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| 2. |
- Kristiansson, P., et al.
(författare)
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Optical dot gain on newsprint determined with the Lund nuclear microprobe
- 1997
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 130:1-4, s. 303-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A technique for measuring optical dot gain, i.e. the relative difference between the actual screen dot and the optically perceived one, is presented. By combining measurements from the non-optical nuclear microprobe with data from image analyzing technique the optical dot gain can be determined. The procedure to reach pixel by pixel correlation on a micrometer scale is discussed. In the newsprint sample studied in this investigation a typical optical dot gain between 15 and 20% was deduced. The variation in the optical dot gain was correlated with other characteristic parameters of the print and newsprint and especially a positive correlation to the mass density of the newsprint was observed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Malmqvist, L, et al.
(författare)
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Liquid-target laser-plasma source for X-ray lithography
- 1997
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Ingår i: Microelectronic Engineering. - 1873-5568. ; 35:1-4, s. 535-536
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a compact and practically debris-free laser-plasma x-ray source suitable for proximity lithography. The source is based on a microscopic fluorocarbon continuous liquid jet droplet target, generating high-brightness lambda=1.2-1.7 nm x-ray emission with similar to 5% conversion efficiency. This target type has the advantages of producing only negligible amounts of debris, and being regenerative, thereby allowing high-repetition-rate uninterrupted operation. The source is combined with an Au/SiNx x-ray mask to demonstrate lithography of sub-100 nm structures in SAL-601 chemically enhanced resist.
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| 4. |
- Malmqvist, L, et al.
(författare)
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Nanometer table-top proximity x-ray lithography with liquid-target laser-plasma source
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B. - : American Vacuum Society. - 1520-8567. ; 15:4, s. 814-817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A compact laser-plasma proximity x-ray lithography system suitable for laboratory-scale low-volume nanometer patterning is presented. The laser-plasma source, which is based on a fluorocarbon liquid-jet target, generates high-brightness lambda = 1.2-1.7 nm x-ray emission with only negligible debris production. The Au/SiNx x-ray mask is fabricated by employing ion milling and a high-contrast e-beam resist. With SAL-601 chemically enhanced resist we demonstrate fabrication of high-aspect-ratio, sub-100 nm structures. The exposure time is currently 20 min using a compact 10 Hz, lambda = 532 nm, 70 mJ/pulse mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. However, the regenerative liquid-jet target is designed for operation with future, e.g., 1000 Hz, lasers resulting in projected exposure times of similar to 10 s. (C) 1997 American Vacuum Society.
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| 5. |
- Verikas, Antanas, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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A New method for colour measurements in graphic arts
- 1999
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Ingår i: Color Research and Application. - New York : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0361-2317 .- 1520-6378. ; 24:3, s. 185-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a method for colour measurements directly on printed half-tone multicoloured pictures. The article introduces the concept of colour impression. By this concept we mean the CMY or CMYK vector (colour vector), which lives in the three- or four-dimensional space of printing inks. Two factors contribute to values of the vector components, namely, the percentage of the area covered by cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks (tonal values) and ink densities. The colour vector expresses integrated information about the tonal values and ink densities. Values of the colour vector components increase if tonal values or ink densities rise and vice versa. If, for some primary colour, the ink density and tonal value do not change, the corresponding component of the colour vector remains constant. If some reference values of the colour vector components are set from a preprint, then, after an appropriate calibration, the colour vector directly shows how much the operator needs to raise or lower the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink densities in order to correct colours of the picture being measured. The values of the components are obtained by registering the RGB image from the measuring area and then transforming the set of registered RGB values to the triplet or quadruple of CMY or CMYK values, respectively. Algorithms based on artificial neural networks are used for performing the transformation. During the experimental investigations, we have found a good correlation between components of the colour vector and ink densities.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, J., et al.
(författare)
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Application of optical fluorescence spectroscopy to paper production
- 1999
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Ingår i: TAPPI INTERNATIONAL PAPER PHYSICS CONFERENCE. - Atlanta : Tappi Press. - 0898529549 ; , s. 429-436
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorescence light emitted from paper following the absorption of either ultraviolet or visible light has a wavelength distribution determined by the chemical composition of the paper. This can be used both for laboratory measurements of paper characteristics and for on-line monitoring of the paper during production. Such measurements can be performed non-intrusively at sampling rates high enough to give a sub-millimetre resolution in the machine direction in a paper machine or rerewinder. In this project two types of fluorescence monitors have been constructed. They are operating at different wavelengths and thereby they monitor different substances in the paper. The monitors have been tested at newsprint producing paper mills together with an optical speedometer. The measurements in the production environment have shown that the equipment is capable of indirectly monitoring paper quality parameters which affect the local abundance of lignin. Examples of such parameters are the number of shives in the paper and wire marks. A fluorescence based method for scanning cross-directional newsprint profiles in the laboratory has been developed. From these measurements the relative shrinkage of the paper during drying can be calculated using time-frequency analysis.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, J, et al.
(författare)
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Time-resolved Studies of Light-propagation In Paper
- 1995
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Ingår i: Applied Optics. - 2155-3165. ; 34:9, s. 1528-1535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for time-resolved recording of light scattering in thin, highly scattering media is described. Subpicosecond pulses from a high-power Ti:sapphire laser are used, and single-shot recordings of the scattered light are made with a fast streak camera. The method is applied to the study of light scattering in paper, and a 1-ps resolution is demonstrated. The dependence of the light scattering on the basis of weight and density of the paper has been studied. A white-light continuum generated from the high-power pulses by the use of self phase modulation in water is used to study the wavelength dependence of the scattering process. A model for the propagation of light in paper has been developed and used in Monte Carlo simulations. The experimental results are used for testing this model, and absorption and scattering parameters are determined from that comparison.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hertz, H.M, et al.
(författare)
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Optically trapped non-linear particles as probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy
- 1995
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Ingår i: Ultramicroscopy. - 0304-3991. ; 57:2-3, s. 309-312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the frequency doubled light from an optically trapped lithium niobate particle for non-intrusive scanning near-field optical microscopy. The detected power from this 50-100 nm diameter probe is currently tens of pW and is expected to approach nW with an improved detection system. The current experimental resolution is approximately 0.5 [mu]m, while the ultimate theoretical resolution is 70-90 nm. An acoustic trap which potentially allows higher resolution imaging is briefly described.
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| 10. |
- Malmqvist, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Droplet-target laser-plasma source for proximity x-ray lithography
- 1996
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 68:19, s. 2627-2629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A compact, high-brightness and practically debris-free laser-plasma soft x-ray source for proximity x-ray lithography is described. The target of the source is small liquid fluorocarbon droplets injected into vacuum with a piezoelectrically vibrated nozzle. Emission from helium- and hydrogenlike fluorine in the 1.2-1.7 nm wavelength range was determined to similar to 2X10(12) photons/(sr-pulse). which corresponds to a conversion efficiency of similar to 5% of the 70 mJ laser pulse. Exposure of a copolymer of PMMA-MAA confirms the measured photon flux. Debris production was approximately 70 pg/sr pulse. The applicability of the source for dedicated lithography systems is discussed. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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| 11. |
- Malmqvist, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Liquid-jet target for laser-plasma soft x-ray generation
- 1996
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 1089-7623 .- 0034-6748. ; 67:12, s. 4150-4153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a new liquid-target system for low-debris laser-plasma soft x-ray sources. The system is based on a microscopic liquid jet and is experimentally evaluated for 0.7-1 keV proximity lithography and water-window x-ray microscopy applications. Compared to an existing liquid-droplet target, this target system has the same low debris emission, high x-ray photon flux, and narrow spectral bandwidth. The advantages of the liquid-jet target include improved x-ray flux stability, increased range of suitable target liquids, and elimination of the need for temporal synchronization, thereby allowing less complex laser systems to be used. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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