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- Hoogewijs, D., et al.
(författare)
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From critters to cancers: bridging comparative and clinical research on oxygen sensing, HIF signaling, and adaptations towards hypoxia
- 2007
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Ingår i: Integrative and Comparative Biology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1557-7023 .- 1540-7063. ; 47:4, s. 552-577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this symposium at the First International Congress of Respiratory Biology (ICRB) was to enhance communication between comparative biologists and cancer researchers working on O-2 sensing via the HIF pathway. Representatives from both camps came together on August 13-16, 2006, in Bonn, Germany, to discuss molecular adaptations that occur after cells have been challenged by a reduced (hypoxia) or completely absent (anoxia) supply of oxygen. This brief "critters-to-cancer" survey discusses current projects and new directions aimed at improving understanding of hypoxic signaling and developing therapeutic interventions.
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| 3. |
- Bannatyne, B A, et al.
(författare)
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Excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from feline group I and II afferents: differences in axonal projections and input.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Journal of physiology. - : Wiley. - 1469-7793 .- 0022-3751. ; 587:Pt 2, s. 379-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to compare properties of excitatory and inhibitory spinal intermediate zone interneurons in pathways from group I and II muscle afferents in the cat. Interneurons were labelled intracellularly and their transmitter phenotypes were defined by using immunocytochemistry. In total 14 glutamatergic, 22 glycinergic and 2 GABAergic/glycinergic interneurons were retrieved. All interneurons were located in laminae V-VII of the L3-L7 segments. No consistent differences were found in the location, the soma sizes or the extent of the dendritic trees of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. However, major differences were found in their axonal projections; excitatory interneurons projected either ipsilaterally, bilaterally or contralaterally, while inhibitory interneurons projected exclusively ipsilaterally. Terminal projections of glycinergic and glutamatergic cells were found within motor nuclei as well as other regions of the grey matter which include the intermediate region, laminae VII and VIII. Cells containing GABA/glycine had more restricted projections, principally within the intermediate zone where they formed appositions with glutamatergic axon terminals and unidentified cells and therefore are likely to be involved in presynaptic as well as postsynaptic inhibition. The majority of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons were found to be coexcited by group I and II afferents (monosynaptically) and by reticulospinal neurons (mono- or disynaptically) and to integrate information from several muscles. Taken together the morphological and electrophysiological data show that individual excitatory and inhibitory intermediate zone interneurons may operate in a highly differentiated way and thereby contribute to a variety of motor synergies.
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- Liu, T T, et al.
(författare)
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Cholinergic terminals in the ventral horn of adult rat and cat: evidence that glutamate is a cotransmitter at putative interneuron synapses but not at central synapses of motoneurons.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7544 .- 0306-4522. ; 161:1, s. 111-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until recently it was generally accepted that the only neurotransmitter to be released at central synapses of somatic motoneurons was acetylcholine. However, studies on young mice (P0-10) have provided pharmacological evidence indicating that glutamate may act as a cotransmitter with acetylcholine at synapses between motoneurons and Renshaw cells. We performed a series of anatomical experiments on axon collaterals obtained from intracellularly labeled motoneurons from an adult cat and labeled by retrograde transport in adult rats to determine if glutamate is co-localized with acetylcholine by these terminals. We could find no evidence for the presence of vesicular glutamate transporters in motoneuron axon terminals of either species. In addition, we were unable to establish any obvious relationship between motoneuron terminals and the R2 subunit of the AMPA receptor (GluR2). However we did observe a population of cholinergic terminals in lamina VII which did not originate from motoneurons but were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and formed appositions to GluR2 subunits. These were smaller than motoneuron terminals and, unlike them, formed no relationship with Renshaw cells. The evidence suggests that glutamate does not act as a cotransmitter with acetylcholine at central synapses of motoneurons in the adult cat and rat. However, glutamate is present in a population of cholinergic terminals which probably originate from interneurons where its action is via an AMPA receptor.
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| 5. |
- Maxwell, Karen L., et al.
(författare)
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Protein folding : Defining a "standard" set of experimental conditions and a preliminary kinetic data set of two-state proteins
- 2005
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Ingår i: Protein Science. - : Wiley. - 0961-8368 .- 1469-896X. ; 14, s. 602-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent years have seen the publication of both empirical and theoretical relationships predicting the rates with which proteins fold. Our ability to test and refine these relationships has been limited, however, by a variety of difficulties associated with the comparison of folding and unfolding rates, thermodynamics, and structure across diverse sets of proteins. These difficulties include the wide, potentially confounding range of experimental conditions and methods employed to date and the difficulty of obtaining correct and complete sequence and structural details for the characterized constructs. The lack of a single approach to data analysis and error estimation, or even of a common set of units and reporting standards, further hinders comparative studies of folding. In an effort to overcome these problems, we define here a "consensus" set of experimental conditions (25°C at pH 7.0, 50 mM buffer), data analysis methods, and data reporting standards that we hope will provide a benchmark for experimental studies. We take the first step in this initiative by describing the folding kinetics of 30 apparently two-state proteins or protein domains under the consensus conditions. The goal of our efforts is to set uniform standards for the experimental community and to initiate an accumulating, self-consistent data set that will aid ongoing efforts to understand the folding process.
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- Dare, Emma V., et al.
(författare)
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Genipin Cross-Linked Fibrin Hydrogels for in vitro Human Articular Cartilage Tissue-Engineered Regeneration
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cells Tissues Organs. - : Karger. - 1422-6405 .- 1422-6421. ; 190:6, s. 313-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our objective was to examine the potential of a genipin cross-linked human fibrin hydrogel system as a scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Human articular chondrocytes were incorporated into modified human fibrin gels and evaluated for mechanical properties, cell viability, gene expression, extracellular matrix production and subcutaneous biodegradation. Genipin, a naturally occurring compound used in the treatment of inflammation, was used as a cross-linker. Genipin cross-linking did not significantly affect cell viability, but significantly increased the dynamic compression and shear moduli of the hydrogel. The ratio of the change in collagen II versus collagen I expression increased more than 8-fold over 5 weeks as detected with real-time RT-PCR. Accumulation of collagen II and aggrecan in hydrogel extracellular matrix was observed after 5 weeks in cell culture. Overall, our results indicate that genipin appeared to inhibit the inflammatory reaction observed 3 weeks after subcutaneous implantation of the fibrin into rats. Therefore, genipin cross-linked fibrin hydrogels can be used as cell-compatible tissue engineering scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration, for utility in autologous treatments that eliminate the risk of tissue rejection and viral infection.
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