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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Håkansson, H., et al.
(författare)
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In vivo and in vitro toxicity of fractionated fish lipids, with particular regard to their content of chlorinated organic compounds
- 1991
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Ingår i: Pharmacology and Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 0901-9928 .- 1600-0773. ; 69:6, s. 459-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Six different lipid matrices (the intact lipid (IL), four lipid fractions with different polarity, and the free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained by hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) containing fraction) were obtained from salmon (Salmo salar) and eel (Anguilla anguilla), each collected at a contaminated and a comparatively uncontaminated catch site along the coast of Scandinavia. The lipid matrices were studied in toxicological test systems representing various biological functions of different organ systems from several species and trophic levels. The results were evaluated with particular respect to the concentrations of extractable organically bound chlorine (EOCl) in the matrices tested. In some test systems, the specimens with a higher EOCl concentration appeared to be more toxic. For example, the TAG containing fraction (F2) from Idefjord eel, having a higher EOCl content than F2 from Oslofjord eel, reduced the number and hatchability of eggs laid by zebrafish. Both IL and F2 of Idefjord eel increased mortality and reduced the oxygen/nitrogen-ratio in blue mussels. Non-polar compounds (F1) from Bothnian Sea salmon induced 7-ethoxyresurofin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes, whereas F1 from Senja salmon did not. F1 from Bothnian Sea salmon also reduced the number of T-cells in foetal mouse thymus anlagen in vitro compared with the cell number in anlagen exposed to F1 from Senja salmon. A positive correlation between EOCl concentration and test response was found for EROD activity in rainbow trout hepatocytes and for ATP-leakage in Erlich ascites tumour cells when testing the phospolipid containing fraction (F4). However, in most test systems the fish oils, irrespective of EOCl content, were of low toxicity, and the observed effects need to be verified in future studies.
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| 4. |
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| 7. |
- Lundberg, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Pd II oscillator strengths and the palladium abundance in the HgMn-type star chi Lupi
- 1996
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 469:1, s. 388-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental oscillator strengths for 19 ultraviolet lines of Pd II have been derived from measurements of line intensities in calibrated Fourier transform spectra, combined with picosecond-pulse laser measurements of radiative lifetimes. Five of these 19 lines, in addition to other Pd nr lines, are present in Hubble Space Telescope/Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph echelle spectra of the chemically peculiar HgMn star chi Lupi, yielding a palladium abundance of log (N-Pd) = +5.0, which is 3.3 dex above the solar abundance. Theoretical oscillator strengths have been calculated for all strong ultraviolet transitions associated with the lowest odd-parity configuration of Pd II.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Mellstrom, D, et al.
(författare)
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Osteoporosis, metabolic aberrations, and increased risk for vertebral fractures after partial gastrectomy
- 1993
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Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - 1432-0827. ; 53:6, s. 370-377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A case-control study compared 129 men with earlier partial gastrectomy (operation during the period 1952-1961) with 216 men from a community-based population study. All were born 1910-1915 and the mean age was 72 years. Men with a previous partial gastrectomy had vertebral fractures in 19% compared with 4% (P < 0.01) in the control population. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the right calcaneus measured with dual energy photon absorptiometry was 20% lower in men with a Billroth II operation (P < 0.001) and 8% lower with a Billroth I operation (ns). In comparison with the controls, the men subjected to partial gastrectomy had higher serum concentrations of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase activity, a lower serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and a lower body mass index (BMI). There were no difference in serum concentrations of free calcium, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), or free thyroxine. The smoking prevalence was significantly higher in men with partial gastrectomy than in controls. Smokers had significantly lower serum concentrations of intact PTH and 25OHD than nonsmokers and also lower BMD and BMI. The relationships between intact PTH on one hand, and ionized calcium (inverse relationship) and osteocalcin (direct relationship) on the other were preserved in smokers, however. Gastroscopy was performed in 78 men with multiple biopsies in the gastric remnant and also in the small intestine. All but two subjects had chronic gastritis. Examination of sternal bone marrow smears showed that 40% of the Billroth-operated men lacked bone marrow reticular iron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Tolosa, A J G, et al.
(författare)
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Effekter av polybromerade difenyletrar på sötvattenlevande evertebrater
- 1993
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) är en typ av persistenta, lipofila substanser som bl a ingår i flamskyddsmedel, jordbrukskemikalier och bensintillsatser. Stora mängder av dessa ämnen kommer så småningom ut i naturen men omfattningen och effekter är ännu föga kända. PBDE är huvudbeståndsdel i den tekniska blandningen Bromkal 70. För att testa kroniska effekter av PBDE på sötvattensevertebrater användes statiska vattensystem bestående av kärl med sediment som kontaminerats med Bromkal 70. I systemen hölls i olika försök individer av arterna Asellus aquaticus (gråsugga) och Gammarus pulex (märlkräfta). Studerade parametrar var överlevnad, reproduktionsframgång och subletala effekter. Dessutom undersöktes eventuella synergistiska effekter på kvicksilverupptag hos Chironomus riparius (fjädermygglarv). Försöken där reproduktion samt överlevnad av adulta och juvenila märlkräftor studerades (koncentration Bromkal 70: 10, 150, 500 och 1000 ppm våtvikt) visade inte på några statistiska skillnader mellan de olika exponeringarna. Stora svårigheter att tolka resultaten förelåg dock p g a flera metodiska problem samt stor dödlighet i kontrollen. I försöket där sedimentet kontaminerats både med Bromkal 70 (0,01, 1 och 100 ppm våtvikt) och radioaktivt kvicksilver framkom att storleken på upptaget av kvicksilver hos Chironomus var beroende av halten Bromkal 70 i sedimentet samt exponeringstiden.
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| 13. |
- Ahlborg, G, et al.
(författare)
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Central and regional hemodynamic effects during infusion of Big endothelin-1 in healthy humans
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 80:6, s. 1921-1927
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1) was given intravenously to six healthy men to study uptakes and vascular effects. Blood samples were taken from systemic and pulmonary arterial and internal jugular and deep forearm venous catheters. Arterial Big ET-1-like immunoreactivity (Big ET-1-LI) increased from 5.43 +/- 0.60 to 756 +/- 27 pmol/l, and ET-1-LI increased from 4.67 +/- 0.08 to 6.67 +/- 0.52 pmol/l (P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle fractional extraction of Big ET-1-LI was 15 +/- 4%. ET-1-LI release did not increase in the studied vascular beds. Heart rate fell by 17% (P < 0.001), cardiac output fell by 26% (P < 0.001), and stroke volume fell by 11% (P < 0.05). Mean arterial blood pressure increased 18%, systemic vascular resistance increased 65%, and pulmonary vascular resistance increased 57% (P < 0.01-0.001). Pulmonary blood pressures, forearm blood flow, arterial pH, arterial PCO2, and systemic arterial-internal jugular venous O2 difference remained unchanged. No specific Big ET-1 receptors were found in human pulmonary membranes. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for the receptor antagonist bosentan was 181 nM. In summary, circulating Big ET-1 elicits greater increases in mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and decreases in heart rate and cardiac output compared with an equimolar ET-1 infusion (26).
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| 14. |
- AHLBORG, G, et al.
(författare)
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Circulating endothelin-1 reduces splanchnic and renal blood flow and splanchnic glucose production in humans
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 79:1, s. 141-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of minimal changes in circulating plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) was studied in 12 healthy subjects receiving either 60 min of ET-1 (0.2 pmol.kg-1.min-1) or physiological saline intravenously. Blood was drawn from arterial, renal, and central hepatic vein catheters. Arterial ET-1-like immunoreactivity (ET-1-LI) increased from 4.7 +/- 0.4 (SE) to 8.6 +/- 1.0 pmol/l during ET-1 infusion. After 10 min, plasma ET-1-LI had increased to 6.12 +/- 0.29 pmol/l. For comparison the plasma ET-1-LI level was 12.9 +/- 4.2 pmol/in five patients with sepsis syndrome. Mean arterial blood pressure rose from 92 +/- 3 to 99 +/- 4 mmHg. Estimated splanchnic and renal blood flows fell by 18 +/- 5 and 10 +/- 3%, respectively, and splanchnic glucose production fell by 42 +/- 6% within 10 min of the ET-1 infusion and differed compared with corresponding control values. Only estimated splanchnic blood flow had increased 60 min after the ET-1 infusion. No change in splanchnic uptake of lactate or glycerol was seen. In conclusion, we suggest that circulating ET-1 with small or no demonstrable change in plasma concentration interferes with vasoactivity and splanchnic glycogenolyses in health and possibly pathophysiological conditions.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- AHLBORG, G, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic and vascular effects of circulating endothelin-1 during moderately heavy prolonged exercise
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 78:6, s. 2294-2300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims were to investigate 1) the effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) during exercise and 2) the influence of exercise on arterial ET-1 levels. Six healthy subjects performed two exercises of 2 h duration at 50% of peak oxygen uptake preceded by intravenous infusion of physiological saline or ET-1 (4 pmol.kg-1.min-1). Blood specimens were taken from arterial and hepatic vein catheters. Arterial ET-1 rose 15-fold during the infusion. Splanchnic blood flow fell after ET-1 and remained lower than in control subjects during exercise (P < 0.001). Splanchnic glucose production was approximately 25% lower compared with control values during the whole exercise period (P < 0.01). Neither heart rate, arterial glucagon, insulin, catecholamines, renin, glucose, lactate, nor glycerol levels differed from control exercise values. The calculated gluconeogenesis from glycerol and lactate did not differ from the control values. ET-1 levels rose approximately twofold in the control exercise (P < 0.01) and in another group of seven subjects performing 1 h of exercise at 70% of peak oxygen uptake (P < 0.001). In conclusion, ET-1 levels increased during exercise without ET-1 administration. In addition, circulating ET-1 has a (direct or indirect) regulatory action on splanchnic blood flow and glucose metabolism during exercise (and possibly under pathophysiological conditions) in humans.
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| 17. |
- Ahlborg, G, et al.
(författare)
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Nitric oxide-endothelin-1 interaction in humans
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 82:5, s. 1593-1600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ahlborg, Gunvor, and Jan M. Lundberg. Nitric oxide–endothelin-1 interaction in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5): 1593–1600, 1997.—Healthy men received NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) intravenously to study cardiovascular and metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase blockade and whether this alters the response to endothelin-1 (ET-1) infusion. Controls only received ET-1.l-NMMA effects were that heart rate (17%), cardiac output (17%), and splanchnic and renal blood flow (both 33%) fell promptly (all P < 0.01). Mean arterial blood pressure (6%), and systemic (28%) and pulmonary (40%) vascular resistances increased ( P < 0.05 to 0.001). Arterial ET-1 levels (21%) increased due to a pulmonary net ET-1 release ( P < 0.05 to 0.01). Splanchnic glucose output (SGO) fell (26%, P < 0.01). Arterial insulin and glucagon were unchanged. Subsequent ET-1 infusion caused no change in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, or cardiac output, as found in the present controls, or in splanchnic and renal blood flow or splanchnic glucose output as previously found with ET-1 infusion (G. Ahlborg, E. Weitzberg, and J. M. Lundberg. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 141–145, 1995). In conclusion, l-NMMA like ET-1, induces prolonged cardiovascular effects and suppresses SGO.l-NMMA causes pulmonary ET-1 release and blocks responses to ET-1 infusion. The results indicate that nitric oxide inhibits ET-1 production and thereby interacts with ET-1 regarding increase in vascular tone and reduction of SGO in humans.
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| 18. |
- Amiri-Mosavi, A, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors in medullary thyroid cancer.
- 1999
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Ingår i: The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1102-4151. ; 165:7, s. 628-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To characterise the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor subtypes in medullary thyroid cancer by measuring the expression of CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptor mRNA.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Borgquist, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The Relationship between Health-state Utilities and the SF-12 in a General Population
- 1999
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Ingår i: Medical decision making. - : SAGE. - 1552-681X .- 0272-989X. ; 19:2, s. 128-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It would be a major advance if quality-of-life instruments could be translated into health- state utilities. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between the SF-12 and health-state utilities, based on responses to a postal questionnaire sent to a random sample of 8,000 inhabitants, aged 20-84 years, in the general population. The questionnaire included the SF-12, a rating-scale (RS) question, and a time-tradeoff (TTO) question; the response rate was 68%. Age, gender, and the 12 items of the SF- 12 were used as explanatory variables in a linear regression analysis of the health- state utilities. The regression models explained about 50% of the variance in the RS answers and about 25% of the variance in the TTO answers. Most of the SF-12 items were related to the health-state utilities in the expected ways, with especially strong results for the RS method. The results suggest that the SF-12 can be converted to health-state utilities, but that further work is needed to reliably estimate the conversion function. Key words: health status; SF-12; rating scale; time-tradeoff; health-related quality of life; health-state utilities; population study. (Med Decis Making 1999;19:128- 140)
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Eriksson, Elias, et al.
(författare)
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Sex, Lust och SSRI
- 1998
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Ingår i: Symposiebok. - : H Lundbeck AB, Stockholm.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Gerdtham, U. G., et al.
(författare)
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The demand for health : Results from new measures of health capital
- 1999
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Ingår i: European Journal of Political Economy. - : Elsevier B.V. - 0176-2680 .- 1873-5703. ; 15:3, s. 501-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper estimates a "Grossman" model of demand for health. We measure health status on a 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) cardinal scale by the rating scale method and the time trade-off method. We also use a categorical measure of overall health status commonly used in quality of life measurements. To estimate the demand for health equations, the Tobit technique is used for the rating scale and time trade-off health measure. The ordered probit model is used for the categorical health measure. The demand for health decreases with the price of medical care, age, overweight, smoking and living alone, and increases with income, education and the level of sporting activities.
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| 27. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Grunewald, C, et al.
(författare)
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Exhaled oral and nasal nitric oxide during L-arginine infusion in preeclampsia
- 1998
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Ingår i: Gynecologic and obstetric investigation. - : S. Karger AG. - 0378-7346 .- 1423-002X. ; 46:4, s. 232-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b>Objective: </b>To determine the effects of the nitric oxide (NO) precursor <i>L</i>-arginine on the airway NO concentration in patients with preeclampsia. <b>Methods:</b> NO was measured by a noninvasive chemiluminescence technique in air sampled directly from nasal and oral cavities during expiration before and during <i>L</i>-arginine infusion in 9 preeclamptic and 10 control pregnancies. Maternal blood pressure and heart rate were simultaneously recorded, and blood was sampled for analyses of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and nitrate. <b>Results: </b>Basal nasal and orally exhaled NO and the increment in nasal NO concentration during <i>L</i>-arginine infusion were similar in both groups. Basal plasma and platelet cGMP concentrations were similar in both groups. Following <i>L</i>-arginine infusion, plasma cGMP levels were significantly higher in preeclamptics (p < 0.01), while platelet cGMP was unaffected in both groups. Basal plasma nitrate was significantly higher in preeclamptics (p < 0.01), and this difference was not altered following infusion. Blood pressure and heart rate remained unaffected by the procedure in both groups. <b>Conclusions:</b> Blood pressure did not decrease in the preeclamptics following <i>L</i>-arginine infusion, despite a significant increase in nasal NO sampled during breathhold and a concomitant increase in plasma cGMP, possibly reflecting an endogenous NO production. These results do not support the idea of a generalized decrease in NO production being a major cause of hypertension in preeclampsia.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Johanneson, B, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of genome-scans performed in multicase families with systemic lupus erythematosus from different population groups
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Autoimmunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0896-8411. ; 13, s. 137-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systemic lupus erythematosus is a disease of unknown etiology. Multiple genetic factors are believed to be involved in its pathogenesis. In addition, and due to genetic heterogeneity, these factors and/or their combinations may be different in different ethnic groups, while some might be shared between populations. We have performed genome scans in multicase families from three different population groups, two from Northern Europe, with a high degree of homogeneity, and the third from a recently admixed population of Mexican Mestizos. Although our family material is relatively small, the results presented here show that using family sets from well defined populations are sufficient to detect susceptibility loci for SLE. Our results also reveal the chromosomal regions most likely to contain susceptibility genes for SLE.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Lundberg, C, et al.
(författare)
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Dementia and driving: an attempt at consensus
- 1997
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Ingår i: Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0893-0341. ; 11:1, s. 28-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 43. |
- Lundberg, G, et al.
(författare)
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Inmatning av sebrafisk, Brachydanio rerio, med halogenerade substanser extraherade från lax och ål. Studier av bioackumulering och reproduktionskapacitet.
- 1992
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fiskoljor extraherades från ål (Anguilla anguilla) och lax (Salmo salar). Fiskarna var fångade i både förorenade och relativt opåverkade områden. Toxiciteten av oljorna samt en fraktion (triacylglyceroler och fria fettsyror) av oljorna testades med avseende på effekter orsakade av Extraherbar Organiskt bunden Klor (EOCl). Sebrafiskhonor (Brachydanio rerio) utfodrades med frystorkade mygglarver som kontaminerats med de olika fiskoljorna och fraktionerna varefter bioackumulering av EOCl och reproduktionskapacitet (antal lagda ägg och kläckningsprocent) studerades. Den fraktionerade oljan från ål fångad i ett förorenat område var mer toxisk än motsvarande fraktion från ett relativt opåverkat område. Utfodring med de ursprungliga fiskoljorna gav inga skillnader i reproduktionskapacitet trots skillnader i halten EOCl. Analyserad halt EOCl i oljorna visade god korrelation med koncentrationerna i oljorna även om upptagseffektiviteten varierade för de olika oljorna. De funna effekterna kunde inte enbart förklaras av EOCl-intaget men utfodringsförsöket visade ändå att exponering för kontaminerat foder är en relevant metod för att studera biologiska effekter orsakade av lipofila ämnen.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Lundberg, Ingvar, 1934, et al.
(författare)
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Självmedvetande
- 1995
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Ingår i: Nationalencyklopedin, 1:a uppl., Band 16. - Höganäs : Bra Böcker. - 917024619X
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 48. |
- Lundberg, J. O. N., et al.
(författare)
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Increased nitric oxide production in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis
- 1997
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. - : Wiley. - 0014-2972 .- 1365-2362. ; 27:10, s. 869-871
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production of nitric oxide (NO) is increased in active ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease. We have studied NO production in collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), both of which are inflammatory bowel disorders of unknown aetiology. NO levels were measured directly in gas sampled from the colon during colonoscopy. Plasma levels of NO metabolites (nitrate/nitrite) were also measured. Luminal NO levels were more than 100 times higher in patients with CC compared with controls. In addition, plasma levels of nitrate/nitrite were increased in the patients as compared with controls. Measurements of NO directly in the colon or its oxidation products in plasma may be a helpful tool in further understanding the role of NO in the pathophysiology of CC and LC. Moreover, it is tempting to speculate that these measurements could be clinically useful in the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of these two inflammatory bowel diseases.
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| 49. |
- Lundberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of user charges on the use of prescription medicines in different socio-economic groups
- 1998
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Ingår i: Health policy (Amsterdam). - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd. - 1872-6054 .- 0168-8510. ; 44:2, s. 123-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the sensitivity towards increases in user charges for different types of drugs and among different socio-economic groups. It was based on responses by 2008 consumers of prescription drugs to a self-administered postal questionnaire sent to a random sample of 8000 inhabitants in Uppsala County in Sweden. The questionnaire included a question about whether the respondents would use fewer prescription drugs if the user charges increased by a specific amount. The increase in user charges was varied between 9 and 150% in five different subsamples. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability that a respondent would reduce consumption of prescription drugs as a function of the size of the user charges increase, socio-economic characteristics and the type of drug used. Results showed that the price sensitivity decreased with increasing age, income, education and self-rated health status. Price sensitivity was highest for antitussives and lowest for climacteric drugs. If the user charges doubled, 40% of antitussives users would reduce their consumption whereas only 11% of climacteric drugs users would reduce their consumption. It is concluded that sensitivity to increases in user charges varied greatly between different types of drugs and between socio-economic groups. The young, those with poor health status, low education and low income are most likely to decrease consumption of prescription drugs when user charges increase.
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| 50. |
- Lundberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Health-state utilities in a general population in relation to age, gender and socioeconomic factors
- 1999
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Ingår i: European journal of public health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1464-360X .- 1101-1262. ; 9:3, s. 211-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This study examined health-related quality of life in a general population in relation to different socioeconomic variables. Method: The study was cross-sectional and was conducted in Uppsala county, Sweden, which had approximately 290,000 inhabitants in 1995. The study was based on a self-administered postal questionnaire sent to a random sample of 8,000 inhabitants aged 20–84 years, with a response rate of 68%. Health-related quality of life was measured on a 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) cardinal scale by two methods used to measure health-state utilities in economic evaluations, i.e. the rating scale method and the time trade-off method. Results: The mean age was 46 years and approximately 54% were women. Almost 70% were married or cohabitors. Approxiamtely 33% of the respondents had less than high-school education and 26% had a university degree. The mean income was SEK 13,000 per month and the proportion unemployed was 4.5%. The proportions of blue-collar workers, white-collar workers and self-employed were 40, 50 and 10% respectively. With the rating scale method, the mean health-state utility decreased from 0.86 in the youngest age group (20–29 years) to 0.63 (80–years) in the oldest age group and from 0.94 to 0.61 with the time trade-off method. Quality of life increased with income, education and social group and decreased with being single and unemployed. Conclusion: These methods are useful in assessing health-related quality of life in the general population and that quality of life varies substantially among different sodoeconomic groups.
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