business angels and firm performance : First evidence from population data
- 2023
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 18:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Business angels dominate early-stage investment in firms, but research on their effects on firms is scarce and limited by sample selection. To address sample selection, we propose using population data and we develop an algorithm for identifying business angel investments in such data. We illustrate this novel approach by applying it to detailed and longitudinal total population data for individuals and firms in Sweden. In our application, we focus on a subset of business angels-active business angels who are themselves successful entrepreneurs with a profitable exit. We then study active business angels' effects on firm performance, using population data. Employing a quasi-experimental estimator, we find that the business angels invest in firms that already perform above par. There is also a positive effect on subsequent growth compared with control firms. However, contrary to previous research on business angels, we cannot find any impact on firm survival. Overall, the paper underlines the need to address sample selection when studying business angels and suggests using population data for identification.
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