| 1. |
- Amin, Vikesh, et al.
(författare)
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The intergenerational transmission of schooling : are mothers really less important than fathers?
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a “puzzle” in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of schooling, where twin studies emphasize the importance of fathers’ schooling, whereas IV-studies often emphasize the importance of mothers. We provide new evidence on this “puzzle” using register based Swedish data on the largest sample of twins used so far in the literature. In contrast to previous twin studies, our results confirm the importance of mothers’ schooling. We also provide the first twin-based evidence of role model effects, where our estimates suggest that only mother's schooling matters when allowing the effects to differ between sons and daughters. One additional year of mothers’ schooling raises daughter’s schooling by a tenth of a year, which is similar to some of the previous IV-based estimates in the literature. Finally, we bring in new US twin data that for the first time allow a replication of previous twin-based estimates of the intergenerational transmission of schooling in the US. The results show that that mothers’ and fathers’ schooling has no effect on children’s schooling in the US. Our results have implications for assessing the efficiency of policies that subsidize the schooling of men and women and are in contrast to most previous findings in the twin literature.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Elvira, et al.
(författare)
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Income Receipt and Mortality – Evidence from Swedish Public Sector Employees
- 2014
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we study the short-run effect of salary receipt on mortality among Swedish public sector employees. By using data on variation in paydays across work-places, we completely control for mortality patterns related to, for example, public holidays and other special days or events coinciding with paydays and for general within-month and within-week mortality patterns. We find a dramatic increase in mortality on the day salaries arrive. The increase is especially pronounced for younger workers and for deaths due to activity-related causes such as heart conditions and strokes. Additionally, the effect is entirely driven by an increase in mortality among low income individuals, who are more likely to experience liquidity constraints. All things considered, our results suggest that an increase in general economic activity on salary receipt is an important cause of the excess mortality.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G, et al.
(författare)
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Do Socioeconomic Factors Really Explain Income-Related Inequalities in Health? : Applying a Twin Design to Standard Decomposition Analysis
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concentration index and decomposition analysis are commonly used in economics to measure and explain socioeconomic inequalities in health. Such analysis builds on the strong assumption that a health production function can be estimated without substantial bias implying that health is caused by socioeconomic outcomes, which is hard to prove. This article contributes to the decomposition literature by applying a twin design to standard decomposition analysis of socioeconomic health inequalities in Sweden. The twin-based decomposition estimates, which control for unobserved endowments at the twin-pair level, are much lower in magnitude than estimates obtained via typical OLS on the same sample. This demonstrates that OLS-based decompositions are severely upward biased due to underlying confounders, exaggerating the contribution of income and education to health inequality, which in turn limits the usefulness of such decompositions for policy purposes.
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| 5. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent health and adult labor market outcomes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 37, s. 25-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas a large literature has shown the importance of early life health for adult socioeconomic outcomes, there is little evidence on the importance of adolescent health. We contribute to the literature by studying the impact of adolescent health status on adult labor market outcomes using a unique and large-scale dataset covering almost the entire population of Swedish males. We show that most types of major conditions have long-run effects on future outcomes, and that the strongest effects result from mental conditions. Including sibling fixed effects or twin pair fixed effects reduces the magnitudes of the estimates, but they remain substantial. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Body Size, Skills, and Income : Evidence From 150,000 Teenage Siblings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Duke University Press. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 51:5, s. 1573-1596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we provide the first evidence of a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight or obese as a teenager. Second, we replicate this result using data from the United States and the United Kingdom. Third, we note a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size and cognitive skills/noncognitive skills. Fourth, a large part of the estimated body-size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. Taken together, these results reinforce the importance of policy combating early-life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
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| 7. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Body size, skills, and income : Evidence from 150,000 teenage siblings
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the widely described consequences of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity the economics literature to date has almost exclusively focused on the relationship between body size and earnings among adults. We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we show for the first time that there is a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight and obese as a teenager. Second, we show that this result can be replicated using data from the USA and the UK. Third, we show a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size, on the one hand, and cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills, on the other hand. Fourth, we show that a large part of the estimated body size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. All of these results hint at the importance of policy combating early life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:2, s. 235-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms - biological, environmental and behavioural - behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborg et al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Height and Earnings: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 49:1, s. 141-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18, and a subsample of 150,000 siblings, to examine why tall people earn more. We show the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills, as well as family background and muscular strength for the height-earnings relationship. In addition, we show that a substantial height premium remains after these factors have been accounted for, which originates from very short people having low earnings. This is mostly explained by the sorting of short people into low-paid occupations, which may indicate discrimination by stature.
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| 12. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Nature, nurture and socioeconomic policy-What can we learn from molecular genetics?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6130 .- 1570-677X. ; 8, s. 320-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many countries use public resources to compensate individuals with genetic disorders, identified by behaviors/symptoms such as chronic diseases and disabilities. This paper draws attention to molecular genetic research which may provide a new dimension to our understanding of how socioeconomic outcomes are generated. We provide an overview of the recently emerging evidence of gene-environment interaction effects. This literature points out specific areas where policies may compensate groups of individuals carrying genetic risks, without the need to identify anyone's genetic endowments. Moreover, epigenetics studies, which concern heritable changes in gene functions that occur independently of the DNA sequence, have shown that environments may affect heritable traits across generations. It means that policies which neutralize adverse environments may also increase intergenerational mobility, given that genetic and/or environmental risk factors are more common in socially disadvantaged groups.
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| 13. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Parental Education and Offspring Outcomes : Evidence from the Swedish Compulsory School Reform
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 6:1, s. 253-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the Swedish compulsory school reform to estimate the causal effect of parental education on sons' outcomes. To this end, we use data from the Swedish military enlistment register on the entire population of males and consider outcomes, such as cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, and various dimensions of health at the age of 18. We find positive effects of maternal education on sons' skills and health status but no effects of paternal education. One reason behind this result may be that the fathers affected by the reform did not face any labor market returns to their increased schooling.
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| 14. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Parental education and offspring outcomes : Evidence from the Swedish compulsory schooling reform
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we exploit the Swedish compulsory schooling reform in order to estimate the causal effect of parental education on son's outcomes. We use data from the Swedish enlistment register on the entire population of males and focus on outcomes such as cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills, and various dimensions of health at the age of 18. We find significant and positive effects of maternal education on sons' skills and health status. Although the reform had equally strong effects on father’s education as on mother’s education, we find little evidence that paternal education improves son’s outcomes.
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| 15. |
- Lundborg, Petter
(författare)
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The health returns to schooling-what can we learn from twins?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 26:2, s. 673-701
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper estimates the health returns to schooling, using a twin design. For this purpose, I use data on monozygotic twins from the Midlife in the United States survey. The results suggest that completing high school improves health, as measured through self-reported health, chronic conditions, and exercise behavior, but that additional schooling does not lead to additional health gains. Controlling for certain early life factors that may vary within twin pairs does not alter the main conclusions of this paper.
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| 16. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Pre-Market Skills in Explaining the Height Premium in Earnings
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study attempts to improve our understanding of the height premium by using large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18. With detailed data on cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills, as well as adult earnings, we show that each type of skill explain similar fractions of the height premium. This result holds when exploiting within-family variation in height and skills among 150,000 siblings. We also estimate models with centimeter fixed effects and find that the remaining height premium mainly originates from very short people having low earnings.
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| 17. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Unga feta mäns magra inkomster − vad vet vi om orsakerna?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 39:4, s. 44-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna artikel visar att män som var feta redan som tonåringar har betydligt lägre inkomster än normalviktiga. Detta gäller såväl i Sverige som i USA och Storbritannien. Familjespecifika faktorer under uppväxten utgör en viktig förklaring till detta fenomen. Unga feta mäns sämre fysiska kapacitet, vilket kan länkas till deras hälsostatus, verkar också vara betydelsefull i sammanhanget. Sammantaget understryker detta vikten av att motverka uppkomsten av barn- och ungdomsfetma, vilken således inte bara har betydande återverkningar på hälsa utan även på framgången på arbetsmarknaden långt senare i livet.
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| 18. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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When a Little Dirt Doesn’t Hurt : The Effect of Family Size on Child Health Outcomes
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- : This paper studies the causal effect of family size on children’s health. We formulate a model of child health production where family size has a negative effect on child health due to resource dilution but a positive effect due to a positive effect on the development of the immune system, as proposed by the hygiene hypothesis. We use a large dataset on the entire Swedish male birth cohorts between 1965 and 1978 to evaluate which effect that dominates. We use the occurrence of twin births as exogenous shifts in family size. Overall, our results suggest that family size has a positive effect on general health outcomes. This suggests that the mechanism proposed in the hygiene hypothesis dominates the mechanism proposed in the quantity-quality model.
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| 19. |
- Maarten, Lindeboom, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the impact of obesity on labor market outcomes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6130 .- 1570-677X. ; 8:3, s. 309-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of obesity on employment using rich data from the British National Child Development Study (NCDS) The results show a significant negative association between obesity and employment even after controlling for a rich set of demographic socioeconomic environmental and behavioral variables In order to account for the endogeneity of obesity we use and assess instruments Introduced by Cawley (2004) the obesity status of biological relatives Using parental obesity as an instrument we show that the association between obesity and employment is no longer significant Similar results are obtained in a model of first differences We provide a number of different checks on the instruments by exploiting the richness of the NCDS data The results show mixed evidence regarding the validity of the instruments
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| 20. |
- Van den Berg, Gerard, et al.
(författare)
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Critical periods during childhood and adolescence : a study of adult height among immigrant siblings
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We identify the ages that constitute sensitive (or critical) periods in children’s development towards their adult health status. For this we use data on families migrating into Sweden from countries that are poorer, with less healthy conditions. Long-run health is proxied by adult height. The relation between siblings’ ages at migration and their heights after age 18 allows us to estimate the causal effect of conditions at certain ages on adult height. We effectively exploit that for siblings the migration occurs simultaneously in calendar time but at different developmental stages (ages). We find evidence that the period just before the puberty growth spurt constitutes a critical period. We also study adult cognitive score outcomes and we compare sensitive age periods for cognitive ability to those for height.
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| 21. |
- van den Berg, Gerard J., et al.
(författare)
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Critical periods during childhood and adolescence
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1542-4766 .- 1542-4774. ; 12:6, s. 1521-1557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We identify the ages that constitute sensitive (or critical) periods in children's development towards their adult health status, skills, and human capital. For this, we use data on families migrating into Sweden from countries that are poorer, with less healthy conditions. Late-life health is proxied by adult height and other adult outcomes. The relation between siblings' ages at migration and their adult outcomes allows us to estimate the causal effect of conditions at specific childhood ages. We effectively exploit that, for siblings, the migration occurs simultaneously in calendar time but at different developmental stages (ages). We find evidence that the period just before the puberty growth spurt constitutes a critical period for adult height and we find related critical periods for adult cognition, mental health, and education.
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| 22. |
- Van Duijn, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Expected and actual replacement rates in the pension system of the Netherlands: how and why do they differ?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. - 1475-3022. ; 12:2, s. 168-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the expected retirement replacement rates (RRs) of several cohorts of Dutch employees at the time of their planned retirements. It also computes RRs based on the available pension records. We find that the expected replacement rate (E(RR)) is, in general, higher than the ones we compute. Larger discrepancies are found for younger cohorts and for individuals with less education and working experience. We also examine the difference between the expected and computed RRs and find that the mismatch is mostly related to poor institutional knowledge. We also show the role of assumptions about institutions and wage profiles in determining our results.
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