| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Gabrielsson, Britt, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular characterization of a local sulfonylurea system in human adipose tissue.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Molecular and cellular biochemistry. - 0300-8177 .- 1573-4919. ; 258:1-2, s. 65-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are present in many cell types and link cellular metabolism to the membrane potential. These channels are heterooctamers composed of two subunits. The sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits are targets for drugs that are inhibitors or openers of the KATP channels, while the inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) subunits form the ion channel. Two different SUR genes (SUR1 and SUR2) and two different Kir6.x genes (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2) have been identified. In addition, isoforms of SUR2, SUR2A and SUR2B, have been described. We have previously performed expression profiling on pooled human adipose tissue and found high expression of SUR2. Others have reported expression of SUR1 in human adipocytes. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the sulfonylurea receptor complex components in human adipose tissue. RT-PCR analysis, verified by restriction enzyme digestions and DNA sequencing, showed that SUR2B, Kir6.1 and alpha-endosulfine, but not SUR1, SUR2A or Kir6.2, are expressed in human adipose tissue. Real-time RT-PCR showed that SUR2B was expressed at higher levels in subcutaneous compared with omental adipose tissue in paired biopsies obtained from seven obese men (p < 0.05). Analysis of tissue distribution showed that SUR2B expression in adipose tissue was lower than that in muscle, similar to that in heart and liver, while the expression in pancreas was lower. The effect of caloric restriction was tested in obese men (n = 10) treated with very low calorie diet for 16 weeks, followed by a gradual reintroduction of ordinary food for 2 weeks. Biopsies were taken at week 0, 8 and 18. There was no consistent effect of weight reduction on SUR2B or Kir6.1 expression. We conclude that the necessary components for a local sulfonylurea system are expressed in human adipose tissue and that the sulfonylurea receptor complex in this tissue is composed of SUR2B and Kir6.1. The expression of SUR2B was higher in subcutaneous compared with omental adipose tissue and was not affected by weight loss.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ah-King, Malin, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic analysis of twinning in Callitrichinae
- 2000
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Ingår i: American Journal of Primatology. - 0275-2565 .- 1098-2345. ; 51:2, s. 135-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The callitrichines are known for twinning and for a communal rearingsystem in which all or most group members help care for the offspring.The origin of twinning has been the subject of much speculation. In thisstudy predictions from earlier hypotheses are tested on the basis of twoalternative phylogenetic trees. From this analysis we infer that helpingbehavior and male care preceded the origin of twinning, and that thesetraits did not coevolve with, but might have been important prerequisitesfor twinning in callitrichines. Small body size does not necessarilyresult in twinning, although it might still have been a prerequisite forits evolution. Gum feeding was an ecological change which evolved alongwith twinning. If nutrition was a limiting factor in the number of offspringproduced, then the use of a new feeding resource could have beencrucial for the origin of twinning in callitrichines. According to one of thetwo alternative solutions inferred by the total evidence tree, and in accordancewith the morphological tree, semi-annual breeding appears inthe marmosets together with specialization in gum feeding. The fact thatgums are available for these monkeys all year may have facilitated semiannualbreeding. We suggest that the exploitation of gums as a feedingresource could have been the decisive factor in the increase of the reproductiverate by twinning and by semi-annual breeding.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Gabrielsson, Britt, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Depot-specific expression of fibroblast growth factors in human adipose tissue.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Obesity research. - : Wiley. - 1071-7323 .- 1550-8528. ; 10:7, s. 608-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have investigated the expression of several fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF-receptors (FGFRs) in human adipose tissue and adipose-tissue cell fractions obtained from both subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) depots.
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| 8. |
- Gabrielsson, Britt, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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High expression of complement components in omental adipose tissue in obese men.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Obesity research. - : Wiley. - 1071-7323 .- 1550-8528. ; 11:6, s. 699-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Accumulation of visceral fat is recognized as a predictor of obesity-related metabolic disturbances. Factors that are predominantly expressed in this depot could mediate the link between visceral obesity and associated diseases. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 10 obese men. Gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarrays in triplicate and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum C3 and C4 were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion assays in 91 subjects representing a cross section of the general population. Body composition was measured by computerized tomography. RESULTS: Complement components C2, C3, C4, C7, and Factor B had higher expression in omental compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue ( approximately 2-, 4-, 17-, 10-, and 7-fold, respectively). In addition, adipsin, which belongs to the alternative pathway, and the classical pathway components C1QB, C1R, and C1S were expressed in both depots. Analysis of tissue distribution showed high expression of C2, C3, and C4 in omental adipose tissue, and only liver had higher expression of these genes. Serum C3 levels correlated with both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in both men (r = 0.65 and p < 0.001 and r = 0.52 and p < 0.001, respectively) and women (r = 0.34 and p = 0.023 and r = 0.49 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas C4 levels correlated with only visceral fat in men (r = 0.36, p = 0.015) and with both depots in women (visceral: r = 0.58, p < 0.001; and subcutaneous: r = 0.51, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Recent studies show that the metabolic syndrome is associated with chronically elevated levels of several immune markers, some of which may have metabolic effects. The high expression of complement genes in intra-abdominal adipose tissue might suggest that the complement system is involved in the development of visceral adiposity and/or contributes to the metabolic complications associated with increased visceral fat mass.
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| 9. |
- Godl, Klaus, et al.
(författare)
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The N terminus of the MUC2 mucin forms trimers that are held together within a trypsin-resistant core fragment.
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Journal of biological chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 277:49, s. 47248-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The N terminus of the human MUC2 mucin (amino acids 1-1397) has been expressed as a recombinant tagged protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The intracellular form was found to be an endoglycosidase H-sensitive monomer, whereas the secreted form was an oligomer that gave monomers upon disulfide bond reduction. The secreted MUC2 N terminus contained a trypsin-resistant core fragment. Edman sequencing and mass spectrometry of the peptides obtained localized this core fragment to the C-terminal end of the recombinant protein. This core retained its oligomeric nature with an apparent mass of approximately 240 kDa. Upon reduction, peptides of approximately 85 kDa were found, suggesting that the N terminus forms trimers. This interpretation was also supported by gel electrophoresis and gel filtration of the intact MUC2 N terminus. Electron microscopy revealed three globular domains each linked via an extended and flexible region to a central part in a trefoil-like manner. Immunostaining with gold-labeled antibodies localized the N-terminal end to the three globular structures, and the antibodies directed against the Myc and green fluorescent protein tags attached at the C terminus localized these to the stalk side of the central trefoil. The N terminus of the MUC2 mucin is thus assembled into trimers that contain proteolytically stable parts, suggesting that MUC2 can only be partly degraded by intestinal proteases and thus is able to maintain a mucin network protecting the intestine.
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| 10. |
- Graffner-Nordberg, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Computational predictions of binding affinities to dihydrofolate reductase: synthesis and biological evaluation of methotrexate analogues
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-4804 .- 0022-2623. ; 43:21, s. 3852-3861
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative binding affinities to human dihydrofolate reductase of four new potential antifolates, containing ester linkages between the two aromatic systems, were estimated by free energy perturbation simulations. The ester analogue, predicted to exhibit the highest binding affinity to human dihydrofolate reductase, and a reference ester (more structurally related to methotrexate) were synthesized. As deduced from the measured IC(50) values, the calculated ranking of the ligands was correct although a greater difference in affinity was indicated by the experimental measurements. Among the new antifolates the most potent inhibitor exhibited a similar pharmacokinetic profile to methotrexate but lacked activity in a complex antiarthritic model in rat in vivo.
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| 11. |
- Graffner-Nordberg, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Design, Synthesis, Computational Prediction and Biological Evaluation of Ester Soft Drugs as Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Pneumocystis Carinii
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 44:15, s. 2391-2402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of lipophilic soft drugs structurally related to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors trimetrexate and piritrexim have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in DHFR assays, with special emphasis on the inhibition of P. carinii DHFR. The best inhibitors, encompassing an ester bond in the bridge connecting the two aromatic systems, were approximately 10 times less potent than trimetrexate and piritrexim. The metabolites were designed to be poor inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations of three ligands in complex with DHFR from Pneumocystis carinii and from the human enzyme were conducted in order to better understand the factors determining the selectivity. A correct ranking of the relative inhibition of DHFR was achieved utilizing the linear interaction energy method. The soft drugs are intended for local administration. One representative ester was selected for a pharmacokinetic study in rats where it was found to undergo fast metabolic degradation to the predicted inactive metabolites.
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| 12. |
- Hasselberg, Linda, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of alkylphenols on CYP1A and CYP3A expression in first spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X. ; 67:4, s. 303-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alkylphenols are continuously released into the ocean as a result of offshore oil production. Alkylphenols, including 4-tert-butylphenol (C-4), 4n-pentylphenol (C-5), 4n-hexylphenol (C-6), and 4n-heptylphenol (C-7) up to 237 ppb concentrations, have been detected in produced water from oil platforms. Previous studies have shown that alkylphenols induce vitellogenesis in fish. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) of both sexes were force-fed with various doses ranging between 0.02 and 80 ppm of a mixture of alkylphenols (C-4:C-5:C-6:C-7 ratio 1: 1: 1: 1) or 5 ppm 17beta-estradiol. We investigated effects on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A protein expression in protein blots, using antibodies against scup (Stenotomus chrysops) CYP1A1 and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CYP3A. There was asexually dimorphic expression of CYP1A and CYP3A protein levels, with females expressing higher levels than males. Treatment of male Atlantic cod with 17beta-estradiol resulted in increased CYP1A and CYP3A protein levels. Exposure to alkylphenols resulted in a dose-dependent increase of CYP1A and CYP3A protein expression in males, but not in females. However, this increase of CYP1A protein levels was not reflected on the CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, implying that alkylphenols inhibited the CYP1A enzyme activity in vivo. In vitro inhibition studies with pooled liver microsomes from Atlantic cod confirmed that the alkylphenols mixture efficiently inhibited the CYP1A activity (IC50 = 10 muM), although the inhibitory effect of each individual alkylphenol varied. The IC50 values for each individual alkylphenol on the CYP1A activity were, in a descending order of magnitude: [C-7 > C-6 > C-5 much greater than C-4], ranging from 12 to 300 muM with decreased length of the 4-alkyl chain. The effect of alkylphenols on the CYP3A activity in vitro in liver microsomes also was investigated, using the fluorescent 7-benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin (BFC) as a diagnostic CYP3A substrate. The alkylphenol mixture inhibited CYP3A activity with IC50 value at 100 muM. The IC50 values for each individual alkylphenol on CYP3A activity were, in a descending order of magnitude: [C-5 > C-6 > C-7 > C-4] ranging between 60 and 250 muM. Taken together, our results show that the alkylphenol mixture and 17beta-estradiol resulted in elevated hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A expression in male Atlantic cod. The alkylphenol mixture strongly inhibited CYP1A activities, whereas it weakly inhibited CYP3A activity in Atlantic cod liver microsomes in vitro. In addition, 17beta-estradiol was a weak inhibitor of CYP3A activity (IC50 = 75 muM) and did not notably inhibit the CYP1A activity in vitro. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Hinojosa-Kurtzberg, A Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Novel MUC1 splice variants contribute to mucin overexpression in CFTR-deficient mice.
- 2003
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Ingår i: American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1857 .- 1522-1547. ; 284:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse expressing the human mucin MUC1 transgene (CFM) reverted the CF/Muc1(-/-) phenotype (little mucus accumulated in the intestine) to that of CF mice expressing mouse Muc1, which exhibited increased mucus accumulation. Western blots and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the MUC1 protein was markedly increased in CFM mice in which it was both membrane bound and secreted into the intestinal lumen. Studies to determine the reason for increased levels of the extracellular domain of MUC1 mucin identified mRNA and protein of two novel splice variants and the previously described secreted MUC1 lacking the cytoplasmic tail (MUC1/SEC). Novel MUC1 splice variants, CT80 and CT58, were both transmembrane proteins with cytoplasmic tails different from the normal MUC1. The MUC1-CT80 and MUC1/SEC forms are found expressed mainly in the CFM mice intestines. Thus MUC1 expression is increased, and it appears that alternate cytoplasmic tails may change its role in signaling. MUC1 could be an important contributor to the CF intestinal phenotype.
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| 14. |
- Håkansson, Anders P, et al.
(författare)
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A folding variant of alpha-lactalbumin with bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae
- 2000
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Ingår i: Molecular Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 0950-382X .- 1365-2958. ; 35:3, s. 589-600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study describes an alpha-lactalbumin folding variant from human milk with bactericidal activity against antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The active complex precipitated with the casein fraction at pH 4.6 and was purified from casein by a combination of anion exchange and gel chromatography. Unlike other casein components, the active complex was retained on the ion-exchange matrix and eluted only with high salt. The eluted fraction showed N-terminal and mass spectrometric identity with human milk alpha-lactalbumin, but native alpha-lactalbumin had no bactericidal effect. Spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that the active form of the molecule was in a different folding state, with secondary structure identical to alpha-lactalbumin from human milk whey, but fluctuating tertiary structure. Native alpha-lactalbumin could be converted to the active bactericidal form by ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of a cofactor from human milk casein, characterized as a C18:1 fatty acid. Analysis of the antibacterial spectrum showed selectivity for streptococci; Gram-negative and other Gram-positive bacteria were resistant. The folding variant of alpha-lactalbumin is a new example of naturally occurring molecules with antimicrobial activity.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Kim, HS, et al.
(författare)
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Methanocarba modification of uracil and adenine nucleotides: High potency of northern ring conformation at P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11) but not P2Y(6) receptors
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-4804 .- 0022-2623. ; 45:1, s. 208-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potency of nucleotide antagonists at P2Y(1) receptors was enhanced by replacing the ribose moiety with a constrained carbocyclic ring (Nandanan, et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 829842). We have now synthesized ring-constrained methanocarba analogues (in which a fused cyclopropane moiety constrains the pseudosugar ring) of adenine and uracil nucleotides, the endogenous activators of P2Y receptors. Methanocarba-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was fixed in either a Northern (N) or a Southern (S) conformation, as defined in the pseudorotational cycle. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine was prepared from the 1-amino-pseudosugar ring by treatment with beta-ethoxyacryloyl cyanate and cyclization to form the uracil ring. Phosphorylation was carried out at the 5'-hydroxyl group through a multistep process: Reaction with phosphoramidite followed by oxidation provided the 5'-monophosphates, which then were treated with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole for condensation with additional phosphate groups, The ability of the analogues to stimulate phospholipase C through activation of turkey P2Y(1) or human P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), and P2Y(11) receptors stably expressed in astrocytoma cells was measured. At recombinant human P2Y(1) and P2Y(2) receptors, (N)-methanocarba-ATP was 138- and 41-fold, respectively, more potent than racemic (S)-methanocarba-ATP as an agonist. (N)methanocarba-ATP activated P2Y(11) receptors with a potency similar to ATP. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) was equipotent to UTP as an agonist at human P2Y2 receptors and also activated P2Y(4) receptors with an EC50 of 85 nM. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) was inactive at the hP2Y(6) receptor. The vascular effects of (N)-methanocarba-UTP and (N)-methanocarba-UDP were studied in a model of the rat mesenteric artery, The triphosphate was more potent than UTP in inducing a dilatory P2Y(4) response (pEC(50) = 6.1 +/- 0.2), while the diphosphate was inactive as either an agonist or antagonist in a P2Y(6) receptor-mediated contractile response. Our results suggest that new nucleotide agonists may be designed on the basis of the (N) conformation that favors selectivity for P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11) receptors.
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| 17. |
- Korayem, A M, et al.
(författare)
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A Drosophila salivary gland mucin is also expressed in immune tissues : evidence for a function in coagulation and the entrapment of bacteria
- 2004
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Ingår i: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-1748 .- 1879-0240. ; 34:12, s. 1297-1304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our studies on the developmental regulation of glycosylation in Drosophila melanogaster led us to identify and characterize gp 150, an ecdysone-regulated mucin that is found in hemocytes, the gut (peritrophic membrane) and in the salivary glands. We are particularly interested in mucin immune functions and found that gp 150 is released from larval hemocytes, becomes part of the clot and participates in the entrapment of bacteria. By RT-PCR and RNAi experiments, we identified gp 150 as the previously described 171-7, an ecdysone-induced salivary glue protein. We discuss the evolutionary and biochemical implications of the dual use of salivary proteins for immune functions in insects. Further molecular characterization of such shared proteins may enable a better understanding of the properties of proteins involved in containment and elimination of microbes, as well as hemostasis and wound repair.
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| 18. |
- Lidell, Martin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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The recombinant C-terminus of the human MUC2 mucin forms dimers in Chinese-hamster ovary cells and heterodimers with full-length MUC2 in LS 174T cells.
- 2003
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Ingår i: The Biochemical journal. - 0264-6021. ; 372:Pt 2, s. 335-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The entire cDNA corresponding to the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the human MUC2 apomucin, after the serine- and threonine-rich tandem repeat, was expressed in Chinese-hamster ovary-K1 cells and in the human colon carcinoma cell line, LS 174T. The C-terminus was expressed as a fusion protein with the green fluorescent protein and mycTag sequences and the murine immunoglobulin kappa-chain signal sequence to direct the protein to the secretory pathway. Pulse-chase studies showed a rapid conversion of the C-terminal monomer into a dimer in both Chinese-hamster ovary-K1 and LS 174T cells. Disulphide-bond-stabilized dimers secreted into the media of both cell lines had a higher apparent molecular mass compared with the intracellular forms. The MUC2 C-terminus was purified from the spent culture medium and visualized by molecular electron microscopy. The dimer nature of the molecule was visible clearly and revealed that each monomer was attached to the other by a large globular domain. Gold-labelled antibodies against the mycTag or green fluorescent protein revealed that these were localized to the ends opposite to the parts responsible for the dimerization. The C-terminus expressed in LS 174T cells formed heterodimers with the full-length wild-type MUC2, but not with the MUC5AC mucin, normally expressed in LS 174T cells. The homodimers of the MUC2 C-termini were secreted continuously from the LS 174T cells, but no wild-type MUC2 secretion has been observed from these cells. This suggests that the information for sorting the MUC2 mucin into the regulated secretory pathway in cells having this ability is present in parts other than the C-terminus of MUC2.
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| 19. |
- Lindberg, Marie K, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen receptor alpha, but not estrogen receptor beta, is involved in the regulation of the OPG/RANKL (osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand) ratio and serum interleukin-6 in male mice.
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Journal of endocrinology. - : Bioscientifica. - 0022-0795 .- 1479-6805. ; 171:3, s. 425-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estrogens are important for the male skeleton. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) have been suggested to be involved in the skeletal effects of estrogen. We treated orchidectomized mice with estradiol for 2 weeks and observed a 143% increase in the trabecular bone mineral density of the distal metaphysis of femur that was associated with a decreased OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio in vertebral bone. A similar decreased OPG/RANKL ratio was also seen after estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female mice. The effect of estrogen receptor (ER) inactivation on the OPG/RANKL ratio was dissected by using intact male mice lacking ER alpha (ERKO), ER beta (BERKO) or both receptors (DERKO). The expression of OPG was increased in ERKO and DERKO but not in BERKO male mice, resulting in an increased OPG/RANKL ratio. Furthermore, serum levels of IL-6 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP 5b) were decreased in ERKO and DERKO, but not in BERKO male mice. These results demonstrate that ER alpha, but not ER beta, is involved in the regulation of the vertebral OPG/RANKL ratio, serum levels of IL-6 and TRAP 5b in male mice.
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| 20. |
- Ljung, Thomas, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Central and peripheral glucocorticoid receptor function in abdominal obesity.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of endocrinological investigation. - 0391-4097 .- 1720-8386. ; 25:3, s. 229-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abdominal obesity seems to be associated with a moderately deranged feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis where central glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are involved. Therefore, functions of central and peripheral GR were compared in this study. Furthermore, since trinucleotide repeats in early exons of steroid hormone receptor genes influence transcription, and therefore may influence receptor density, this was also studied. Ten middle-aged men, 5 with abdominal obesity and 5 controls, were studied. The suppression of dexamethasone (dex) on serum cortisol was used in dose-response tests to assess the function of central GR. Abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were incubated and exposed to cortisol in different concentrations, and the function of the peripheral GR assayed as induction of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Aberrant expansion of exonic trinucleotide repeats in the first coding exon of the GR gene was studied by sequencing of genomic DNA. Results showed that men with abdominal obesity showed less inhibition of serum cortisol by dex, particularly at lower concentrations, while in the controls cortisol secretion was inhibited in an apparent dose-response manner. LPL activity in adipose tissue was lower in abdominal obese men than in controls. However, the sensitivity to cortisol was not different between the groups. There was no evidence for expansion of trinucleotide repeats. These results suggest that the central GR and the peripheral GR in adipose tissue exhibit functional differences in abdominal obesity.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Tullberg, Birgitta S., et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic reconstruction of the parental-care system in the ancestors of birds
- 2002
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Ingår i: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - 0962-8436 .- 1471-2970. ; 357, s. 251-257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the controversy surrounding incipient avian parental care, ancestral parental care systems werereconstructed in a phylogeny including major extant amniote lineages. Using two different resolutions forthe basal avian branches, transitions between the states no care, female care, biparental care and malecare were inferred for the most basal branches of the tree. Uniparental female care was inferred for thelineage to birds and crocodiles. Using a phylogeny where ratites and tinamous branch off early and anordered character-state assumption, a transition to biparental care was inferred for the ancestor of birds.This ancestor could be any organism along the lineage leading from the crocodile–bird split up to modernbirds, not necessarily the original bird. We discuss the support for alternative avian phylogenies and thehomology in parental care between crocodiles and birds. We suggest that the phylogenetic pattern shouldbe used as a starting point for a more detailed analysis of parental care systems in birds and their relatives.
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| 25. |
- Zhang, J. G., et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of spray formed ultrahigh-carbon steels
- 2004
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 383:1, s. 45-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure and mechanical properties of the spray formed 1.25C-3.0Si-1.5Cr ultrahigh-carbon steel (UHCS) were described. The 1.25C-3.0Si-1.5Cr UHCS was processed by spray forming to break up carbide networks. The fine pearlites with average interlamellar spacing of 0.20 mum was observed in the as-sprayed microstructure. The ultimate tensile strength and the pearlite spacing can be related by the Hall-Petch equation. The as-sprayed 1.25C-3.0Si-1.5Cr UHCS consisting of fine lamellar pearlites has been shown to exhibit superplastic behavior at elevated temperature. The dramatic change of microstructure from fine lamellar pearlites to equiaxed grains stabilized by spheroidized particles during superplastic deformation has been observed. The estimation on the basis of thermodynamics shows that the content of chromium of 1.54 wt.% is needed to inhibit graphite formation in the l.25C-3.OSi-1.5Cr UHCS.
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| 26. |
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