| 1. |
- Gallina, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Explainable, Compliant and Adaptive Human-Automation Interaction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 3rd EXplainable AI in Law Workshop (XAILA 2020).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AI-based systems use trained machine learning models to make important decisions in critical contexts. The EU guidelines for trustworthy AI emphasise the respect for human autonomy, prevention of harm, fairness, and explicability. Many successful machine learning methods, however, deliver opaque models where the reasons for decisions remain unclear to the end user. Hence, accountability and trust are difficult to ascertain. In this position paper, we focus on AI systems that are expected to interact with humans and we propose our visionary architecture, called ECA-HAI (Explainable, Compliant and Adaptive Human-Automation Interaction)-RefArch. ECA-HAI-RefArch allows for building intelligent systems where humans and AIs form teams, able to learn from data but also to learn from each other by playing “serious games”, for a continuous improvement of the overall system. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
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| 2. |
- McKeever, Steve, 1969-
(författare)
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Acknowledging Implementation Trade-Offs When Developing with Units of Measurement
- 2023
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Ingår i: Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. - Switzerland : Springer. - 9783031388200 - 9783031388217 ; , s. 25-47
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical quantities expressed as units of measurement (UoM) are used regularly in scientific and engineering applications. The loss of the Mars climate orbiter, attributed to a confusion between the metric and imperial unit systems, popularised the disastrous consequences of incorrectly handling measurement values. We aim to classify the many solutions that have been proposed by looking at their capabilities and computational overheads. We assume an overall view, starting with a quantity aware Software Model, and then looking at the various approaches which allow these annotations to be transferred into code. Through a formal definition of both dimension checking and UoM conversion we are able to categorise the various options with regards to the stage at which they can be undertaken, their useability, and their coverage of potential errors.
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| 3. |
- McKeever, Steve, 1969-
(författare)
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Discerning Quantities from Units of Measurement
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. - Portugal : INSTICC Press. ; , s. 105-115
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In scientific and engineering applications, physical quantities embodied as units of measurement (UoM) are frequently used. While managing units of measurement is a fairly mature topic in software engineering, more subtle metrological concepts such as named quantities have had little traction within the scientific programming community. The loss of the Mars climate orbiter, attributed to a confusion between the metric and imperial unit systems, popularised the disastrous consequences of incorrectly handling measurement values. This has led to the development of a large number of libraries, languages and tools to ensure developers can specify and validate UoM information in their designs and codes. However these systems do not differentiate between quantities and dimensions. For instance torque and work, which share the same UoM, can not be interchanged because they do not represent the same entity. We present a named quantity layer that sits on top of a dimension checker and unit con verter ensuring values of different quantities are correctly managed without undue restrictions. Our quantity algebra works alongside the unit dimensions to ensure we maintain named quantities when we perform arithmetic and function calls.
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| 4. |
- McKeever, Steve, 1969-
(författare)
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From Quantities in Software Models to Implementation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on model-driven engineering and software development (MODELSWARD). - : SciTePress. - 9789897584879 ; , s. 199-206
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In scientific and engineering applications, physical quantities expressed as units of measurement (UoM) are used regularly. If the algebraic properties of a system's UoM information are incorrectly handled at run-time then catastrophic problems can arise. Much work has gone into creating libraries, languages and tools to ensure developers can leverage UoM information in their designs and codes. While there are technical solutions that allow units of measurement to be specified at both the model and code level, a broader assessment of their strengths and weaknesses has not been undertaken. Inspired by a survey of practitioners, we review four competing methods that support unit checking of code bases. The most straightforward solution is for the programming language to Natively support UoM as this allows for efficient unit conversion and static checking. Alas, none of the mainstream languages provide such support. Libraries might seem compelling, and all popular programming languages have a myriad of options, but they're cumbersome in practice and have specific performance costs. Libraries are best suited to applications in which UoM checking is desirable at run-time. Lightweight methods, such as Component based checking or Black Box testing, provide many benefits of UoM libraries with minimal overheads but sacrifice coverage and thus robustness. By separating and analysing the various options, we hope to enable scientific developers to select the most appropriate approach to transferring UoM information from their software models to their programs.
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| 5. |
- McKeever, Steve, 1969-
(författare)
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Managing Quantities and Units of Measurement in Code Bases
- 2023
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Ingår i: Updates on Software Usability. - : InTech. - 9781803566368 - 9781803566351 - 9781803566375 ; , s. 1-20
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantities in engineering and the physical sciences are expressed as units of measurement (UoM). If a software system fails to maintain the algebraic attributes of a system’s UoM information correctly when evaluating expressions then disastrous problems can arise. However, it is perhaps the more mundane unit mismatches and lack of interoperability that over time incurs a greater cost. Global and existential challenges, from infectious diseases to environmental breakdown, require high-quality data. Ensuring software systems support quantities explicitly is becoming less of a luxury and more of a necessity. While there are technical solutions that allow units of measurement to be specified at both the model and code level, a detailed assessment of their strengths and weaknesses has only recently been undertaken. This chapter provides both a formal introduction to managing quantities and a practical comparison of existing techniques so that software users can judge the robustness of their systems with regards to units of measurement.
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| 6. |
- McKeever, Steve, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Unit of measurement libraries, their popularity and suitability
- 2021
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Ingår i: Software, practice & experience. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0038-0644 .- 1097-024X. ; 51:4, s. 711-734
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In scientific applications, physical quantities, and units of measurement are used regularly. If the inherent incompatibility between these units is not handled properly it can lead to potentially catastrophic problems. Although the risk of a miscalculation is high and the cost equally so, almost none of the major programming languages has support for physical quantities. We employed a systematic approach to examine and analyse available units of measurement (UoM) libraries. The search results were condensed into 38 libraries. These were the most comprehensive and well-developed, open-source libraries, chosen from approximately 3700 search results across seven repository hosting sites. Most libraries are implemented in a similar manner, but with varying features and evaluation strategies. Three developers and a scientist were interviewed and 91 practitioners of varying experiences from on-line forums were surveyed to explain their impressions of UoM libraries and their suitability. Our findings show several reasons for nonadoption, including insufficient awareness of UoM libraries, cumbersome in practice, specific performance concerns, and usage of development processes that exclude unit information We conclude with recommendations to UoM library creators derived from these observations. We also argue that so long as units are not part of the language, or not supported through an IDE extension, their use will be limited. Native language support allows for efficient unit conversion and static checking. While lightweight methods provide many benefits of UoM libraries with minimal overheads. Libraries are perhaps best suited to applications in which unit of measurement checking is desirable at run-time.
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| 7. |
- Okhravi, Christopher, 1987-
(författare)
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Composing Policy Interventions for Antibiotic Development
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antibiotic resistance is eroding the efficacy of the drugs we have and, unless future science dictates otherwise, bacteria will eventually become resistant to whatever new antibiotics we discover. We must therefore plan for a continuous stream of innovation. Unfortunately, pharmaceutical firms have left the scene to pursue more profitable areas. While the free market may eventually give rise to a solution, the question is how much destruction we are willing to accept on the way, and whether it eventually will be too late. A plethora of policy interventions, aimed at stimulating antibiotic research and development, have been suggested, and simulation modelers have begun estimating their effects. Suggested interventions range from prizes, grants, and competitions to regulatory fast-tracking and non-profit development. No unified picture of what to do has emerged. From the perspective of policy-makers, the need does not seem to be for more but for better information. This thesis suggests that to truly compare policy interventions, aimed at stimulating antibiotic development, we should draw on simulation model alignment techniques. To support such an endeavor this thesis presents the seeds of a compositional language capable of formally expressing policy interventions as offers that can be actualized into contracts. The language is not merely theoretical but implementable and usable within actual simulation models. The language is not only derived from previous research on compositional contracts in functional languages and the resources-events-agents ontology, but also the author's unique position as a participant in DRIVE-AB, which comprised 16 public and 7 private partners from 12 countries, and finally six separately published simulation experiments that are all based on work by the author. A constructive proof is provided to establish the utility of the solution in terms of its capacity to capture important facets of important policy interventions.
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| 8. |
- Salah, Omar-Alfred, et al.
(författare)
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Lack of Adoption of Units of Measurement Libraries : Survey and Anecdotes
- 2020
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Ingår i: 2020 IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference On Software Engineering. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery ACM. ; , s. 81-89
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Units of measurement (UoM) libraries are mostly used to appropriately encode unit variables and convert between them in a type-safe manner. Approximately 3700 functioning unit measurement libraries exist on the web, indicating that the wheel is being reinvented time and time again. Previous research has postulated that too much diversity, lack of code sharing and duplicated efforts are discouraging adoption, yet more remains to be known. Three developers and a scientist were interviewed and 91 practitioners of varying experiences from online forums were surveyed to explain their dissatisfaction with UoM libraries and possible reasons behind the lack of adoption. Our findings range from insufficient awareness of these UoM's, to development processes that exclude unit information through to specific performance concerns. We conclude with recommendations to UoM library creators stemming from these points that could help alleviate the problem and lead to an increased adoption rate of methodologies that support unit annotation and checking.
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