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- Groenholm, T., et al.
(författare)
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Aerosol particle dry deposition to canopy and forest floor measured by two-layer eddy covariance system
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. - 2169-897X .- 2169-8996 .- 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present, to our knowledge for the first time, results from subcanopy (forest trunk space) aerosol flux measurements with the eddy covariance (EC) technique. The measurements were performed at the SMEAR II measurement station located in a Scots pine forest in southern Finland during spring 2003 when the ground was snow covered and in situ biogenic particle formation took place almost every day. Spectral analysis showed that the EC method can be applied to estimate subcanopy aerosol fluxes and thereby ground deposition in a forest. By using the two-layer EC measurements we were able to investigate the fraction of the total aerosol deposition taking place in the canopy and on the forest floor. We found that the ratio of subcanopy to above- canopy flux is dependent on the strength of turbulence. When the friction velocity was low (u(*) < 0.25 m s(-1)), approximately 35% of the depositing particles penetrated the canopy and deposited on the ground. When u* increased, the fractional deposition on the forest floor decreased almost linearly, and in strongly turbulent conditions (u(*)> 1.0 m s(-1)) the ground deposition contributed only around 10% to the total deposition. Thus, it seems that increased turbulence enhances the importance of the canopy for aerosol deposition and the relative importance of the forest floor to the total deposition diminishes.
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- Svensson, Britt-Marie, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Artemia salina as test organism for assessment of acute toxicity of leachate water from landfills
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 102:1-3, s. 309-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artemia salina has, for the first time, been used as test organism for acute toxicity of leachate water from three landfills (the municipal landfills at Kristianstad, Sweden and Siauliai, Lithuania, and an industrial landfill at Stena Fragmenting AB, Halmstad, as well as for leachate from Kristianstad treated in different ways in a pilot plan). Artemia can tolerate the high concentrations of chloride ions found in such waters. Large differences in toxicities were found, the leachate from Siauliai being the most toxic one. To increase the selectivity in the measurements, a fractionation was done by using ion exchange to separate ammonium/ammonia and metal ions from the leachate, and activated carbon adsorbents for organic pollutants. The influence of some metals and phenol compounds on the toxicity was investigated separately. It was found that most of the toxicity emanated from the ammonium/ ammonia components in the leachate. However, there was also a significant contribution from organic pollutants, other than phenol compounds, since separate experiments had in this latter case indicated negligible impact. The concentrations of metals were at a level, shown by separate experiments, where only small contribution to the toxicity could be expected.
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| 8. |
- Svensson, Britt-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Artemia salina as test organism for assessment of acute toxicity of leachate water from landfills
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2959 .- 0167-6369. ; 102:1-3, s. 309-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artemia salina has, for the first time, been used as test organism for acute toxicity of leachate water from three landfills (the municipal landfills at Kristianstad, Sweden and Siauliai, Lithuania, and an industrial landfill at Stena fragmenting AB, Halmstad, as well as for leachate from Kristianstad treated in different ways in a pilot plan). Artemia can tolerate the high concentrations of chloride ions found in such waters. Large differences in toxicities were found, the leachate from Siauliai being the most toxic one. To increase the selectivity in the measurements, a fractionation was done by using ion exchange to separate ammonium/ammonia and metal ions from the leachate, and activated carbon adsorbents for organic pollutants. The influence of some metals and phenol compounds on the toxicity was investigated separately. It was found that most of the toxicity emanated from the ammonium/ammonia components in the leachate. However, there was also a significant contribution from organic pollutants, other than phenol compounds, since separate experiments had in this latter case indicated negligible impact. The concentrations of metals were at a level, shown by separate experiments, where only small contribution to the toxicity could be expected.
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- Svensson, Britt-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Leachability testing of sludge from street gullies
- 2006
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 1096-3669 .- 0734-242X. ; 24:3, s. 260-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sludge from gullies, on two types of streets with different traffic intensity, was investigated using two recommended EU methods for leachability testing of waste: a two-stage batch test and an up-flow percolation test. The main purpose of this investigation was to gain more knowledge about these leaching test methods to be able to make future decisions on the general applicability of the proposed tests. A number of parameters were determined in the sludge as well as in the eluates obtained from the two leaching tests. These include pH, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon and inorganic ions as chloride ions. A number of metals as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn, were determined by inductive coupled plasmamass spectrometry and organic compounds were screened by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array UV detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was found that the concentrations of metals and organic compounds in the sludge were several orders of magnitudes higher than the actual eluate concentrations. For all metals the concentrations were well below the proposed limit values for non-hazardous waste included in the Council decision document 2003/33/EC. Generally, concentrations obtained in batch test were equal or higher than from percolation tests. The repeatability of the percolation and the batch test were in average 28 and 17%, respectively.
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- Thörneby, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The performance of a natural treatment system for landfill leachate with special emphasis on the fate of organic pollutants
- 2006
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 1096-3669. ; 24:2, s. 183-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A natural treatment system for the treatment of leachate was Studied at Moskogen landfill in southern Sweden. This facility consists of three consecutive ponds and a soil-plant (SP)system. A test area, receiving water from the third pond with the same hydraulic load as the SP-systern, was Used for estimation of the latter system. Quality parameters including biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total suspended solids along the treatment line were determined as well as Soluble metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Pb). In addition a thorough investigation along the treatment tine has also been performed concerning volatile organic Compounds and semi-volatile organic Compounds. Non-polar organic compounds were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantification was based on the assumption of equal response for the compounds found in comparison with the chosen marker Substances. For polar, water-soluble Compounds the measurements were restricted to phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. Several different types of organic compounds were found in the raw leachate including aromatics, benzene-sulfonamides, biphenyls, naphthalene, organic phosphates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols and phthalates. The treatment system efficiently reduced organic Pollutants, heavy metals, and nitrogen/phosphorous compounds. Most metals and organic compounds in the leachate were already significantly reduced to a low level in the treatment ponds and ammonium-N was efficiently transformed to nitrate-N in the SP-system.
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