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1.
  • Cruz, Raquel, et al. (författare)
  • Novel genes and sex differences in COVID-19 severity
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Human Molecular Genetics. - : Oxford University Press. - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 31:22, s. 3789-3806
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Here, we describe the results of a genome-wide study conducted in 11 939 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive cases with an extensive clinical information that were recruited from 34 hospitals across Spain (SCOURGE consortium). In sex-disaggregated genome-wide association studies for COVID-19 hospitalization, genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) was crossed for variants in 3p21.31 and 21q22.11 loci only among males (P = 1.3 × 10−22 and P = 8.1 × 10−12, respectively), and for variants in 9q21.32 near TLE1 only among females (P = 4.4 × 10−8). In a second phase, results were combined with an independent Spanish cohort (1598 COVID-19 cases and 1068 population controls), revealing in the overall analysis two novel risk loci in 9p13.3 and 19q13.12, with fine-mapping prioritized variants functionally associated with AQP3 (P = 2.7 × 10−8) and ARHGAP33 (P = 1.3 × 10−8), respectively. The meta-analysis of both phases with four European studies stratified by sex from the Host Genetics Initiative (HGI) confirmed the association of the 3p21.31 and 21q22.11 loci predominantly in males and replicated a recently reported variant in 11p13 (ELF5, P = 4.1 × 10−8). Six of the COVID-19 HGI discovered loci were replicated and an HGI-based genetic risk score predicted the severity strata in SCOURGE. We also found more SNP-heritability and larger heritability differences by age (<60 or ≥60 years) among males than among females. Parallel genome-wide screening of inbreeding depression in SCOURGE also showed an effect of homozygosity in COVID-19 hospitalization and severity and this effect was stronger among older males. In summary, new candidate genes for COVID-19 severity and evidence supporting genetic disparities among sexes are provided.
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2.
  • Benavides, Raquel, et al. (författare)
  • The GenTree Leaf Collection : Inter- and intraspecific leaf variation in seven forest tree species in Europe
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 30:3, s. 590-597
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Motivation Trait variation within species can reveal plastic and/or genetic responses to environmental gradients, and may indicate where local adaptation has occurred. Here, we present a dataset of rangewide variation in leaf traits from seven of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Sample collection and trait assessment are embedded in the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims at characterizing the genetic and phenotypic variability of forest tree species to optimize the management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources. Our dataset captures substantial intra- and interspecific leaf phenotypic variability, and provides valuable information for studying the relationship between ecosystem functioning and trait variability of individuals, and the response and resilience of species to environmental changes. Main types of variable contained We chose morphological and chemical characters linked to trade-offs between acquisition and conservation of resources and water use, namely specific leaf area, leaf size, carbon and nitrogen content and their ratio, and the isotopic signature of stable isotope C-13 and N-15 in leaves. Spatial location and grain We surveyed between 18 and 22 populations per species, 141 in total, across Europe. Time period Leaf sampling took place between 2016 and 2017. Major taxa and level of measurement We sampled at least 25 individuals in each population, 3,569 trees in total, and measured traits in 35,755 leaves from seven European tree species, i.e. the conifers Picea abies, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, and the broadleaves Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Populus nigra and Quercus petraea. Software format The data files are in ASCII text, tab delimited, not compressed.
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3.
  • Kattge, Jens, et al. (författare)
  • TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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4.
  • Opgenoorth, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • The GenTree Platform : growth traits and tree-level environmental data in 12 European forest tree species
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: GigaScience. - : Oxford University Press. - 2047-217X. ; 10:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Progress in the field of evolutionary forest ecology has been hampered by the huge challenge of phenotyping trees across their ranges in their natural environments, and the limitation in high-resolution environmental information.Findings: The GenTree Platform contains phenotypic and environmental data from 4,959 trees from 12 ecologically and economically important European forest tree species: Abies alba Mill. (silver fir), Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch), Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine), Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), Pinus nigra Arnold (European black pine), Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine), Populus nigra L. (European black poplar), Taxus baccata L. (English yew), and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak). Phenotypic (height, diameter at breast height, crown size, bark thickness, biomass, straightness, forking, branch angle, fructification), regeneration, environmental in situ measurements (soil depth, vegetation cover, competition indices), and environmental modeling data extracted by using bilinear interpolation accounting for surrounding conditions of each tree (precipitation, temperature, insolation, drought indices) were obtained from trees in 194 sites covering the species' geographic ranges and reflecting local environmental gradients.Conclusion: The GenTree Platform is a new resource for investigating ecological and evolutionary processes in forest trees. The coherent phenotyping and environmental characterization across 12 species in their European ranges allow for a wide range of analyses from forest ecologists, conservationists, and macro-ecologists. Also, the data here presented can be linked to the GenTree Dendroecological collection, the GenTree Leaf Trait collection, and the GenTree Genomic collection presented elsewhere, which together build the largest evolutionary forest ecology data collection available.
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5.
  • Alvarez-Rodriguez, Manuel, et al. (författare)
  • MicroRNA expression in specific segments of the pig periovulatory internal genital tract is differentially regulated by semen or by seminal plasma
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Research in Veterinary Science. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0034-5288 .- 1532-2661. ; 168
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • microRNAs play pivotal roles during mammalian reproduction, including the cross-talk between gametes, embryos and the maternal genital tract. Mating induces changes in the expression of mRNA transcripts in the female, but whether miRNAs are involved remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we mapped 181 miRNAs in the porcine peri-ovulatory female reproductive tract: Cervix (Cvx), distal and proximal uterus (Dist-Ut, ProxUt), Utero-tubal-junction (UTJ), isthmus (Isth), ampulla (Amp), and infundibulum (Inf) when exposed to semen (natural mating (NM) or artificial insemination (AI-P1)) or to infusions of sperm-free seminal plasma (SP): the first 10 mL of the sperm rich fraction (SP-P1) or the entire ejaculate (SP-E). Among the most interesting findings, NM decreased mir-671, implicated in uterine development and pregnancy loss prior to embryo implantation, in Cvx, Dist-UT, Prox-UT, Isth, and Inf, while it increased in Amp. NM and SP-E induced the downregulation of miRlet7A-1 (Dist-UT, Prox-UT), a regulator of immunity during pregnancy. miR-34C-1, a regulator of endometrial receptivity gene expression, was increased in Dist-UT, UTJ and Amp (NM), in Prox-UT (AI-P1), and in Amp (SPP1). miR-296, a modulator of the inflammatory response and apoptosis, was upregulated in the UTJ (all treatments). NM elicited the highest miRNA activity in the sperm reservoir (UTJ), suggesting that key-regulators such as miR-34c or miR-296 may modulate the metabolic processes linked to the adequate preparation for gamete encounter in the oviduct. Our results suggest that SP should be maintained in AI to warrant miRNA regulation within the female genital tract for reproductive success.
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6.
  • Axfors, Cathrine, et al. (författare)
  • Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19 : a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMC Infectious Diseases. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2334. ; 21:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, ). Methods: In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. Results: A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I-2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care.
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8.
  • Beal, Jacob, et al. (författare)
  • Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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9.
  • Culina, Antica, et al. (författare)
  • Connecting the data landscape of long-term ecological studies : The SPI-Birds data hub
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 90:9, s. 2147-2160
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The integration and synthesis of the data in different areas of science is drastically slowed and hindered by a lack of standards and networking programmes. Long-term studies of individually marked animals are not an exception. These studies are especially important as instrumental for understanding evolutionary and ecological processes in the wild. Furthermore, their number and global distribution provides a unique opportunity to assess the generality of patterns and to address broad-scale global issues (e.g. climate change). To solve data integration issues and enable a new scale of ecological and evolutionary research based on long-term studies of birds, we have created the SPI-Birds Network and Database ()-a large-scale initiative that connects data from, and researchers working on, studies of wild populations of individually recognizable (usually ringed) birds. Within year and a half since the establishment, SPI-Birds has recruited over 120 members, and currently hosts data on almost 1.5 million individual birds collected in 80 populations over 2,000 cumulative years, and counting. SPI-Birds acts as a data hub and a catalogue of studied populations. It prevents data loss, secures easy data finding, use and integration and thus facilitates collaboration and synthesis. We provide community-derived data and meta-data standards and improve data integrity guided by the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR), and aligned with the existing metadata languages (e.g. ecological meta-data language). The encouraging community involvement stems from SPI-Bird's decentralized approach: research groups retain full control over data use and their way of data management, while SPI-Birds creates tailored pipelines to convert each unique data format into a standard format. We outline the lessons learned, so that other communities (e.g. those working on other taxa) can adapt our successful model. Creating community-specific hubs (such as ours, COMADRE for animal demography, etc.) will aid much-needed large-scale ecological data integration.
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10.
  • Martinez-Sancho, Elisabet, et al. (författare)
  • The GenTree Dendroecological Collection, tree-ring and wood density data from seven tree species across Europe
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2052-4463. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios.
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11.
  • Micah, Angela E., et al. (författare)
  • Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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12.
  • The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys : Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar, and APOGEE-2 Data
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 0067-0049 .- 1538-4365. ; 259:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 survey that publicly releases infrared spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the subsurvey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey subsurvey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated value-added catalogs. This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper, Local Volume Mapper, and Black Hole Mapper surveys.
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13.
  • Waldman, Meryl, et al. (författare)
  • COVID-19 in Patients with Glomerular Disease: Follow-Up Results from the IRoc-GN International Registry
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: KIDNEY360. - : AMER SOC NEPHROLOGY. - 2641-7650. ; 3:2, s. 293-306
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The acute and long-term effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in individuals with GN are still unclear. To address this relevant issue, we created the International Registry of COVID-19 infection in GN.Methods We collected serial information on kidney-related and-unrelated outcomes from 125 GN patients (63 hospitalized and 62 outpatients) and 83 non-GN hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a median follow-up period of 6.4 (interquartile range 2.3-9.6) months after diagnosis. We used logistic regression for the analyses of clinical outcomes and linear mixed models for the longitudinal analyses of eGFR. All multiple regression models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor use.Results After adjustment for pre-COVID-19 eGFR and other confounders, mortality and AKI did not differ between GN patients and controls (adjusted odds ratio for AKI=1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 3.60; P=0.64). The main predictor of AKI was pre-COVID-19 eGFR (adjusted odds ratio per 1 SD unit decrease in eGFR=3.04; 95% CI, 1.76 to 5.28; P,0.001). GN patients developing AKI were less likely to recover pre-COVID19 eGFR compared with controls (adjusted 6-month post-COVID-19 eGFR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.56; times preCOVID-19 eGFR). Shorter duration of GN diagnosis, higher pre-COVID-19 proteinuria, and diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease were associated with a lower post-COVID-19 eGFR.Conclusions Pre-COVID-19 eGFR is the main risk factor for AKI regardless of GN diagnosis. However, GN patients are at higher risk of impaired eGFR recovery after COVID-19-associated AKI. These patients (especially those with high baseline proteinuria or a diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease) should be closely monitored not only during the acute phases of COVID-19 but also after its resolution.
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14.
  • Algaba, Juan-Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 911:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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15.
  • Almeida, Tiago Rodrigues de, 1996-, et al. (författare)
  • Context-free Self-Conditioned GAN for Trajectory Forecasting
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: 21st IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications. ICMLA 2022. - : IEEE. - 9781665462839 ; , s. 1218-1223
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper, we present a context-free unsupervised approach based on a self-conditioned GAN to learn different modes from 2D trajectories. Our intuition is that each mode indicates a different behavioral moving pattern in the discriminator's feature space. We apply this approach to the problem of trajectory forecasting. We present three different training settings based on self-conditioned GAN, which produce better forecasters. We test our method in two data sets: human motion and road agents. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms previous context-free methods in the least representative supervised labels while performing well in the remaining labels. In addition, our approach outperforms globally in human motion, while performing well in road agents.
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16.
  • Almeida, Tiago, 1996-, et al. (författare)
  • THÖR-Magni : Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Models for Role-Conditioned Human Motion Prediction
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW). - : IEEE. - 9798350307450 - 9798350307443 ; , s. 2192-2201
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Autonomous systems, that need to operate in human environments and interact with the users, rely on understanding and anticipating human activity and motion. Among the many factors which influence human motion, semantic attributes, such as the roles and ongoing activities of the detected people, provide a powerful cue on their future motion, actions, and intentions. In this work we adapt several popular deep learning models for trajectory prediction with labels corresponding to the roles of the people. To this end we use the novel THOR-Magni dataset, which captures human activity in industrial settings and includes the relevant semantic labels for people who navigate complex environments, interact with objects and robots, work alone and in groups. In qualitative and quantitative experiments we show that the role-conditioned LSTM, Transformer, GAN and VAE methods can effectively incorporate the semantic categories, better capture the underlying input distribution and therefore produce more accurate motion predictions in terms of Top-K ADE/FDE and log-likelihood metrics.
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17.
  • Becerro-Rey, Laura, et al. (författare)
  • Aging of stallion spermatozoa stored in vitro is delayed at 22C using a 67 mm glucose-10 mm pyruvate-based media
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Andrology. - : WILEY. - 2047-2919 .- 2047-2927.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Most commerce of equine seminal doses is carried out using commercial extenders under refrigeration at 5 degrees C.Objectives: To determine if 10 mM pyruvate in a 67 mM glucose extender and storage at 22 degrees C could be the basis of an alternative storage method to cooling to 5 degrees C.Material and methods: Stallion ejaculates were extendedin: INRA96 (67 mM glucose, non-pyruvate control), modified Tyrodes (67 mM glucose-10 mM pyruvate), supplemented with 0, 10, 50, and 100 mu M itaconate. As itaconate was vehiculated in DMSO, a control vehicle was also included. Sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and production of reactive oxygen species were measured after collection and again after 48 and 96 h of storage at 22 degrees C. To disclose molecular metabolic changes, spermatozoa were incubated up to 3 h in modified Tyrodes 67 mM glucose-10 mM pyruvate and modified Tyrodes 67 mM glucose, and metabolic analysis conducted.Results: After 96 h of storage aliquots stored in the control, INRA96 had a very poor total motility of 5.6% +/- 2.3%, while in the 67 mM glucose-10 mM pyruvate/10 mu M itaconate extender, total motility was 34.7% +/- 3.8% (p = 0.0066). After 96 h, viability was better in most pyruvate-based media, and the mitochondrial membrane potential in spermatozoa extended in INRA96 was relatively lower (p < 0.0001). Metabolomics revealed that in the spermatozoa incubated in the high pyruvate media, there was an increase in the relative amounts of NAD(+), pyruvate, lactate, and ATP.Discussion and conclusions: Aliquots stored in a 67 mM glucose-10 mM pyruvatebased medium supplemented with 10 mu M itaconate, maintained a 35% total motility after 96 h of storage at 22 degrees C, which is considered the minimum acceptable motility for commercialization. Improvements may be related to the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and regeneration of NAD(+).
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18.
  • Calatrava-Nicolás, Francisco M., et al. (författare)
  • Robotic-Based Well-Being Monitoring and Coaching System for the Elderly in Their Daily Activities
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 21:20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The increasingly ageing population and the tendency to live alone have led science and engineering researchers to search for health care solutions. In the COVID 19 pandemic, the elderly have been seriously affected in addition to suffering from isolation and its associated and psychological consequences. This paper provides an overview of the RobWell (Robotic-based Well-Being Monitoring and Coaching System for the Elderly in their Daily Activities) system. It is a system focused on the field of artificial intelligence for mood prediction and coaching. This paper presents a general overview of the initially proposed system as well as the preliminary results related to the home automation subsystem, autonomous robot navigation and mood estimation through machine learning prior to the final system integration, which will be discussed in future works. The main goal is to improve their mental well-being during their daily household activities. The system is composed of ambient intelligence with intelligent sensors, actuators and a robotic platform that interacts with the user. A test smart home system was set up in which the sensors, actuators and robotic platform were integrated and tested. For artificial intelligence applied to mood prediction, we used machine learning to classify several physiological signals into different moods. In robotics, it was concluded that the ROS autonomous navigation stack and its autodocking algorithm were not reliable enough for this task, while the robot's autonomy was sufficient. Semantic navigation, artificial intelligence and computer vision alternatives are being sought.
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19.
  • Calderón-Contreras, Rafael, et al. (författare)
  • A regional PECS node built from place-based social-ecological sustainability research in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Ecosystems and People. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2639-5908 .- 2639-5916. ; 18:1, s. 1-14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sustainability requires a combination of meaningful co-production of locally relevant solutions, synthesis of insights gained across regions, and increased cooperation between science, policy and practice. The Programme for Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) has been coordinating Place-Based Social-Ecological Sustainability Research (PBSESR) across the globe and emphasizes the need for regional scientific nodes from diverse biocultural regions to inform sustainability science and action. In this paper, we assess the strengths of the PBSESR communities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We provide an overview of PBSESR literature associated with this region and highlight the achievements of two prominent regional networks: The Social-Ecological Systems and Sustainability Research Network from Mexico (SocioEcoS) and the South American Institute for Resilience and Sustainability Studies from Uruguay (SARAS Institute). Finally, we identify the potential in these nodes to constitute a regional PECS node in Latin America and discuss the capacity needed to ensure such function. The results of the literature review show that while still loosely interconnected across the region, networks play key roles in connecting otherwise cloistered teams and we illustrate how the SocioEcoS network (focusing on transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge towards sustainability) and the SARAS Institute (focusing on innovative approaches for looking at complex social-ecological problems, rooted in slow science and arts) operate as key connectors in the region. We conclude that these organizations combined can embody a Latin American node for PECS, and would thereby not only contribute to regional but also global capacities to advance the sustainability agenda. 
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20.
  • Caribé, João G.A., et al. (författare)
  • Lensing of vacuum entanglement near Schwarzschild black holes
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Physical Review D. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 2470-0010 .- 2470-0029. ; 108:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An important feature of Schwarzschild spacetime is the presence of orbiting null geodesics and caustics. Their presence implies strong gravitational lensing effects for matter and radiation, i.e., for excitations of quantum fields. Here, we raise the question whether the lensing manifests itself also in the vacuum of quantum fields, namely by lensing the distribution of vacuum entanglement. To explore this possibility, we use the method of entanglement harvesting, where initially unentangled localized quantum systems are temporarily coupled to the field at different locations. We find that for the Boulware, Hartle-Hawking and Unruh vacua in 3+1-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime, the harvesting of vacuum entanglement is indeed greatly amplified near caustics. In particular, we establish that preexisting vacuum entanglement can also be harvested for lightlike separations.
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21.
  • Collado, Eduardo, et al. (författare)
  • Divergent above- and below-ground responses of fungal functional groups to forest thinning
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 150
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest disturbances have a strong effect on soil fungal communities and associated ecosystem processes. However, little is known about the response of mycelial biomass to disturbances, and how fungi reallocate carbon into different fungal structures under environmental stressors. We investigated above- and below-ground fungal biomass shifts in response to different intensities of forest management in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forests. Soil fungal biomass was estimated by ergosterol quantification and production of sporocarps was estimated from repeated field samplings during 5 years in 26 experimental plots. Abundance of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi belowground was determined using Pacific Biosciences sequencing of fungal ITS2 amplicons. Thinning had a prolonged negative effect belowground, inter- and intra-annually, on total fungal biomass and on the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi, but not on saprotrophic fungi. Total and ectomycorrhizal mushroom yields were negatively correlated with the total and the ectomycorrhizal mycelial biomass, respectively. Thinning also correlated positively with the aboveground/belowground ratio of both total and ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass. We show potential short-term shifts in resource allocation of fungi from below-to above-ground structures under disturbances such as forest thinning. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may respond to disturbances by increasing reproduction rather than colonizing the surrounding soil.
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22.
  • Galvan-Alvarez, Victor, et al. (författare)
  • Antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/Keap1 in human skeletal muscle: Influence of age, sex, adiposity and aerobic fitness
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 209:Part 2, s. 282-291
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Whether a higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and their regulatory factors in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Although oestrogens could promote a higher antioxidant capacity in females, it remains unknown whether a sex dimorphism exists in humans regarding the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle. Thus, the aim was to determine the protein expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) and their regulatory factors Nrf2 and Keap1 in 189 volunteers (120 males and 69 females) to establish whether sex differences exist and how age, VO2max and adiposity influence these. For this purpose, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained in all participants under resting and unstressed conditions. No significant sex differences in Nrf2, Keap1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and GR protein expression levels were observed after accounting for VO2max, age and adiposity differences. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the VO2max in mL.kg LLM−1.min−1can be predicted from the levels of SOD2, Total Nrf2 and Keap1 (R = 0.58, P < 0.001), with SOD2 being the main predictor explaining 28 % of variance in VO2max, while Nrf2 and Keap1 explained each around 3 % of the variance. SOD1 protein expression increased with ageing in the whole group after accounting for differences in VO2max and body fat percentage. Overweight and obesity were associated with increased pSer40-Nrf2, pSer40-Nrf2/Total Nrf2 ratio and SOD1 protein expression levels after accounting for differences in age and VO2max. Overall, at the population level, higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased basal expression of muscle antioxidant enzymes, which may explain some of the benefits of regular exercise.
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23.
  • Galvan-Alvarez, Victor, et al. (författare)
  • Determinants of the maximal functional reserve during repeated supramaximal exercise by humans: The roles of Nrf2/Keap1, antioxidant proteins, muscle phenotype and oxygenation
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Redox Biology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2213-2317. ; 66
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • When high-intensity exercise is performed until exhaustion a “functional reserve” (FR) or capacity to produce power at the same level or higher than reached at exhaustion exists at task failure, which could be related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)-sensing and counteracting mechanisms. Nonetheless, the magnitude of this FR remains unknown. Repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise at 120% of VO2max interspaced with 20s recovery periods with full ischaemia were used to determine the maximal FR. Then, we determined which muscle phenotypic features could account for the variability in functional reserve in humans. Exercise performance, cardiorespiratory variables, oxygen deficit, and brain and muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured, and resting muscle biopsies were obtained from 43 young healthy adults (30 males). Males and females had similar aerobic (VO2max per kg of lower extremities lean mass (LLM): 166.7 ± 17.1 and 166.1 ± 15.6 ml kg LLM−1.min−1, P = 0.84) and anaerobic fitness (similar performance in the Wingate test and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit when normalized to LLM). The maximal FR was similar in males and females when normalized to LLM (1.84 ± 0.50 and 2.05 ± 0.59 kJ kg LLM−1, in males and females, respectively, P = 0.218). This FR depends on an obligatory component relying on a reserve in glycolytic capacity and a putative component generated by oxidative phosphorylation. The aerobic component depends on brain oxygenation and phenotypic features of the skeletal muscles implicated in calcium handling (SERCA1 and 2 protein expression), oxygen transport and diffusion (myoglobin) and redox regulation (Keap1). The glycolytic component can be predicted by the protein expression levels of pSer40-Nrf2, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and the protein expression levels of SOD1. Thus, an increased capacity to modulate the expression of antioxidant proteins involved in RONS handling and calcium homeostasis may be critical for performance during high-intensity exercise in humans.
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24.
  • Gonzalez, Jose M., et al. (författare)
  • Spatial and sectoral benefit distribution in water-energy system design
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 269
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The design of water and energy systems has traditionally been done independently or considering simplified interdependencies between the two systems. This potentially misses valuable synergies between them and does not consider in detail the distribution of benefits between different sectors or regions. This paper presents a framework to couple integrated water-power network simulators with multi-objective optimisation under uncertainty to explore the implications of explicitly including spatial topology and interdependencies in the design of multi-sector integrated systems. A synthetic case study that incorporates sectoral dependencies in resource allocation, operation of multi-purpose reservoirs and spatially distributed infrastructure selection in both systems is used. The importance of explicitly modelling the distribution of benefits across different sectors and regions is explored by comparing different spatially aggregated and disaggregated multi-objective optimisation formulations. The results show the disaggregated formulation identifies a diverse set of non-dominated portfolios that enables addressing the spatial and sectoral distribution of benefits, whilst the aggregated formulations arbitrarily induce unintended biases. The proposed disaggregated approach allows for detailed spatial design of interlinked water and energy systems considering their complex regional and sectoral trade-offs. The framework is intended to assist planners in real resource systems where diverse stakeholder groups are mindful of receiving their fair share of development benefits.
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25.
  • Gschwendtner, Dda, et al. (författare)
  • The AWAKE Run 2 Programme and Beyond
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Symmetry. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-8994. ; 14:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. The use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments.
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26.
  • Gutiérrez Maestro, Eduardo, 1994-, et al. (författare)
  • Wearable-Based Intelligent Emotion Monitoring in Older Adults during Daily Life Activities
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3417. ; 13:9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a system designed to monitor the well-being of older adults during their daily activities. To automatically detect and classify their emotional state, we collect physiological data through a wearable medical sensor. Ground truth data are obtained using a simple smartphone app that provides ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a method for repeatedly sampling people's current experiences in real time in their natural environments. We are making the resulting dataset publicly available as a benchmark for future comparisons and methods. We are evaluating two feature selection methods to improve classification performance and proposing a feature set that augments and contrasts domain expert knowledge based on time-analysis features. The results demonstrate an improvement in classification accuracy when using the proposed feature selection methods. Furthermore, the feature set we present is better suited for predicting emotional states in a leave-one-day-out experimental setup, as it identifies more patterns.
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27.
  • Jacobo-Martin, Alejandra, et al. (författare)
  • Resilient moth-eye nanoimprinted antireflective and self-cleaning TiO2 sputter-coated PMMA films
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 585
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Moth-eye nanostructures are amongst the most remarkable surfaces in nature because of their multi-functionality including antireflection, self-cleaning and bactericidal ability. Moth-eye surfaces consist of subwavelength arrays of tapered nanostructures, which are challenging to reproduce artificially. Nanoimprint lithography is probably one of the most suited technologies for this purpose. However, the poor mechanical resilience and durability of the polymeric nanocones when exposed to the environment, hinders their use in actual applications. To overcome these limitations, this work demonstrates the use of a thin oxide coating over the polymer moth-eye features imprinted on poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) films. Particularly TiO2 conformal thin film coatings are deposited by unipolar pulsed dc magnetron sputtering over the antireflective nanopatterns acting as encapsulant. The coating, while preserving the antireflective properties, protects the nanostructures against mechanical scratching and improves substantially their thermal stability to over 250 ?. Furthermore, the TiO2 layer provides additional photoinduced self-cleaning functionality and at the same time it protects the matrix from UV photodegradation. The robust and durable antireflective surfaces developed here may find application on solar cells covers, flat panel displays or on optical components.
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28.
  • Jonsson, Robert, 1987, et al. (författare)
  • Communication through quantum fields near a black hole
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology. - 2470-0010 .- 2470-0029. ; 101:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We study the quantum channel between two localized first-quantized systems that communicate in 3 + 1 dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime via a quantum field. We analyze the information carrying capacity of direct and black hole-orbiting null geodesics as well as of the timelike contributions that arise because the strong Huygens principle does not hold on the Schwarzschild background. We find, in particular, that the nondirect-null and timelike contributions, which do not possess an analog on Minkowski spacetime, can dominate over the direct null contributions. We cover the cases of both geodesic and accelerated emitters. Technically, we apply tools previously designed for the study of wave propagation in curved spacetimes to a relativistic quantum information communication setup, first for generic spacetimes, and then for the case of Schwarzschild spacetime in particular.
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29.
  • Martinez Garcia, Eduardo (författare)
  • Artificial intelligence-based software (AID-FOREST) for tree detection: A new framework for fast and accurate forest inventorying using LiDAR point clouds
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-8432 .- 1872-826X. ; 113
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest inventories are essential to accurately estimate different dendrometric and forest stand parameters. However, classical forest inventories are time consuming, slow to conduct, sometimes inaccurate and costly. To address this problem, an efficient alternative approach has been sought and designed that will make this type of field work cheaper, faster, more accurate, and easier to complete. The implementation of this concept has required the development of a specifically designed software called "Artificial Intelligence for Digital Forest (AID-FOREST)", which is able to process point clouds obtained via mobile terrestrial laser scanning (MTLS) and then, to provide an array of multiple useful and accurate dendrometric and forest stand parameters. Singular characteristics of this approach are: No data pre-processing is required either pre-treatment of forest stand; fully automatic process once launched; no limitations by the size of the point cloud file and fast computations.To validate AID-FOREST, results provided by this software were compared against the obtained from in-situ classical forest inventories. To guaranty the soundness and generality of the comparison, different tree spe-cies, plot sizes, and tree densities were measured and analysed. A total of 76 plots (10,887 trees) were selected to conduct both a classic forest inventory reference method and a MTLS (ZEB-HORIZON, Geoslam, ltd.) scanning to obtain point clouds for AID-FOREST processing, known as the MTLS-AIDFOREST method. Thus, we compared the data collected by both methods estimating the average number of trees and diameter at breast height (DBH) for each plot. Moreover, 71 additional individual trees were scanned with MTLS and processed by AID-FOREST and were then felled and divided into logs measuring 1 m in length. This allowed us to accurately measure the DBH, total height, and total volume of the stems.When we compared the results obtained with each methodology, the mean detectability was 97% and ranged from 81.3 to 100%, with a bias (underestimation by MTLS-AIDFOREST method) in the number of trees per plot of 2.8% and a relative root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 9.2%. Species, plot size, and tree density did not significantly affect detectability. However, this parameter was significantly affected by the ecosystem visual complexity index (EVCI). The average DBH per plot was underestimated (but was not significantly different from 0) by the MTLS-AIDFOREST, with the average bias for pooled data being 1.8% with a RMSE of 7.5%. Similarly, there was no statistically significant differences between the two distribution functions of the DBH at the 95.0% confidence level.Regarding the individual tree parameters, MTLS-AIDFOREST underestimated DBH by 0.16 % (RMSE = 5.2 %) and overestimated the stem volume (Vt) by 1.37 % (RMSE = 14.3 %, although the BIAS was not statistically significantly different from 0). However, the MTLS-AIDFOREST method overestimated the total height (Ht) of the trees by a mean 1.33 m (5.1 %; relative RMSE = 11.5 %), because of the different height concepts measured by both methodological approaches. Finally, AID-FOREST required 30 to 66 min per ha-1 to fully automatically process the point cloud data from the *.las file corresponding to a given hectare plot. Thus, applying our MTLS-AIDFOREST methodology to make full forest inventories, required a 57.3 % of the time required to perform classical plot forest inventories (excluding the data postprocessing time in the latter case). A free trial of AID -FOREST can be requested at dielmo@dielmo.com.
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30.
  • Martinez-Garcia, Eduardo, et al. (författare)
  • Drought response of the boreal forest carbon sink is driven by understorey-tree composition
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Nature Geoscience. - : Springer Nature. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 17, s. 197-204
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The boreal forest is an important global carbon sink, but its response to drought remains uncertain. Here, we compiled biometric- and chamber-based flux data from 50 boreal forest stands to assess the impact of the 2018 European summer drought on net ecosystem production (NEP) across a 68 km2 managed landscape in northern Sweden. Our results reveal a non-uniform reduction in NEP (on average by 80 +/- 16 g C m-2 yr-1 or 57 +/- 13%) across the landscape, which was greatest in young stands of 20-50 years (95 +/- 39 g C m-2 yr-1), but gradually decreased towards older stands (54 +/- 57 g C m-2 yr-1). This pattern was attributed to the higher sensitivity of forest-floor understorey to drought and its decreasing contribution to production relative to trees during stand development. This suggests that an age-dependent shift in understorey-tree composition with increasing stand age drives the drought response of the boreal forest NEP. Thus, our study advocates the need for partitioning ecosystem responses to improve empirical and modelling assessments of carbon cycle-climate feedbacks in boreal forests. It further implies that the forest age structure may strongly determine the carbon sink response to the projected increase in drought events across the managed boreal landscape. Carbon sink in young boreal forests is more vulnerable to drought than in mature forests due to the greater contribution and drought sensitivity of understorey relative to trees, according to carbon flux assessments of managed boreal forests in northern Sweden during the 2018 European summer drought.
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31.
  • Martinez-Garcia, Eduardo, et al. (författare)
  • Overstory dynamics regulate the spatial variability in forest-floor CO2 fluxes across a managed boreal forest landscape
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. - : Elsevier. - 0168-1923 .- 1873-2240. ; 318
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The forest-floor represents an important interface for various carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, however, our knowledge of their variability and drivers across a managed boreal forest landscape is limited. Here, we used a three-year (2016-2018) data set of biometric- and chamber-based flux measurements to investigate the net forest-floor CO2 exchange (NEff) and its component fluxes across 50 forest stands spanning different soil types, tree species, and age classes within a 68 km2 boreal catchment in Sweden. We found that the forest-floor acted as a net CO2 source with the 10th-90th percentile (used hereafter for describing reported variations) ranging from 149 to 399 g C m- 2 yr-1. Among the key landscape attributes, stand age strongly affected most NEff component fluxes, whereas tree species and soil type effects were weak and absent, respectively. Specifically, forest-floor net CO2 emissions increased with stand age due to declining understory gross and net primary production, ranging between 77-275 and 49-163 g C m- 2 yr- 1, respectively. Furthermore, we observed higher understory production rates in pine than in spruce stands. Across the 50 stands, the total forest-floor respiration ranged between 340 and 549 g C m- 2 yr-1 and its spatial variation was primarily regulated by its autotrophic components, i.e., understory and tree root respiration, which displayed divergent increasing and decreasing age-related trends, respectively. Furthermore, heterotrophic soil respiration remained within a relatively narrow range (154-290 g C m- 2 yr- 1), possibly owing to compensating gradients in forest-floor properties. We further identified tree biomass as the major driver of the landscape-scale variations of CO2 fluxes, likely attributable to modulating effects on forest-floor resource availability and growing conditions. This implies that tree growth responses to forest management and global change will be particularly important for regulating magnitudes and spatial variations of forest-floor CO2 fluxes in boreal forests.
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32.
  • Martínez García, Eduardo (författare)
  • Productivity and Seasonality Drive Total Soil Respiration in Semi-Arid Juniper Woodlands (Juniperus thurifera L., Southern Spain)
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We analyzed the relationship between forest productivity (joint effect of forest maturity and soil quality) and total soil respiration (mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) in semi-arid juniper woodlands (young woodlands growing in abandoned farmlands with deeper soils, and mature woodlands in lithic soils), and investigated the seasonal variation in soil CO2 efflux as a function of soil temperature and the soil water content. We measured the soil CO2 efflux from twelve cylinders in the soil over a three-year period using LI-6400 equipment. The results show that, in the more productive site (young woodland), soil CO2 efflux was higher due to greater respiration, mainly in the driest periods. Soil respiration followed a seasonal trend, being higher in spring and decreasing in cold periods. In both juniper woodlands and especially in the older forest, the CO2 efflux rates were low (<2.5 for Q(10)), typical of slow-growing species. Soil respiration was controlled by soil temperature without drought and in the temperate-warm season, whereas respiration showed sensitivity to soil water content in periods when edaphic humidity was low (but only in the more productive, young forest, which seemed to show better adaptation to drought), and under high soil moisture (soil water > 25%) for both woodlands, coinciding with warm temperatures in the spring. This period also corresponded to the highest CO2 efflux recorded in both woodlands. The accumulation of organic C seems to also be important to maintain elevated soil respiration in summer, especially in young woodlands. Thus, apart from microclimatic conditions, factors related to productivity regulate respiratory activity.
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33.
  • Martínez-López, Joseba, et al. (författare)
  • Voltage and Overpotential Prediction of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries with Artificial Neural Networks
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Batteries. - 2313-0105. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article explores the novel application of a trained artificial neural network (ANN) in the prediction of vanadium redox flow battery behaviour and compares its performance with that of a two-dimensional numerical model. The aim is to evaluate the capability of two ANNs, one for predicting the cell potential and one for the overpotential under various operating conditions. The two-dimensional model, previously validated with experimental data, was used to generate data to train and test the ANNs. The results show that the first ANN precisely predicts the cell voltage under different states of charge and current density conditions in both the charge and discharge modes. The second ANN, which is responsible for the overpotential calculation, can accurately predict the overpotential across the cell domains, with the lowest confidence near high-gradient areas such as the electrode membrane and domain boundaries. Furthermore, the computational time is substantially reduced, making ANNs a suitable option for the fast understanding and optimisation of VRFBs.
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34.
  • Nguyen‐Duc, Anh, et al. (författare)
  • Work‐from‐home impacts on software project : A global study on software development practices and stakeholder perceptions
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Software, practice & experience. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0038-0644 .- 1097-024X. ; 54:5, s. 896-926
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context:The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disruptive impact on how people work and collaborate across all global economic sectors, including software business. While remote working is not new for software engineers, forced WFH situations come with both limitations and opportunities. As the ‘new normal’ for working might be based on the current state of Work-from-home (WFH), it is useful to understand what has happened and learn from that.Objective:This study aims to gain insights into how their WFH arrangement impacts project management and software engineering. We are also interested in exploring these impacts in different contexts, such as startups and established companies.Method:We conducted a global-scale, cross-sectional survey during the spring and summer 2021. Our results are based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of 297 valid responses.Results:We characterize the profile of WFH in both spatial and temporal aspects, together with a set of common collaborative tools and coordination and control mechanisms. We revealed some areas of project management that are relatively more challenging during WFH situations, such as coordination, communication and project planning. We also revealed a mixed picture of the perceived impact of WFH on different software engineering activities.Conclusion:WFH is a situational phenomenon which can have both negative and positive impact on software teams. For practitioners, we suggest a unified approach to consider the context of WFH, collaborative tools, associated coordination and control approaches and a process that resolve those aspects that are sensitive to physical interaction.
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35.
  • Peichl, Matthias, et al. (författare)
  • Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 29:4, s. 1119-1132
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Boreal forests are important global carbon (C) sinks and, therefore, considered as a key element in climate change mitigation policies. However, their actual C sink strength is uncertain and under debate, particularly for the actively managed forests in the boreal regions of Fennoscandia. In this study, we use an extensive set of biometric- and chamber-based C flux data collected in 50 forest stands (ranging from 5 to 211 years) over 3 years (2016-2018) with the aim to explore the variations of the annual net ecosystem production (NEP; i.e., the ecosystem C balance) across a 68 km(2) managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Our results demonstrate that net primary production rather than heterotrophic respiration regulated the spatio-temporal variations of NEP across the heterogeneous mosaic of the managed boreal forest landscape. We further find divergent successional patterns of NEP in our managed forests relative to naturally regenerating boreal forests, including (i) a fast recovery of the C sink function within the first decade after harvest due to the rapid establishment of a productive understory layer and (ii) a sustained C sink in old stands (131-211 years). We estimate that the rotation period for optimum C sequestration extends to 138 years, which over multiple rotations results in a long-term C sequestration rate of 86.5 t C ha(-1) per rotation. Our study highlights the potential of forest management to maximize C sequestration of boreal forest landscapes and associate climate change mitigation effects by developing strategies that optimize tree biomass production rather than heterotrophic soil C emissions.
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36.
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37.
  • Phad, Ganesh E., et al. (författare)
  • Extensive dissemination and intraclonal maturation of HIV Env vaccine-induced B cell responses
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Medicine. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0022-1007 .- 1540-9538. ; 217:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Well-ordered HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are prioritized for clinical evaluation, and there is a need for an improved understanding about how elicited B cell responses evolve following immunization. To accomplish this, we prime-boosted rhesus macaques with Glade C NFL trimers and identified 180 unique Ab lineages from similar to 1,000 single-sorted Envspecific memory B cells. We traced all lineages in high-throughput heavy chain (HC) repertoire (Rep-seq) data generated from multiple immune compartments and time points and expressed several as monoclonal Abs (mAbs). Our results revealed broad dissemination and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) of most lineages, including tier 2 virus neutralizing lineages, following boosting. SHM was highest in the Ab complementarity determining regions (CDRs) but also surprisingly high in the framework regions (FRO, especially FR3. Our results demonstrate the capacity of the immune system to affinity-mature large numbers of Env-specific B cell lineages simultaneously, supporting the use of regimens consisting of repeated boosts to improve each Ab, even those belonging to less expanded lineages.
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38.
  • Pinedo-Escobar, José Alfonso, et al. (författare)
  • Nanoparticulate Double-Heterojunction Photocatalysts Comprising TiO2(Anatase)/WO3/TiO2(Rutile) with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity toward the Degradation of Methyl Orange under Near-Ultraviolet and Visible Light
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 6:18, s. 11840-11848
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nanoparticulate double-heterojunction photocatalysts comprising TiO2(Anatase)/WO3/TiO2(Rutile) were produced by a sol–gel method. The resulting photocatalysts exhibit clear synergistic effects when tested toward the degradation of methyl orange under both UV and visible light. Kinetic studies indicate that the degradation rate on the best double-heterojunction photocatalyst (10 wt % WO3-TiO2) depends mainly on the amount of dye concentration, contrary to pure oxides in which the degradation rate is limited by diffusion-controlled processes. The synergistic effects were confirmed through systematic and careful studies including holes and OH radical formation, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, elemental analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and surface area analysis. Our results indicate that the successful formation of a double heterojunction in the TiO2(Anatase)/WO3/TiO2(Rutile) system leads to enhanced photoactivity when compared to individual oxides and commercial TiO2 P25.
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39.
  • Piton, Gabin, et al. (författare)
  • Disentangling drivers of soil microbial potential enzyme activity across rain regimes : An approach based on the functional trait framework
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717. ; 148
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The functional trait framework provides a powerful corpus of integrated concepts and theories to assess how environmental factors influence ecosystem functioning through community assembly. While common in plant ecology, this approach is under-used in microbial ecology. After an introduction of this framework in the context of microbial ecology and enzymology, we propose an approach 1) to elucidate new links between soil microbial community composition and microbial traits; and 2) to disentangle mechanisms underlying “total” potential enzyme activity in soil (sum of 7 hydrolase potential activities). We address these objectives using a terrestrial grassland ecosystem model experiment with intact soil monoliths from three European countries (Switzerland, France and Portugal) and two management types (Conventional-intensive and Ecological-intensive), subjected to 4 rain regimes (Dry, Wet, Intermittent and Normal) under controlled conditions in a common climate chamber. We found tight associations between proxies of microbial ecoenzymatic community-weighted mean traits (enzymatic stoichiometry and biomass-specific activity) and community composition, bringing new information on resource acquisition strategy associated with fungi, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. We demonstrate that microbial biomass explained most of the total enzyme activity before altered rain regimes, whereas adjustments in biomass-specific activity (enzyme activity per unit of microbial biomass) explained most variation under altered rain regime scenarios. Furthermore, structural equation models revealed that the variation of community composition was the main driver of the variation in biomass-specific enzyme activity prior to rain perturbation, whereas physiological acclimation or evolutionary adaptation became an important driver only under altered rain regimes. This study presents a promising trait-based approach to investigate soil microbial community response to environmental changes and potential consequences for ecosystem functioning. We argue that the functional trait framework should be further implemented in microbial ecology to guide experimental and analytical design.
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40.
  • Piton, Gabin, et al. (författare)
  • Resistance–recovery trade-off of soil microbial communities under altered rain regimes : An experimental test across European agroecosystems
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 58:2, s. 406-418
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the increased occurrence of climate extremes, there is an urgent need to better understand how management strategies affect the capacity of the soil microbial community to maintain its ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling). To address this issue, intact monoliths were extracted from conventional and ecological managed grasslands in three countries across Europe and exposed under common air condition (temperature and moisture) to one of three altered rain regimes (dry, wet and intermittent wet/dry) as compared to a normal regime. Subsequently, we compared the resistance and recovery of the soil microbial biomass, potential enzyme activities and community composition. The microbial community composition differed with soil management and rain regimes. Soil microbial biomass increased from the wetter to the dryer rain regime, paralleling an increase of available carbon and nutrients, suggesting low sensitivity to soil moisture reduction but nutritional limitations of soil microbes. Conversely, enzyme activities decreased with all altered rain regimes. Resistance and recovery (considering absolute distance between normal and altered rain regime) of the microbial communities depended on soil management. Conventional-intensive management showed higher resistance of two fundamental properties for nutrient cycling (i.e. bacterial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities) yet associated with more important changes in microbial community composition. This suggests an internal community reorganization promoting biomass and activity resistance. Conversely, under ecological management bacterial biomass and enzyme activities showed better recovery capacity, whereas no or very low recovery of these properties was observed under conventional management. These management effects were consistent across the three altered rain regimes investigated, indicating common factors controlling microbial communities’ response to different climate-related stresses. Synthesis and applications. Our study provides experimental evidence for an important trade-off for agroecosystem management between (a) stabilizing nutrient cycling potential during an altered rain regime period at the expense of very low recovery capacity and potential long-term effect (conventional sites) and (b) promoting the capacity of the microbial community to recover its functional potential after the end of the stress (ecological sites). Thus, management based on ecologically sound principles may be the best option to sustain long-term soil functioning under climate change.
  •  
41.
  • Qiao, Lixin, et al. (författare)
  • Solid Polymer Electrolytes Comprising Camphor-Derived Chiral Salts for Solid-State Batteries
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1945-7111 .- 0013-4651. ; 167:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with both excellent processability and flexibility have been deemed as an auspicious alternative to develop safe solid-state lithium metal (Li°) batteries (SSLMBs). The electrochemical performance of SSLMBs is ultimately associated with the nature of the Li-salt anion and the widely used bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI) is "slippery"due to its perfluorinated nature and therefore highly mobile, which leads to severe polarization upon battery cell charge/discharge cycles. In this work, we report on a new type of chiral salts, synthesized from commercially available camphorsulfonic acid, used in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based SPEs. The impact of the chirality of the anions on the fundamental physical properties of the SPEs is extensively studied in terms of thermal stability, phase transition and ionic conductivity, etc. We demonstrate that the resulting SPEs exhibit agreeable ionic conductivities (ca. 104 S cm1) accompanied by high cation transference numbers (ca. 0.5) at 70 °C. Whether either the R or the S enantiomers are used the ion transport properties are the same, as expected, but rather surprisingly the artificial racemic mixture is within the errors of the measurements just as conductive. We discuss how this opens a new avenue to design novel salts for reaching high-performant SSLMBs.
  •  
42.
  • Schreiter, Tim, 1997-, et al. (författare)
  • The Magni Human Motion Dataset : Accurate, Complex, Multi-Modal, Natural, Semantically-Rich and Contextualized
  • 2022
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Rapid development of social robots stimulates active research in human motion modeling, interpretation and prediction, proactive collision avoidance, human-robot interaction and co-habitation in shared spaces. Modern approaches to this end require high quality datasets for training and evaluation. However, the majority of available datasets suffers from either inaccurate tracking data or unnatural, scripted behavior of the tracked people. This paper attempts to fill this gap by providing high quality tracking information from motion capture, eye-gaze trackers and on-board robot sensors in a semantically-rich environment. To induce natural behavior of the recorded participants, we utilise loosely scripted task assignment, which induces the participants navigate through the dynamic laboratory environment in a natural and purposeful way. The motion dataset, presented in this paper, sets a high quality standard, as the realistic and accurate data is enhanced with semantic information, enabling development of new algorithms which rely not only on the tracking information but also on contextual cues of the moving agents, static and dynamic environment. 
  •  
43.
  • Vidal-Lamolla, Pol, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing urban water demand-side management policies before their implementation : An agent-based model approach
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Cities and Society. - 2210-6707. ; 107
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the context of climate change and increasing water scarcity, adopting water demand-side management (DSM) policies has become necessary. This study advocates for utilizing agent-based modelling (ABM) as a robust simulation tool to assess the impact of nonprice (nudges) and price (changes in increasing block tariff) measures on urban water use. Overcoming challenges posed by insufficient high-quality data, the research integrates four sociocognitive profiles and diverse household income levels to reflect the variability in DSM policy effectiveness based on socioeconomic characteristics. Through 125 simulated scenarios combining various increasing block tariffs with nonpricing measures, the study reveals an average monthly demand reduction ranging from 8.1% to 15.6%. Significantly, nonprice measures prove more effective in curbing water use than pricing measures, attributed to the prioritization of environmental concerns in conservation efforts. Higher-income households exhibit less-pronounced reductions in water consumption. Emphasizing the reliability of ABM for ex ante evaluations of DSM policies, this research underscores the importance of a balanced approach, incorporating both nonprice and price-based measures, to effectively address water scarcity challenges.
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