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Sökning: WFRF:(Mendez Daniel) > (2020-2024)

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1.
  • Kattge, Jens, et al. (författare)
  • TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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2.
  • Algaba, Juan-Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 911:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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3.
  • Kim, Kyung Hwan, et al. (författare)
  • Anisotropic X-Ray Scattering of Transiently Oriented Water
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 125:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We study the structural dynamics of liquid water by time-resolved anisotropic x-ray scattering under the optical Kerr effect condition. In this way, we can separate the anisotropic scattering decay of 160 fs from the delayed temperature increase of similar to 0.1 K occurring at 1 ps and quantify transient changes in the O-O pair distribution function. Polarizable molecular dynamics simulations reproduce well the experiment, indicating transient alignment of molecules along the electric field, which shortens the nearest-neighbor distances. In addition, analysis of the simulated water local structure provides evidence that two hypothesized fluctuating water configurations exhibit different polarizability.
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4.
  • Mendez, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • Open Science in Software Engineering
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Contemporary Empirical Methods in Software Engineering. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030324889 - 9783030324896 ; , s. 477-501
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Open science describes the movement of making any research artifact available to the public and includes, but is not limited to, open access, open data, and open source. While open science is becoming generally accepted as a norm in other scientific disciplines, in software engineering, we are still struggling in adapting open science to the particularities of our discipline, rendering progress in our scientific community cumbersome. In this chapter, we reflect upon the essentials in open science for software engineering including what open science is, why we should engage in it, and how we should do it. We particularly draw from our experiences made as conference chairs implementing open science initiatives and as researchers actively engaging in open science to critically discuss challenges and pitfalls and to address more advanced topics such as how and under which conditions to share preprints, what infrastructure and licence model to cover, or how do it within the limitations of different reviewing models, such as double-blind reviewing. Our hope is to help establishing a common ground and to contribute to make open science a norm also in software engineering.
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5.
  • Moyon, Fabiola, et al. (författare)
  • Security Compliance in Agile Software Development : A Systematic Mapping Study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Proceedings - 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, SEAA 2020. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728195322 ; , s. 413-420
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Companies adopting agile development tend to face challenges in complying with security norms. Existing research either focuses on how to integrate security into agile methods or on discussing compliance issues of agile methods but independently of the regulation type, in particular of security standards. A comprehensive overview of this scattered field is still missing and we know little about how to achieve security compliance in agile software development. Existing secondary studies (mapping studies and literature reviews) analyze publications on secure agile development, but they do not analyze implications of security standard compliance, e.g., integration of specific standard requirements or compliance assessments. To close this gap, we report on a systematic mapping study. Starting with a set of 2,383 papers, our work distills 11 relevant publications addressing security compliance in agile software development. With this study, we contribute by describing the maturity of the field, as well as domains where security compliant agile software engineering was investigated. Moreover, we make explicit which phases of a secure development process are covered by the field and which agile principles are analyzed when aiming at compliance with international security standards, country-specific security regulations, industry-specific security standards, and other well-known security frameworks. © 2020 IEEE.
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6.
  • Prechelt, Lutz, et al. (författare)
  • Double-blind is good but open would be better : Perceptions of peer review in the SE community
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Software Engineering Notes. - : ACM Digital Library. - 0163-5948 .- 1943-5843. ; 45:3, s. 16-16
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Peer review in software engineering is considered, same as for other disciplines, to be a key element of the research process, yet it is often perceived as not to work fully well. To understand the pains and gains in the peer review system, we ran a survey with open and closed questions with the authors and PC members of ICSE 2014/2015/2016. We received 241 responses (29% response rate). 67% of the respondents identified themselves as professors. We analyzed the responses quantitatively and qualitatively (with open coding). All questions were optional. Agreement scales had 10 points, so mild levels of agreement could be expressed but there was no undecided middle point. The resulting article appeared in Information and Software Technology in 2018 [1] and we also disclosed the anonymized data set [2].
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7.
  • Wagner, Stefan, PhD, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • Challenges in Survey Research
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Contemporary Empirical Methods in Software Engineering. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783030324889 ; , s. 93-125
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While being an important and often used research method, survey research has been less often discussed on a methodological level in empirical software engineering than other types of research. This chapter compiles a set of important and challenging issues in survey research based on experiences with several large-scale international surveys. The chapter covers theory building, sampling, invitation and follow-up, statistical as well as qualitative analysis of survey data and the usage of psychometrics in software engineering surveys.
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8.
  • Yazdani, Azam, et al. (författare)
  • Broadcasters, receivers, functional groups of metabolites, and the link to heart failure by revealing metabolomic network connectivity
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Metabolomics. - 1573-3882 .- 1573-3890. ; 20:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background and Objective : Blood-based small molecule metabolites offer easy accessibility and hold significant potential for insights into health processes, the impact of lifestyle, and genetic variation on disease, enabling precise risk prevention. In a prospective study with records of heart failure (HF) incidence, we present metabolite profiling data from individuals without HF at baseline. Methods : We uncovered the interconnectivity of metabolites using data-driven and causal networks augmented with polygenic factors. Exploring the networks, we identified metabolite broadcasters, receivers, mediators, and subnetworks corresponding to functional classes of metabolites, and provided insights into the link between metabolomic architecture and regulation in health. We incorporated the network structure into the identification of metabolites associated with HF to control the effect of confounding metabolites. Results : We identified metabolites associated with higher and lower risk of HF incidence, such as glycine, ureidopropionic and glycocholic acids, and LPC 18:2. These associations were not confounded by the other metabolites due to uncovering the connectivity among metabolites and adjusting each association for the confounding metabolites. Examples of our findings include the direct influence of asparagine on glycine, both of which were inversely associated with HF. These two metabolites were influenced by polygenic factors and only essential amino acids, which are not synthesized in the human body and are obtained directly from the diet. Conclusion : Metabolites may play a critical role in linking genetic background and lifestyle factors to HF incidence. Revealing the underlying connectivity of metabolites associated with HF strengthens the findings and facilitates studying complex conditions like HF.
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10.
  • Aghda, Soheil Karimi, et al. (författare)
  • Ion kinetic energy- and ion flux-dependent mechanical properties and thermal stability of (Ti,Al)N thin films
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - : Elsevier. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 250
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ion-irradiation-induced changes in structure, elastic properties, and thermal stability of metastable c-(Ti,Al)N thin films synthesized by high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) and cathodic arc deposition (CAD) are systematically investigated by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. While films deposited by HPPMS show a random orientation at ion kinetic energies (Ek)>105 eV, an evolution towards (111) orientation is observed in CAD films for Ek>144 eV. The measured ion energy flux at the growing film surface is 3.3 times larger for CAD compared to HPPMS. Hence, it is inferred that formation of the strong (111) texture in CAD films is caused by the ion flux-and ion energy-induced strain energy minimization in defective c-(Ti,Al)N. The ion energy-dependent elastic modulus can be rationalized by considering the ion energy-and orientation -dependent formation of point defects from DFT predictions: The balancing effects of bombardment-induced Frenkel defects formation and the concurrent evolution of compressive intrinsic stress result in the apparent independence of the elastic modulus from Ek for HPPMS films without preferential orientation. However, an ion energy-dependent elastic modulus reduction of similar to 18% for the CAD films can be understood by considering the 34% higher Frenkel pair concentration formed at Ek=182 eV upon irradiation of the experimentally observed (111)-oriented (Ti,Al)N in comparison to the (200)-configuration at similar Ek. Moreover, the effect of Frenkel pair concentration on the thermal stability of metastable c-(Ti,Al)N is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry: Ion-irradiation-induced increase in Frenkel pairs concentration retards the wurtzite formation temperature by up to 206 degrees C.
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11.
  • Anderson, Bruce, et al. (författare)
  • Opposing effects of plant traits on diversification
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: iScience. - : Cell Press. - 2589-0042. ; 26:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Species diversity can vary dramatically across lineages due to differences in speciation and extinction rates. Here, we explore the effects of several plant traits on diversification, finding that most traits have opposing effects on diversification. For example, outcrossing may increase the efficacy of selection and adaptation but also decrease mate availability, two processes with contrasting effects on lineage persistence. Such opposing trait effects can manifest as differences in diversification rates that depend on ecological context, spatiotemporal scale, and associations with other traits. The complexity of pathways linking traits to diversification suggests that the mechanistic underpinnings behind their correlations may be difficult to interpret with any certainty, and context dependence means that the effects of specific traits on diversification are likely to differ across multiple lineages and timescales. This calls for taxonomically and context-controlled approaches to studies that correlate traits and diversification.
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12.
  • Andreoli, María F, et al. (författare)
  • Pre-prandial plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) concentration in humans is inversely associated with hunger sensation in a ghrelin independent manner.
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Nutrition. - 1436-6207 .- 1436-6215.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly recognized peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) blunting the effects of ghrelin and displaying ghrelin-independent actions. Since the implications of LEAP2 are beginning to be elucidated, we investigated if plasma LEAP2 concentration varies with feeding status or sex and whether it is associated with glucose metabolism and appetite sensations.METHODS: We performed a single test meal study, in which plasma concentrations of LEAP2, ghrelin, insulin and glucose as well as visual analogue scales for hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, fullness were assessed before and 60 min after breakfast in 44 participants (n = 21 females) with normal weight (NW) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB).RESULTS: Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration was ~ 1.6-fold higher whereas ghrelin was ~ 2.0-fold lower in individuals with OW/OB (p < 0.001) independently of sex. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and sex, pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed a direct relationship with BMI (β: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.001), fat mass (β: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09; p = 0.010) and glycemia (β: 0.24; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.43; p = 0.021), whereas plasma ghrelin concentration displayed an inverse relationship with BMI and fat mass but not with glycemia. Postprandial plasma LEAP2 concentration increased ~ 58% in females with OW/OB (p = 0.045) but not in females with NW or in males. Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed an inverse relationship with hunger score (β: - 11.16; 95% CI: - 18.52, - 3.79; p = 0.004), in a BMI-, sex- and ghrelin-independent manner.CONCLUSIONS: LEAP2 emerges as a key hormone implicated in the regulation of metabolism and appetite in humans.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (April 2023).CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT05815641.
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13.
  • Angermeir, Florian, et al. (författare)
  • Enterprise-Driven Open Source Software : A Case Study on Security Automation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 2021 IEEE/ACM 43RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE (ICSE-SEIP 2021). - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9780738146690 ; , s. 278-287
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Agile and DevOps are widely adopted by the industry. Hence, integrating security activities with industrial practices. such as continuous integration (CI) pipelines, is necessary to detect security flaws and adhere to regulators' demands early. In this paper, we analyze automated security activities in CI pipelines of enterprise-driven open source software (OSS). This shall allow us, in the long-run, to better understand the extent to which security activities are (or should be) part of automated pipelines. In particular, we mine publicly available OSS repositories and survey a sample of project maintainers to better understand the role that security activities and their related tools play in their CI pipelines. To increase transparency and allow other researchers to replicate our study (and to take different perspectives), we further disclose our research artefacts. Our results indicate that security activities in enterprise-driven OSS projects are scarce and protection coverage is rather low. Only 6.83% of the analyzed 8,243 projects apply security automation in their CI pipelines, even though maintainers consider security to be rather important. This alerts industry to keep the focus on vulnerabilities of 3rd Party software and it opens space for other improvements or practice which we outline in this manuscript.
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14.
  • Azina, Clio, et al. (författare)
  • Yttrium incorporation in Cr2AlC : On the metastable phase formation and decomposition of (Cr,Y)(2)AlC MAX phase thin films
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 106:4, s. 2652-2665
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Herein we report on the synthesis of a metastable (Cr,Y)(2)AlC MAX phase solid solution by co-sputtering from a composite Cr-Al-C and elemental Y target, at room temperature, followed by annealing. However, direct high-temperature synthesis resulted in multiphase films, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction analyses, room-temperature depositions, followed by annealing to 760 degrees C led to the formation of phase pure (Cr,Y)(2)AlC by diffusion. Higher annealing temperatures caused a decomposition of the metastable phase into Cr2AlC, Y5Al3, and Cr-carbides. In contrast to pure Cr2AlC, the Y-containing phase crystallizes directly in the MAX phase structure instead of first forming a disordered solid solution. Furthermore, the crystallization temperature was shown to be Y-content dependent and was increased by similar to 200 degrees C for 5 at.% Y compared to Cr2AlC. Calculations predicting the metastable phase formation of (Cr,Y)(2)AlC and its decomposition are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings.
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15.
  • Backes, Claudia, et al. (författare)
  • Production and processing of graphene and related materials
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: 2D Materials. - : IOP Publishing. - 2053-1583. ; 7:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to 'bottom up' approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers 'top down' techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers' and modified Hummers' methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by employing a theoretical data-mining approach. The exfoliation of LMs usually results in a heterogeneous dispersion of flakes with different lateral size and thickness. This is a critical bottleneck for applications, and hinders the full exploitation of GRMs produced by solution processing. The establishment of procedures to control the morphological properties of exfoliated GRMs, which also need to be industrially scalable, is one of the key needs. Section III deals with the processing of flakes. (Ultra)centrifugation techniques have thus far been the most investigated to sort GRMs following ultrasonication, shear mixing, ball milling, microfluidization, and wet-jet milling. It allows sorting by size and thickness. Inks formulated from GRM dispersions can be printed using a number of processes, from inkjet to screen printing. Each technique has specific rheological requirements, as well as geometrical constraints. The solvent choice is critical, not only for the GRM stability, but also in terms of optimizing printing on different substrates, such as glass, Si, plastic, paper, etc, all with different surface energies. Chemical modifications of such substrates is also a key step. Sections IV-VII are devoted to the growth of GRMs on various substrates and their processing after growth to place them on the surface of choice for specific applications. The substrate for graphene growth is a key determinant of the nature and quality of the resultant film. The lattice mismatch between graphene and substrate influences the resulting crystallinity. Growth on insulators, such as SiO2, typically results in films with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. Section IV outlines the growth of graphene on SiC substrates. This satisfies the requirements for electronic applications, with well-defined graphene-substrate interface, low trapped impurities and no need for transfer. It also allows graphene structures and devices to be measured directly on the growth substrate. The flatness of the substrate results in graphene with minimal strain and ripples on large areas, allowing spectroscopies and surface science to be performed. We also discuss the surface engineering by intercalation of the resulting graphene, its integration with Si-wafers and the production of nanostructures with the desired shape, with no need for patterning. Section V deals with chemical vapour deposition (CVD) onto various transition metals and on insulators. Growth on Ni results in graphitized polycrystalline films. While the thickness of these films can be optimized by controlling the deposition parameters, such as the type of hydrocarbon precursor and temperature, it is difficult to attain single layer graphene (SLG) across large areas, owing to the simultaneous nucleation/growth and solution/precipitation mechanisms. The differing characteristics of polycrystalline Ni films facilitate the growth of graphitic layers at different rates, resulting in regions with differing numbers of graphitic layers. High-quality films can be grown on Cu. Cu is available in a variety of shapes and forms, such as foils, bulks, foams, thin films on other materials and powders, making it attractive for industrial production of large area graphene films. The push to use CVD graphene in applications has also triggered a research line for the direct growth on insulators. The quality of the resulting films is lower than possible to date on metals, but enough, in terms of transmittance and resistivity, for many applications as described in section V. Transfer technologies are the focus of section VI. CVD synthesis of graphene on metals and bottom up molecular approaches require SLG to be transferred to the final target substrates. To have technological impact, the advances in production of high-quality large-area CVD graphene must be commensurate with those on transfer and placement on the final substrates. This is a prerequisite for most applications, such as touch panels, anticorrosion coatings, transparent electrodes and gas sensors etc. New strategies have improved the transferred graphene quality, making CVD graphene a feasible option for CMOS foundries. Methods based on complete etching of the metal substrate in suitable etchants, typically iron chloride, ammonium persulfate, or hydrogen chloride although reliable, are time- and resource-consuming, with damage to graphene and production of metal and etchant residues. Electrochemical delamination in a low-concentration aqueous solution is an alternative. In this case metallic substrates can be reused. Dry transfer is less detrimental for the SLG quality, enabling a deterministic transfer. There is a large range of layered materials (LMs) beyond graphite. Only few of them have been already exfoliated and fully characterized. Section VII deals with the growth of some of these materials. Amongst them, h-BN, transition metal tri- and di-chalcogenides are of paramount importance. The growth of h-BN is at present considered essential for the development of graphene in (opto) electronic applications, as h-BN is ideal as capping layer or substrate. The interesting optical and electronic properties of TMDs also require the development of scalable methods for their production. Large scale growth using chemical/physical vapour deposition or thermal assisted conversion has been thus far limited to a small set, such as h-BN or some TMDs. Heterostructures could also be directly grown. Section VIII discusses advances in GRM functionalization. A broad range of organic molecules can be anchored to the sp(2) basal plane by reductive functionalization. Negatively charged graphene can be prepared in liquid phase (e.g. via intercalation chemistry or electrochemically) and can react with electrophiles. This can be achieved both in dispersion or on substrate. The functional groups of GO can be further derivatized. Graphene can also be noncovalently functionalized, in particular with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that assemble on the sp(2) carbon network by pi-pi stacking. In the liquid phase, this can enhance the colloidal stability of SLG/FLG. Approaches to achieve noncovalent on-substrate functionalization are also discussed, which can chemically dope graphene. Research efforts to derivatize CNMs are also summarized, as well as novel routes to selectively address defect sites. In dispersion, edges are the most dominant defects and can be covalently modified. This enhances colloidal stability without modifying the graphene basal plane. Basal plane point defects can also be modified, passivated and healed in ultra-high vacuum. The decoration of graphene with metal nanoparticles (NPs) has also received considerable attention, as it allows to exploit synergistic effects between NPs and graphene. Decoration can be either achieved chemically or in the gas phase. All LMs,
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16.
  • Borg, Markus, et al. (författare)
  • The AIQ Meta-Testbed : Pragmatically Bridging Academic AI Testing and Industrial Q Needs
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1865-1348 .- 1865-1356. - 9783030658533 ; 404, s. 66-77
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • AI solutions seem to appear in any and all application domains. As AI becomes more pervasive, the importance of quality assurance increases. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on what artificial intelligence means and interpretations range from simple statistical analysis to sentient humanoid robots. On top of that, quality is a notoriously hard concept to pinpoint. What does this mean for AI quality? In this paper, we share our working definition and a pragmatic approach to address the corresponding quality assurance with a focus on testing. Finally, we present our ongoing work on establishing the AIQ Meta-Testbed. 
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17.
  • Calatrava-Nicolás, Francisco M., et al. (författare)
  • Robotic-Based Well-Being Monitoring and Coaching System for the Elderly in Their Daily Activities
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 21:20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The increasingly ageing population and the tendency to live alone have led science and engineering researchers to search for health care solutions. In the COVID 19 pandemic, the elderly have been seriously affected in addition to suffering from isolation and its associated and psychological consequences. This paper provides an overview of the RobWell (Robotic-based Well-Being Monitoring and Coaching System for the Elderly in their Daily Activities) system. It is a system focused on the field of artificial intelligence for mood prediction and coaching. This paper presents a general overview of the initially proposed system as well as the preliminary results related to the home automation subsystem, autonomous robot navigation and mood estimation through machine learning prior to the final system integration, which will be discussed in future works. The main goal is to improve their mental well-being during their daily household activities. The system is composed of ambient intelligence with intelligent sensors, actuators and a robotic platform that interacts with the user. A test smart home system was set up in which the sensors, actuators and robotic platform were integrated and tested. For artificial intelligence applied to mood prediction, we used machine learning to classify several physiological signals into different moods. In robotics, it was concluded that the ROS autonomous navigation stack and its autodocking algorithm were not reliable enough for this task, while the robot's autonomy was sufficient. Semantic navigation, artificial intelligence and computer vision alternatives are being sought.
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18.
  • Chuprina, Tatiana, et al. (författare)
  • Towards Artefact-based Requirements Engineering for Data-Centric Systems
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - : CEUR-WS.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many modern software-intensive systems employ artificial intelligence / machine-learning (AI/ML) components and are, thus, inherently data-centric. The behaviour of such systems depends on typically large amounts of data processed at run-Time rendering such non-deterministic systems as complex. This complexity growth affects our understanding on needs and practices in Requirements Engineering (RE). There is, however, still little guidance on how to handle requirements for such systems effectively: What are, for example, typical quality requirements classes What modelling concepts do we rely on or which levels of abstraction do we need to consider In fact, how to integrate such concepts into approaches for a more traditional RE still needs profound investigations. In this research preview paper, we report on ongoing efforts to establish an artefact-based RE approach for the development of datacentric systems (DCSs). To this end, we sketch a DCS development process with the newly proposed requirements categories and data-centric artefacts and briefly report on an ongoing investigation of current RE challenges in industry developing data-centric systems. © 2021 CEUR-WS. All rights reserved.
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19.
  • Dehghani, Razieh, et al. (författare)
  • On Understanding the Relation of Knowledge and Confidence to Requirements Quality
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING: FOUNDATION FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY (REFSQ 2021). - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783030731274 ; , s. 208-224
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [Context and Motivation] Software requirements are affected by the knowledge and confidence of software engineers. Analyzing the interrelated impact of these factors is difficult because of the challenges of assessing knowledge and confidence. [Question/Problem] This research aims to draw attention to the need for considering the interrelated effects of confidence and knowledge on requirements quality, which has not been addressed by previous publications. [Principal ideas/results] For this purpose, the following steps have been taken: 1) requirements quality was defined based on the instructions provided by the ISO29148:2011 standard, 2) we selected the symptoms of low qualified requirements based on ISO29148:2011, 3) we analyzed five Software Requirements Specification (SRS) documents to find these symptoms, 3) people who have prepared the documents were categorized in four classes to specify the more/less knowledge and confidence they have regarding the symptoms, and 4) finally, the relation of lack of enough knowledge and confidence to symptoms of low quality was investigated. The results revealed that the simultaneous deficiency of confidence and knowledge has more negative effects in comparison with a deficiency of knowledge or confidence. [Contribution] In brief, this study has achieved these results: 1) the realization that a combined lack of knowledge and confidence has a larger effect on requirements quality than only one of the two factors, 2) the relation between low qualified requirements and requirements engineers’ needs for knowledge and confidence, and 3) variety of requirements engineers’ needs for knowledge based on their abilities to make discriminative and consistent decisions. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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20.
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21.
  • Dorner, Michael, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Only Time Will Tell : Modelling Information Diffusion in Code Review with Time-Varying Hypergraphs
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: ESEM '22<em></em>. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450394277 ; , s. 195-204
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Modern code review is expected to facilitate knowledge sharing: All relevant information, the collective expertise, and meta-information around the code change and its context become evident, transparent, and explicit in the corresponding code review discussion. The discussion participants can leverage this information in the following code reviews; the information diffuses through the communication network that emerges from code review. Traditional time-aggregated graphs fall short in rendering information diffusion as those models ignore the temporal order of the information exchange: Information can only be passed on if it is available in the first place.Aim: This manuscript presents a novel model based on time-varying hypergraphs for rendering information diffusion that overcomes the inherent limitations of traditional, time-aggregated graph-based models. Method: In an in-silico experiment, we simulate an information diffusion within the internal code review at Microsoft and show the empirical impact of time on a key characteristic of information diffusion: the number of reachable participants. Results: Time-aggregation significantly overestimates the paths of information diffusion available in communication networks and, thus, is neither precise nor accurate for modelling and measuring the spread of information within communication networks that emerge from code review. Conclusion: Our model overcomes the inherent limitations of traditional, static or time-aggregated, graph-based communication models and sheds the first light on information diffusion through code review. We believe that our model can serve as a foundation for understanding, measuring, managing, and improving knowledge sharing in code review in particular and information diffusion in software engineering in general.
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22.
  • Dorner, Michael, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • Taxing Collaborative Software Engineering : The Challenges for Tax Compliance in Software Engineering
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 41:4, s. 143-150
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The engineering of complex software systems is often the result of a highly collaborative effort. However, collaboration within a multinational enterprise has an overlooked legal implication when developers collaborate across national borders: It is taxable. In this article, we discuss the unsolved problem of taxing collaborative software engineering across borders.
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23.
  • Ernst, Neil A., et al. (författare)
  • Understanding peer review of software engineering papers
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 26:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context: Peer review is a key activity intended to preserve the quality and integrity of scientific publications. However, in practice it is far from perfect. Objective: We aim at understanding how reviewers, including those who have won awards for reviewing, perform their reviews of software engineering papers to identify both what makes a good reviewing approach and what makes a good paper. Method: We first conducted a series of interviews with recognised reviewers in the software engineering field. Then, we used the results of those interviews to develop a questionnaire used in an online survey and sent out to reviewers from well-respected venues covering a number of software engineering disciplines, some of whom had won awards for their reviewing efforts. Results: We analyzed the responses from the interviews and from 175 reviewers who completed the online survey (including both reviewers who had won awards and those who had not). We report on several descriptive results, including: Nearly half of award-winners (45%) are reviewing 20+ conference papers a year, while 28% of non-award winners conduct that many. The majority of reviewers (88%) are taking more than two hours on journal reviews. We also report on qualitative results. Our findings suggest that the most important criteria of a good review is that it should be factual and helpful, which ranked above others such as being detailed or kind. The most important features of papers that result in positive reviews are a clear and supported validation, an interesting problem, and novelty. Conversely, negative reviews tend to result from papers that have a mismatch between the method and the claims and from papers with overly grandiose claims. Further insights include, if not limited to, that reviewers view data availability and its consistency as being important or that authors need to make their contribution of the work very clear in their paper. Conclusions: Based on the insights we gained through our study, we conclude our work by compiling a proto-guideline for reviewing. One hope we associate with our work is to contribute to the ongoing debate and contemporary effort to further improve our peer review models in the future. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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24.
  • Fabiola Moyón, Constante, et al. (författare)
  • RefA : Reference Architecture for Security-compliant DevOps
  • 2023
  • Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This technical report presents RefA, a reference architecture for security-compliant DevOps. RefA consists of a set of models that illustrate the artefacts and practice areas to consider when implementing secure DevOps lifecycles. In addition, RefA describes people, proceses, and technology aspects to be considered in each practice area. Practitioners can use RefA for the purposes of designing and assessing security compliance of their DevOps lifecycles, while researchers may use RefA as a reference for setting up research roadmaps. RefA models result from combining the profound analysis of the IEC 62443-4-1 standard for secure industrial products development, continuous software engineering literature review, and observations made in practice in context of a large industrial company during the past 5 years. The manuscript constitutes original, previously unpublished research.
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25.
  • Ferrando, Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of oxygen on post-surgical infections during an individualised perioperative open-lung ventilatory strategy : a randomised controlled trial
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Anaesthesia. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0007-0912 .- 1471-6771. ; 124:1, s. 110-120
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: We aimed to examine whether using a high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) in the context of an individualised intra- and postoperative open-lung ventilation approach could decrease surgical site infection (SSI) in patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. Methods: We performed a multicentre, randomised controlled clinical trial in a network of 21 university hospitals from June 6, 2017 to July 19, 2018. Patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive a high (0.80) or conventional (0.3) FIO2 during the intraoperative period and during the first 3 postoperative hours. All patients were mechanically ventilated with an open-lung strategy, which included recruitment manoeuvres and individualised positive end-expiratory pressure for the best respiratory-system compliance, and individualised continuous postoperative airway pressure for adequate peripheral oxyhaemoglobin saturation. The primary outcome was the prevalence of SSI within the first 7 postoperative days. The secondary outcomes were composites of systemic complications, length of intensive care and hospital stay, and 6-month mortality. Results: We enrolled 740 subjects: 371 in the high FIO2 group and 369 in the low FIO2 group. Data from 717 subjects were available for final analysis. The rate of SSI during the first postoperative week did not differ between high (8.9%) and low (9.4%) FIO2 groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-1.50; P=0.90]). Secondary outcomes, such as atelectasis (7.7% vs 9.8%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.48-1.25; P=0.38) and myocardial ischaemia (0.6% [n=2] vs 0% [n=0]; P=0.47) did not differ between groups. Conclusions: An oxygenation strategy using high FIO2 compared with conventional FIO2 did not reduce postoperative SSIs in abdominal surgery. No differences in secondary outcomes or adverse events were found.
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26.
  • Ferreiro, Maria Eugenia, et al. (författare)
  • Unraveling the effect of the inflammatory microenvironment in spermatogenesis progression
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 392:2, s. 581-604
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes progressive spermatogenic impairment. EAO is characterized by high intratesticular levels of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) causing germ cell apoptosis and Sertoli cell dysfunction. However, the impact of this inflammatory milieu on the spermatogenic wave is unknown. Therefore, we studied the effect of inflammation on spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocyte cell cycle progression in an EAO context and through the intratesticular DETA-NO and TNFα injection in the normal rat testes. In EAO, premeiotic germ cell proliferation is limited as a consequence of the undifferentiated spermatogonia (CD9+) cell cycle arrest in G2/M and the reduced number of differentiated spermatogonia (c-kit+) and preleptotene spermatocytes that enter in the meiotic S-phase. Although inflammation disrupts spermatogenesis in EAO, it is maintained in some seminiferous tubules at XIV and VII–VIII stages of the epithelial cell cycle, thereby guaranteeing sperm production. We found that DETA-NO (2 mM) injected in normal testes arrests spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocyte cell cycle; this effect reduces the number of proliferative spermatogonia and the number of preleptotene spermatocytes in meiosis S-phase (36 h after). The temporal inhibition of spermatogonia clonal amplification delayed progression of the spermatogenic wave (5 days after) finally altering spermatogenesis. TNFα (0.5 and 1 µg) exposure did not affect premeiotic germ cell cycle or spermatogenic wave. Our results show that in EAO the inflammatory microenvironment altered spermatogenesis kinetics through premeiotic germ cell cycle arrest and that NO is a sufficient factor contributing to this phenomenon.
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27.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • Automatic creation of acceptance tests by extracting conditionals from requirements : NLP approach and case study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 197
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Acceptance testing is crucial to determine whether a system fulfills end-user requirements. However, the creation of acceptance tests is a laborious task entailing two major challenges: (1) practitioners need to determine the right set of test cases that fully covers a requirement, and (2) they need to create test cases manually due to insufficient tool support. Existing approaches for automatically deriving test cases require semi-formal or even formal notations of requirements, though unrestricted natural language is prevalent in practice. In this paper, we present our tool-supported approach CiRA (Conditionals in Requirements Artifacts) capable of creating the minimal set of required test cases from conditional statements in informal requirements. We demonstrate the feasibility of CiRA in a case study with three industry partners. In our study, out of 578 manually created test cases, 71.8% can be generated automatically. Additionally, CiRA discovered 80 relevant test cases that were missed in manual test case design. CiRA is publicly available at www.cira.bth.se/demo/. © 2022
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28.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • Automatic Detection of Causality in Requirement Artifacts : The CiRA Approach
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783030731274 ; , s. 19-36
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [Context & motivation:] System behavior is often expressed by causal relations in requirements (e.g., If event 1, then event 2). Automatically extracting this embedded causal knowledge supports not only reasoning about requirements dependencies, but also various automated engineering tasks such as seamless derivation of test cases. However, causality extraction from natural language (NL) is still an open research challenge as existing approaches fail to extract causality with reasonable performance. [Question/problem:] We understand causality extraction from requirements as a two-step problem: First, we need to detect if requirements have causal properties or not. Second, we need to understand and extract their causal relations. At present, though, we lack knowledge about the form and complexity of causality in requirements, which is necessary to develop a suitable approach addressing these two problems. [Principal ideas/results:] We conduct an exploratory case study with 14,983 sentences from 53 requirements documents originating from 18 different domains and shed light on the form and complexity of causality in requirements. Based on our findings, we develop a tool-supported approach for causality detection (CiRA, standing for Causality in Requirement Artifacts). This constitutes a first step towards causality extraction from NL requirements. [Contribution:] We report on a case study and the resulting tool-supported approach for causality detection in requirements. Our case study corroborates, among other things, that causality is, in fact, a widely used linguistic pattern to describe system behavior, as about a third of the analyzed sentences are causal. We further demonstrate that our tool CiRA achieves a macro-F 1 score of 82% on real word data and that it outperforms related approaches with an average gain of 11.06% in macro-Recall and 11.43% in macro-Precision. Finally, we disclose our open data sets as well as our tool to foster the discourse on the automatic detection of causality in the RE community. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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29.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • Automatic ESG Assessment of Companies by Mining and Evaluating Media Coverage Data : NLP Approach and Tool
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9798350324457 ; , s. 2823-2830
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [Context:] Society increasingly values sustainable corporate behaviour, impacting corporate reputation and customer trust. Hence, companies regularly publish sustainability reports to shed light on their impact on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. [Problem:] Sustainability reports are written by companies and therefore considered a company-controlled source. Contrarily, studies reveal that non-corporate channels (e.g., media coverage) represent the main driver for ESG transparency. However, analysing media coverage regarding ESG factors is challenging since (1) the amount of published news articles grows daily, (2) media coverage data does not necessarily deal with an ESG-relevant topic, meaning that it must be carefully filtered, and (3) the majority of media coverage data is unstructured. [Research Goal:] We aim to automatically extract ESG-relevant information from textual media reactions to calculate an ESG score for a given company. Our goal is to reduce the cost of ESG data collection and make ESG information available to the general public. [Contribution:] Our contributions are three-fold: First, we publish a corpus of 432,411 news headlines annotated as being environmental-, governance-, social-related, or ESG-irrelevant. Second, we present our tool-supported approach called ESG-Miner, capable of automatically analysing and evaluating corporate ESG performance headlines. Third, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in an experiment and apply the ESG-Miner on 3000 manually labelled headlines. Our approach correctly processes 96.7% of the headlines and shows great performance in detecting environmental-related headlines and their correct sentiment. © 2023 IEEE.
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30.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • Fine-Grained Causality Extraction from Natural Language Requirements Using Recursive Neural Tensor Networks
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781665418980 ; , s. 60-69
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • [Context:] Causal relations (e.g., If A, then B) are prevalent in functional requirements. For various applications of AI4RE, e.g., the automatic derivation of suitable test cases from requirements, automatically extracting such causal statements are a basic necessity. [Problem:] We lack an approach that is able to extract causal relations from natural language requirements in fine-grained form. Specifically, existing approaches do not consider the combinatorics between causes and effects. They also do not allow to split causes and effects into more granular text fragments (e.g., variable and condition), making the extracted relations unsuitable for automatic test case derivation. [Objective Contributions:] We address this research gap and make the following contributions: First, we present the Causality Treebank, which is the first corpus of fully labeled binary parse trees representing the composition of 1,571 causal requirements. Second, we propose a fine-grained causality extractor based on Recursive Neural Tensor Networks. Our approach is capable of recovering the composition of causal statements written in natural language and achieves a F1 score of 74% in the evaluation on the Causality Treebank. Third, we disclose our open data sets as well as our code to foster the discourse on the automatic extraction of causality in the RE community. © 2021 IEEE.
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31.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • How Do Practitioners Interpret Conditionals in Requirements?
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783030914516 ; , s. 85-102
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context: Conditional statements like “If A and B then C” are core elements for describing software requirements. However, there are many ways to express such conditionals in natural language and also many ways how they can be interpreted. We hypothesize that conditional statements in requirements are a source of ambiguity, potentially affecting downstream activities such as test case generation negatively. Objective: Our goal is to understand how specific conditionals are interpreted by readers who work with requirements. Method: We conduct a descriptive survey with 104 RE practitioners and ask how they interpret 12 different conditional clauses. We map their interpretations to logical formulas written in Propositional (Temporal) Logic and discuss the implications. Results: The conditionals in our tested requirements were interpreted ambiguously. We found that practitioners disagree on whether an antecedent is only sufficient or also necessary for the consequent. Interestingly, the disagreement persists even when the system behavior is known to the practitioners. We also found that certain cue phrases are associated with specific interpretations. Conclusion: Conditionals in requirements are a source of ambiguity and there is not just one way to interpret them formally. This affects any analysis that builds upon formalized requirements (e.g., inconsistency checking, test-case generation). Our results may also influence guidelines for writing requirements. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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32.
  • Fischbach, Jannik, et al. (författare)
  • What makes agile test artifacts useful? : An activity-based quality model from a practitioners' perspective
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement. - New York, NY, USA : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781450375801
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The artifacts used in Agile software testing and the reasons why these artifacts are used are fairly well-understood. However, empirical research on how Agile test artifacts are eventually designed in practice and which quality factors make them useful for software testing remains sparse. Aims: Our objective is two-fold. First, we identify current challenges in using test artifacts to understand why certain quality factors are considered good or bad. Second, we build an Activity-Based Artifact Quality Model that describes what Agile test artifacts should look like. Method: We conduct an industrial survey with 18 practitioners from 12 companies operating in seven different domains. Results: Our analysis reveals nine challenges and 16 factors describing the quality of six test artifacts from the perspective of Agile testers. Interestingly, we observed mostly challenges regarding language and traceability, which are well-known to occur in non-Agile projects. Conclusions: Although Agile software testing is becoming the norm, we still have little confidence about general do's and don'ts going beyond conventional wisdom. This study is the first to distill a list of quality factors deemed important to what can be considered as useful test artifacts. © 2020 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.
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33.
  • Franch, Xavier, et al. (författare)
  • A Study about the Knowledge and Use of Requirements Engineering Standards in Industry
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 48:9, s. 3310-3325
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of standards is considered a vital part of any engineering discipline. So one could expect that standards play an important role in Requirements Engineering (RE) as well. However, little is known about the actual knowledge and use of RE-related standards in industry. <i>Objective</i>. In this article, we investigate to which ex-tent standards and related artifacts such as templates or guidelines are known and used by RE practitioners. <i>Method</i>. To this end, we have conducted an online survey. We could analyze the replies from 90 RE practitioners using a combination of closed and open-text questions. <i>Results</i>. Our results indicate that the knowledge and use of standards and related artifacts in RE may be less widespread than one might expect from an engineering perspective. For example, about 45% of the respondents working as requirements engineers or business analysts do not know at least one of the two core standards in RE. Participants in our study mostly use standards rather by personal decision than imposed by their company, customer, or regulator. Beyond insufficient knowledge, we also found cultural and organizational factors impeding the widespread adoption of standards in RE. <i>Conclusions</i>. Overall, our results provide empirically informed insights into the actual use of standards and related artifacts in RE practice and indirectly about the value that the current standards create for RE practitioners. IEEE
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34.
  • Franch, Xavier, et al. (författare)
  • How do Practitioners Perceive the Relevance of Requirements Engineering Research?
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 48:6, s. 1947-1964
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context: The relevance of Requirements Engineering (RE) research to practitioners is vital for a long-term dissemination of research results to everyday practice. Some authors have speculated about a mismatch between research and practice in the RE discipline. However, there is not much evidence to support or refute this perception. Objective: This paper presents the results of a study aimed at gathering evidence from practitioners about their perception of the relevance of RE research and at understanding the factors that influence that perception. Method: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of industry practitioners with expertise in RE. The participants rated the perceived relevance of 435 scientific papers presented at five top RE-related conferences. Results: The 153 participants provided a total of 2,164 ratings. The practitioners rated RE research as essential or worthwhile in a majority of cases. However, the percentage of non-positive ratings is still higher than we would like. Among the factors that affect the perception of relevance are the paper?s links to industry, the research method used, and respondents? roles. The reasons for positive perceptions were primarily related to the relevance of the problem and the soundness of the solution, while the causes for negative perceptions were more varied. The respondents also provided suggestions for future research, including topics researchers have studied for decades, like elicitation or requirement quality criteria. Conclusions: The study is valuable for both researchers and practitioners. Researchers can use the reasons respondents gave for positive and negative perceptions and the suggested research topics to help make their research more appealing to practitioners and thus more prone to industry adoption. Practitioners can benefit from the overall view of contemporary RE research by learning about research topics that they may not be familiar with, and compare their perception with those of their colleagues to self-assess their positioning towards more academic research. IEEE
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35.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • A Live Extensible Ontology of Quality Factors for Textual Requirements
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering. - : IEEE. - 9781665470001 ; , s. 274-280
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Quality factors like passive voice or sentence length are commonly used in research and practice to evaluate the quality of natural language requirements since they indicate defects in requirements artifacts that potentially propagate to later stages in the development life cycle. However, as a research community, we still lack a holistic perspective on quality factors. This inhibits not only a comprehensive understanding of the existing body of knowledge but also the effective use and evolution of these factors. To this end, we propose an ontology of quality factors for textual requirements, which includes (1) a structure framing quality factors and related elements and (2) a central repository and web interface making these factors publicly accessible and usable. We contribute the first version of both by applying a rigorous ontology development method to 105 eligible primary studies and construct a first version of the repository and interface. We illustrate the usability of the ontology and invite fellow researchers to a joint community effort to complete and maintain this knowledge repository. We envision our ontology to reflect the community's harmonized perception of requirements quality factors, guide reporting of new quality factors, and provide central access to the current body of knowledge.
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36.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • An initial theory to understand and manage requirements engineering debt in practice
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 159
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context: Advances in technical debt research demonstrate the benefits of applying the financial debt metaphor to support decision-making in software development activities. Although decision-making during requirements engineering has significant consequences, the debt metaphor in requirements engineering is inadequately explored. Objective: We aim to conceptualize how the debt metaphor applies to requirements engineering by organizing concepts related to practitioners’ understanding and managing of requirements engineering debt (RED). Method: We conducted two in-depth expert interviews to identify key requirements engineering debt concepts and construct a survey instrument. We surveyed 69 practitioners worldwide regarding their perception of the concepts and developed an initial analytical theory. Results: We propose a RED theory that aligns key concepts from technical debt research but emphasizes the specific nature of requirements engineering. In particular, the theory consists of 23 falsifiable propositions derived from the literature, the interviews, and survey results. Conclusions: The concepts of requirements engineering debt are perceived to be similar to their technical debt counterpart. Nevertheless, measuring and tracking requirements engineering debt are immature in practice. Our proposed theory serves as the first guide toward further research in this area. 
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37.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Automatic Extraction of Cause-Effect-Relations from Requirements Artifacts
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Proceedings - 2020 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2020. - New York, NY, USA : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781450367684 ; , s. 561-572
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The detection and extraction of causality from natural language sentences have shown great potential in various fields of application. The field of requirements engineering is eligible for multiple reasons: (1) requirements artifacts are primarily written in natural language, (2) causal sentences convey essential context about the subject of requirements, and (3) extracted and formalized causality relations are usable for a (semi-)automatic translation into further artifacts, such as test cases. Objective: We aim at understanding the value of interactive causality extraction based on syntactic criteria for the context of requirements engineering. Method: We developed a prototype of a system for automatic causality extraction and evaluate it by applying it to a set of publicly available requirements artifacts, determining whether the automatic extraction reduces the manual effort of requirements formalization. Result: During the evaluation we analyzed 4457 natural language sentences from 18 requirements documents, 558 of which were causal (12.52%). The best evaluation of a requirements document provided an automatic extraction of 48.57% cause-effect graphs on average, which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach. Limitation: The feasibility of the approach has been proven in theory but lacks exploration of being scaled up for practical use. Evaluating the applicability of the automatic causality extraction for a requirements engineer is left for future research. Conclusion: A syntactic approach for causality extraction is viable for the context of requirements engineering and can aid a pipeline towards an automatic generation of further artifacts from requirements artifacts. © 2020 ACM.
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38.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Causality in requirements artifacts : prevalence, detection, and impact
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Requirements Engineering. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 0947-3602 .- 1432-010X. ; 28:1, s. 49-74
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Causal relations in natural language (NL) requirements convey strong, semantic information. Automatically extracting such causal information enables multiple use cases, such as test case generation, but it also requires to reliably detect causal relations in the first place. Currently, this is still a cumbersome task as causality in NL requirements is still barely understood and, thus, barely detectable. In our empirically informed research, we aim at better understanding the notion of causality and supporting the automatic extraction of causal relations in NL requirements. In a first case study, we investigate 14.983 sentences from 53 requirements documents to understand the extent and form in which causality occurs. Second, we present and evaluate a tool-supported approach, called CiRA, for causality detection. We conclude with a second case study where we demonstrate the applicability of our tool and investigate the impact of causality on NL requirements. The first case study shows that causality constitutes around 28 % of all NL requirements sentences. We then demonstrate that our detection tool achieves a macro-F 1 score of 82 % on real-world data and that it outperforms related approaches with an average gain of 11.06 % in macro-Recall and 11.43 % in macro-Precision. Finally, our second case study corroborates the positive correlations of causality with features of NL requirements. The results strengthen our confidence in the eligibility of causal relations for downstream reuse, while our tool and publicly available data constitute a first step in the ongoing endeavors of utilizing causality in RE and beyond. © 2022, The Author(s).
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39.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Let’s Stop Building at the Feet of Giants : Recovering unavailable Requirements Quality Artifacts
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - : CEUR-WS.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Requirements quality literature abounds with publications presenting artifacts, such as data sets and tools. However, recent systematic studies show that more than 80% of these artifacts have become unavailable or were never made public, limiting reproducibility and reusability. In this work, we report on an attempt to recover those artifacts. To that end, we requested corresponding authors of unavailable artifacts to recover and disclose them according to open science principles. Our results, based on 19 answers from 35 authors (54% response rate), include an assessment of the availability of requirements quality artifacts and a breakdown of authors’ reasons for their continued unavailability. Overall, we improved the availability of seven data sets and seven implementations. © 2023 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
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40.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Requirements quality research : a harmonized theory, evaluation, and roadmap
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Requirements Engineering. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 0947-3602 .- 1432-010X. ; 28:4, s. 507-520
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High-quality requirements minimize the risk of propagating defects to later stages of the software development life cycle. Achieving a sufficient level of quality is a major goal of requirements engineering. This requires a clear definition and understanding of requirements quality. Though recent publications make an effort at disentangling the complex concept of quality, the requirements quality research community lacks identity and clear structure which guides advances and puts new findings into an holistic perspective. In this research commentary, we contribute (1) a harmonized requirements quality theory organizing its core concepts, (2) an evaluation of the current state of requirements quality research, and (3) a research roadmap to guide advancements in the field. We show that requirements quality research focuses on normative rules and mostly fails to connect requirements quality to its impact on subsequent software development activities, impeding the relevance of the research. Adherence to the proposed requirements quality theory and following the outlined roadmap will be a step toward amending this gap. © 2023, The Author(s).
  •  
41.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Requirements quality research artifacts : Recovery, analysis, and management guideline
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 216
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Requirements quality research, which is dedicated to assessing and improving the quality of requirements specifications, is dependent on research artifacts like data sets (containing information about quality defects) and implementations (automatically detecting and removing these defects). However, recent research exposed that the majority of these research artifacts have become unavailable or have never been disclosed, which inhibits progress in the research domain. In this work, we aim to improve the availability of research artifacts in requirements quality research. To this end, we (1) extend an artifact recovery initiative, (2) empirically evaluate the reasons for artifact unavailability using Bayesian data analysis, and (3) compile a concise guideline for open science artifact disclosure. Our results include 10 recovered data sets and 7 recovered implementations, empirical support for artifact availability improving over time and the positive effect of public hosting services, and a pragmatic artifact management guideline open for community comments. With this work, we hope to encourage and support adherence to open science principles and improve the availability of research artifacts for the requirements research quality community. © 2024 The Author(s)
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42.
  • Frattini, Julian, 1995- (författare)
  • Towards good-enough Requirements Engineering : a theoretical Foundation for Requirements Quality
  • 2023
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Context: Requirements Engineering (RE) research has established a common agreement on the impact that the quality of requirements has on subsequent software development activities and artifacts. Furthermore, empirical investigations suppose that RE quality defects tend to scale in cost for remediation when left unattended. This motivates the need for requirements quality assurance.Problem: This need has been met with requirements quality research, which abounds with publications proposing writing rules and guidelines that are meant to ensure requirements of high quality. However, recent studies have questioned the rigor and relevance of these publications, which would undermine the practical applicability of requirements quality research: requirements quality is a means to an end and serves a specific purpose (i.e., minimizing the emitted risk on downstream activities), but when this purpose is not met due to lack of a rigor and practical relevance, the approach to researching requirements quality needs to be rethought.Aim: The notion of good-enough requirements engineering constitutes a context-sensitive, activity-based perspective on requirements quality. In this thesis, we aim at both (1) understanding and (2) exploring possibilities of operationalizing this notion.Methods: We employ a mixed-methods approach to achieve our aim. We use theory adoption in order to provide a theoretical foundation for requirements quality research, conduct a survey to understand the level of theory adherence in the requirements quality literature, and perform subject-based classification to generate an overview of theory-related elements proposed in literature. Results: Through theory adoption we derive a harmonized, activity-based requirements quality theory that frames requirements quality according to its impact on subsequent activities and hence ensures its relevance. The subsequent survey confirms that there is a lack of rigor and relevance in previous requirements quality publications, which likely explains the lack of adoption of the research in practice. The overview of quality factors in a subject-based classification is a first step to centralize requirements quality research for visibility and effective reuse.Conclusion: The notion of good-enough requirements engineering has the potential to re-focus requirements quality research on a more profound notion of rigor and relevance. In this thesis, we report on a first requirements quality theory. Through adherence to this requirements quality theory and contribution to the central repository of subject-based classification, the operationalization of the concept of good-enough requirements engineering can effectively support predicting the impact that requirements quality has on subsequent software development activities in the future.
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43.
  • Gasiba, Tiago Espinha, et al. (författare)
  • Awareness of secure coding guidelines in the industry - A first data analysis
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 19th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom 2020. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9780738143804 ; , s. 345-352
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Software needs to be secure, in particular, when deployed to critical infrastructures. Secure coding guidelines capture practices in industrial software engineering to ensure the security of code. This study aims to assess the level of awareness of secure coding in industrial software engineering, the skills of software developers to spot weaknesses in software code, avoid them, and the organizational support to adhere to coding guidelines. The approach draws on well-established theories of policy compliance, neutralization theory, and security-related stress and the authors' many years of experience in industrial software engineering and on lessons identified from training secure coding in the industry. The paper presents the questionnaire design for the online survey and the first analysis of data from the pilot study. © 2020 IEEE.
  •  
44.
  • Gasiba, Tiago Espinha, et al. (författare)
  • Is Secure Coding Education in the Industry Needed? : An Investigation Through a Large Scale Survey
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: 2021 IEEE/ACM 43RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING. - : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9780738133201 ; , s. 241-252
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Department of Homeland Security in the United States estimates that 90% of software vulnerabilities can be traced back to defects in design and software coding. The financial impact of these vulnerabilities has been shown to exceed 380 million USD in industrial control systems alone. Since software developers write software, they also introduce these vulnerabilities into the source code. However, secure coding guidelines exist to prevent software developers from writing vulnerable code. This study focuses on the human factor, the software developer, and secure coding, in particular secure coding guidelines. We want to understand the software developersi awareness and compliance to secure coding guidelines and why, if at all, they arenit compliant or aware. We base our results on a large-scale survey on secure coding guidelines, with more than 190 industrial software developers. Our workis main contribution motivates the need to educate industrial software developers on secure coding guidelines, and it gives a list of fifteen actionable items to be used by practitioners in the industry. We also make our raw data openly available for further research.
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45.
  • Gorschek, Tony, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Solving Problems or Enabling Problem-Solving? : from Purity in Empirical Software Engineering to Effective Co-production (Invited Keynote)
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Software Quality. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783030658533 ; , s. 109-116
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Studying and collaborating with any software-intensive organization demands for excellence in empirical software engineering research. The ever-growing complexity and context-dependency of software products, however, demands for more pragmatic and solution-focused research. This is a great opportunity but it also conflicts with the traditional quest for “purity” in research and a very narrow focus of the work. In this short positioning, we elaborate on challenges which emerge from academia-industry collaborations and discuss touch upon pragmatic ways of approaching them along the co-production model which emerged from SERL Sweden. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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46.
  • Hehn, Jennifer, et al. (författare)
  • Combining Design Thinking and Software Requirements Engineering to Create Human-Centered Software-Intensive Systems
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Design Thinking for Software Engineering. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030905934 - 9783030905941 ; , s. 11-60
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Effective Requirements Engineering is a crucial activity in software-intensive development projects. The human-centric working mode of Design Thinking is considered a powerful way to complement such activities when designing innovative systems. Research has already made great strides to illustrate the benefits of using Design Thinking for Requirements Engineering. However, it has remained mostly unclear how to actually realize a combination of both. In this chapter, we contribute an artifact-based model that integrates Design Thinking and Requirements Engineering for innovative software-intensive systems. Drawing from our research and project experiences, we suggest three strategies for tailoring and integrating Design Thinking and Requirements Engineering with complementary synergies.
  •  
47.
  • Hehn, Jennifer, et al. (författare)
  • On Integrating Design Thinking for a Human-Centered Requirements Engineering
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 37:2, s. 25-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this position paper, we elaborate on the possibilities and needs to integrate Design Thinking into Requirements Engineering. We draw from our research and project experiences to compare what is understood as Design Thinking and Requirements Engineering considering their involved artifacts. We suggest three approaches for tailoring and integrating Design Thinking and Requirements Engineering with complementary synergies and point at open challenges for research and practice. IEEE
  •  
48.
  • Hoffmann, Marco, et al. (författare)
  • The human side of Software Engineering Teams : an investigation of contemporary challenges
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 49:1, s. 211-225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There have been numerous recent calls for research on the human side of software engineering and its impact on project success. An analysis of which challenges in software engineering teams are most relevant and frequent is still missing. As teams are more international, it is more frequent that their members have different personal values as well as different communication habits. Additionally, virtual team setups (working geographically separated, remote communication using digital tools and frequently changing team members) are increasingly prevalent. We designed a survey instrument and asked respondents to assess the frequency and criticality of a set of challenges, both within teams as well as between teams and clients. For the team challenges, we asked if mitigation measures were already in place to tackle the challenge. Respondents were also asked to provide information about their team setup. The survey included an instrument to measure Schwartz human values. The survey was first piloted and then distributed to professionals working in software engineering teams. In this article, we report on the results obtained from 192 survey respondents. We present a set of challenges that takes the survey feedback into account and introduce two categories of challenges; inter-personal and intra-personal. We found no evidence for links between personality values and challenges. We found some significant links between the number of distinct nationalities in a team and certain challenges. We found evidence that a higher degree of virtualization leads to an increase of the frequency of some human challenges. We present a set of human challenges in software engineering that can be used for further research on causes and mitigation measures, which serves as our starting point for a theory about causes of contemporary human challenges in software engineering teams. Our findings warrants further research on human challenges in software engineering and gather more evidence and test countermeasures, such as whether the employment of virtual reality software incorporating facial expressions and movements can help establish a less detached way of communication. IEEE
  •  
49.
  • Klymenko, Oleksandra, et al. (författare)
  • Understanding the Implementation of Technical Measures in the Process of Data Privacy Compliance : A Qualitative Study
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: ESEM '22. - New York, NY, USA : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781450394277 ; , s. 261-271
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Modern privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), address privacy in software systems in a technologically agnostic way by mentioning general "technical measures"for data privacy compliance rather than dictating how these should be implemented. An understanding of the concept of technical measures and how exactly these can be handled in practice, however, is not trivial due to its interdisciplinary nature and the necessary technical-legal interactions. Aims: We aim to investigate how the concept of technical measures for data privacy compliance is understood in practice as well as the technical-legal interaction intrinsic to the process of implementing those technical measures. Methods: We follow a research design that is 1) exploratory in nature, 2) qualitative, and 3) interview-based, with 16 selected privacy professionals in the technical and legal domains. Results: Our results suggest that there is no clear mutual understanding and commonly accepted approach to handling technical measures. Both technical and legal roles are involved in the implementation of such measures. While they still often operate in separate spheres, a predominant opinion amongst the interviewees is to promote more interdisciplinary collaboration. Conclusions: Our empirical findings confirm the need for better interaction between legal and engineering teams when implementing technical measures for data privacy. We posit that interdisciplinary collaboration is paramount to a more complete understanding of technical measures, which currently lacks a mutually accepted notion. Yet, as strongly suggested by our results, there is still a lack of systematic approaches to such interaction. Therefore, the results strengthen our confidence in the need for further investigations into the technical-legal dynamic of data privacy compliance. © 2022 Association for Computing Machinery.
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50.
  • Kosenkov, Oleksandr, et al. (författare)
  • Vision for an artefact-based approach to regulatory requirements engineering
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement. - New York, NY, USA : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781450386654 ; , s. 1-6
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Nowadays, regulatory requirements engineering (regulatory RE) faces challenges of interdisciplinary nature that cannot be tackled due to existing research gaps. Aims: We envision an approach to solve some of the challenges related to the nature and complexity of regulatory requirements, the necessity for domain knowledge, and the involvement of legal experts in regulatory RE. Method:We suggest the qualitative analysis of regulatory texts combined with the further case study to develop an empirical foundation for our research. Results: We outline our vision for the application of extended artefact-based modeling for regulatory RE. Conclusions: Empirical methodology is an essential instrument to address interdisciplinarity and complexity in regulatory RE. Artefact-based modeling supported by empirical results can solve a particular set of problems while not limiting the application of other methods and tools and facilitating the interaction between different fields of practice and research. © 2021 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.
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