| 1. |
- Cole, John W, et al.
(författare)
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Genetics of the thrombomodulin-endothelial cell protein C receptor system and the risk of early-onset ischemic stroke.
- 2018
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymorphisms in coagulation genes have been associated with early-onset ischemic stroke. Here we pursue an a priori hypothesis that genetic variation in the endothelial-based receptors of the thrombomodulin-protein C system (THBD and PROCR) may similarly be associated with early-onset ischemic stroke. We explored this hypothesis utilizing a multi-stage design of discovery and replication.Discovery was performed in the Genetics-of-Early-Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study, a biracial population-based case-control study of ischemic stroke among men and women aged 15-49 including 829 cases of first ischemic stroke (42.2% African-American) and 850 age-comparable stroke-free controls (38.1% African-American). Twenty-four single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) in THBD and 22 SNPs in PROCR were evaluated. Following LD pruning (r2≥0.8), we advanced uncorrelated SNPs forward for association analyses. Associated SNPs were evaluated for replication in an early-onset ischemic stroke population (onset-age<60 years) consisting of 3676 cases and 21118 non-stroke controls from 6 case-control studies. Lastly, we determined if the replicated SNPs also associated with older-onset ischemic stroke in the METASTROKE data-base.Among GEOS Caucasians, PROCR rs9574, which was in strong LD with 8 other SNPs, and one additional independent SNP rs2069951, were significantly associated with ischemic stroke (rs9574, OR = 1.33, p = 0.003; rs2069951, OR = 1.80, p = 0.006) using an additive-model adjusting for age, gender and population-structure. Adjusting for risk factors did not change the associations; however, associations were strengthened among those without risk factors. PROCR rs9574 also associated with early-onset ischemic stroke in the replication sample (OR = 1.08, p = 0.015), but not older-onset stroke. There were no PROCR associations in African-Americans, nor were there any THBD associations in either ethnicity.PROCR polymorphisms are associated with early-onset ischemic stroke in Caucasians.
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| 2. |
- Iqbal, Asif, et al.
(författare)
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An experimental forensic testbed : Attack-based digital forensic analysis of WAMPAC applications
- 2018
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Ingår i: IET Conference Publications. - Croatia : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forensic Investigations; Forensic Evidence Substation; Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control; PMUs etc. Abstract The global trend is to go digital, in other words, go 'smart'. Like the rest of the world, power sector is also getting smarter hence the term smart power grids and substations. Such capability comes at the price of heightened risk of potential cyber threats to substations. With all such potential risks, we must be able to trace back and attribute any potential threats to its root. In this paper, we're exploring substations to find potential evidence in case a forensic investigation becomes a necessity. Moreover, a forensic experimental testbed is proposed for digital forensic analysis. Finally, a mapping of attack-based forensic evidence is presented.
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| 3. |
- Iqbal, Asif, et al.
(författare)
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Digital Forensic Analysis of Industrial Control Systems Using Sandboxing : A Case of WAMPAC Applications in the Power Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 12:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In today's connected world, there is a tendency of connectivity even in the sectors which conventionally have been not so connected in the past, such as power systems substations. Substations have seen considerable digitalization of the grid hence, providing much more available insights than before. This has all been possible due to connectivity, digitalization and automation of the power grids. Interestingly, this also means that anybody can access such critical infrastructures from a remote location and gone are the days of physical barriers. The power of connectivity and control makes it a much more challenging task to protect critical industrial control systems. This capability comes at a price, in this case, increasing the risk of potential cyber threats to substations. With all such potential risks, it is important that they can be traced back and attributed to any potential threats to their roots. It is extremely important for a forensic investigation to get credible evidence of any cyber-attack as required by the Daubert standard. Hence, to be able to identify and capture digital artifacts as a result of different attacks, in this paper, the authors have implemented and improvised a forensic testbed by implementing a sandboxing technique in the context of real time-hardware-in-the-loop setup. Newer experiments have been added by emulating the cyber-attacks on WAMPAC applications, and collecting and analyzing captured artifacts. Further, using sandboxing for the first time in such a setup has proven helpful.
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| 4. |
- Iqbal, Asif, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of Attack-based Digital Forensic Evidences for WAMPAC Systems
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2018. - Seattle, Washington, USA : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781538650356 ; , s. 3078-3086
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power systems domain has generally been very conservative in terms of conducting digital forensic investigations, especially so since the advent of smart grids. This lack of research due to a multitude of challenges has resulted in absence of knowledge base and resources to facilitate such an investigation. Digitalization in the form of smart grids is upon us but in case of cyber-attacks, attribution to such attacks is challenging and difficult if not impossible. In this research, we have identified digital forensic artifacts resulting from a cyber-attack on Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) systems, which will help an investigator attribute an attack using the identified evidences. The research also shows the usage of sandboxing for digital forensics along with hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup. This is first of its kind effort to identify and acquire all the digital forensic evidences for WAMPAC systems which will ultimately help in building a body of knowledge and taxonomy for power system forensics.
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| 5. |
- Iqbal, Asif, et al.
(författare)
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Intelligent analysis of digital evidences in large-scale logs in power systems attributed to the attacks
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2018. - 9781538650356 ; , s. 3087-3092
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smart grid improves and revolutionizes the way how energy is generated, distributed and consumed. Despite utilization of such technologies for better life of end-users and communities, there might be outlier events happening that will introduce disturbance to the smart grids. To mitigate impact from such events in power grid, particularly in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPAC) has been introduced for mitigation and prevention of large disruption and extreme events. Large network of interconnected devices is being monitored through WAMPAC sub-system to avoid major events with negative impact through analysis of system-wide contextual information. The assessment of the state is being made based on the data from Phasor Measurement Unit (PMUs) collected and processed in the Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC). There is an enormous amount of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication that the system has to analyze. However, blackout prediction and mitigation is done using measurements data and does not necessarily focus on more high level adversarial events. This paper proposes an ongoing research into timely detection of adversarial attack on the power grid. During the experimental phase, authentication attack scenario was successfully executed on power substation setup. Further, framework for intelligent identification of digital evidences related to attack was suggested unveiling possibility for crime investigations preparedness.
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