| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Structural identification of two ten-sugar branched chain glycosphingolipids of blood group H type present in epithelial cells of rat small intestine.
- 1982
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In: The Journal of biological chemistry. - 0021-9258. ; 257:1, s. 50-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two novel blood group H-type decaglycosylceramides with a branched core saccharide have been identified in mixture in a fraction isolated from rat small intestine. They were present exclusively in the epithelial cells. The number and sequence of sugars were established by direct inlet mass spectrometry of the permethylated and LiAlH4-reduced permethylated derivatives. Gas-liquid chromatography of the products after degradation of the native and permethylated glycolipids gave the type of sugars and the binding positions. A di- and a trisaccharide were identified by mass spectrometry after degradation of the permethylated-reduced derivative. One trisaccharide had the structure (formula see text) and was therefore additional evidence for a branched structure. Treatment of the decaglycosylceramide fraction with alpha-L-fucosidase gave free fucose and an octaglycosylceramide identified by mass spectrometry. Proton NMR spectra of the permethylated and permethylated-reduced octa- and decaglycosylceramides provided evidence for the binding configurations and the localization of type 1 and type 2 sequences in the two branches. The 3-linked branch was homogeneous with a type 1 saccharide (Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc) but the 6-linked branch had both type 1 and type 2 (Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc) sequences. Two glycolipids with the following probable structures were therefore present, making up 60 and 40% of the mixture, respectively: (formula see text) The lipophilic part contained mainly trihydroxy 18:0 long chain base (phytosphingosine) and 16:0 to 24:0 nonhydroxy fatty acids.
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| 3. |
- Ångström, Jonas, 1950, et al.
(author)
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Chemical characterization of penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, and nonaglycosylceramides of rat small intestine having a globoside-like terminus.
- 1982
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In: The Journal of biological chemistry. - 0021-9258. ; 257:2, s. 682-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel series of glycosphingolipids has been isolated from the nonepithelial part of rat small intestine. A mixed fraction containing 3 major components corresponding to glycolipids with 5, 6, and 7 sugars and 2 minor components with 8 and 9 sugars was characterized. The structure of the major components was deduced by mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy of nondegraded permethylated and permethylated-reduced (LiAlH4) derivatives and gas-liquid chromatography of degradation products of native, permethylated, and permethylated-reduced glycolipids. The structures of the penta-, hexa-, and hepta-glycosylceramides were found to be GalNAcp beta 1 leads to (3Galp alpha 1 leads to)2-44Galp beta 1 leads to 4Glcp beta 1 leads to 1Cer. By analogy reasoning, supported by mass spectrometry, the octa- and nonaglycosylceramides were concluded to have 1 and 2 additional internal leads to 3Galp alpha 1 leads to 3 structures, respectively. A pentaglycosylceramide fraction from another rat strain was also isolated. The NMR spectra were in agreement with 2 isomeric structures of which 1 had the internal alpha 1 leads to 4 linkage replaced by an alpha 1 leads to 3 linkage. The fatty acids of all components were nonhydroxy 16:0 to 24:0 acids with the 18:0 homologue as dominating species. The major base was sphingosine and possibly monohydroxy 18:1 base in the larger glycolipids. This is a novel series of structures with a terminal saccharide identical with isoglobotetraoxylceramide (cytolipin R). The glycosyltransferase for the terminal GalNAc beta 1 leads to 3 of cytolipin R may possibly be identical with the enzyme adding the terminal sugar of this novel series. This is supported by the presence in the same tissue of probable precursor glycolipids with 4 to 8 hexoses.
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| 4. |
- Ångström, Jonas, 1950, et al.
(author)
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Separation and characterization of hematosides with different sialic acids and ceramides from rat small intestine. Different composition of epithelial cells versus non-epithelial tissue and of duodenum versus jejunum-ileum.
- 1981
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In: Journal of biochemistry. - 0021-924X. ; 90:4, s. 909-21
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The hematosides (sialyl-lactosylceramides) of rat small intestine were separated as their acetylated derivatives. The isolated fractions were characterized by mass spectrometry and degradative methods, and the two major fractions also by NMR spectroscopy. From these results hematosides with different sialic acid and ceramide type could be assigned to thin-layer chromatographic bands. This allowed a structural interpretation of the chromatographic patterns observed for different parts of the small intestine. Thus, epithelial cells of ileum contained only hematoside with N-glycoloylneuraminic acid. Duodenum lacked this compound and instead the epithelial cells contained hematoside with N-acetylneuraminic acid. In non-epithelial tissue or both duodenum and jejunum-ileum the major hematoside had N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The hematosides of epithelial cells had ceramide containing 18 : 0 trihydroxy base combined with 16, 20, 22, 24 : 0, and 24 : 1 hydroxy fatty acids (major part) or non-hydroxy fatty acids. In the non-epithelial hematosides the ceramide consisted of 18 : 1 dihydroxy base combined with 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 : 0, and 24 : 1 non-hydroxy fatty acids.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Blomberg, J, et al.
(author)
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Glycosphingolipids of a green monkey kidney cell line (GMK AH-1). Evidence for a novel pentaglycosylceramide based on globotetraosylceramide.
- 1982
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In: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - 0006-3002. ; 711:3, s. 466-77
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Total non-acid glycolipid fractions have been isolated from GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum and in horse serum. For comparison, glycolipids were also prepared from green monkey (Cercopithecus aetiops) kidney and from fetal calf serum. The major glycolipids from GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum were isolated by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. These fractions were characterized mainly by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The structures of the glycolipids isolated were proposed as: Glc1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer, Gal1 leads to 4Gal1 leads to 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer, GalNAcl leads to 3Gal1 leads to 4Gal1 leads 4Glc1 leads to 1Cer. In addition, a novel pentaglycosylceramide with the probable structure Ga1 beta 1 leads to 3GalNAc beta 1 leads to Gal alpha 1 leads to 4Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc beta 1 leads to 1Cer was also present. THe ceramides contained mainly dihydroxy 18:1 long-chain base in combination with non-hydroxy 16:0-24:0 fatty acids. Small amounts of trihydroxy 18:0 long-chain base and hydroxy 22:0-24:0 fatty acids were also present in the mono- and diglycosylceramide fractions. The glycolipid patterns of GMK AH-1 cells grown in fetal calf serum or horse serum were identical. The pentaglycosylceramide present in the cultured cells could not be detected with certainty in the kidney tissue. The uptake of this glycolipid from the culture medium is unlikely as it seems to be lacking in calf serum.
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| 8. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Blood group type glycosphingolipids from the small intestine of different animals analysed by mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. A note on species diversity.
- 1981
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In: Journal of biochemistry. - 0021-924X. ; 90:3, s. 589-609
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The total non-acid glycosphingolipids were isolated from the small intestine of cat, cod-fish, guinea-pig, hen, mouse, rabbit, and two strains of rat. The samples were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry and for immunological activity. Mass spectrometry of permethylated and LiAlH4-reduced permethylated derivatives allowed the interpretation of the structures (carbohydrate sequence and ceramide composition) of up to 9 glycolipid species in one mixture. The interpretation was facilitated by a temperature programming of the direct inlet probe, leading to a successive evaporation of glycolipid species mainly according to the number of sugars. The structures concluded could in most cases be assigned to the separate bands revealed by thin-layer chromatography. Antigenic determinants proposed by the spectra were settled by immunological analysis. Thus, Forssman glycolipid was identified in cat, guinea-pig, hen and mouse, blood group A glycolipids in cat, rabbit, and rat and blood group B glycolipids in rabbit and rat. No Lewis activity was found. Certain ceramide types were demonstrated to exist preferentially in some glycolipids. Globoside and Forssman glycolipids (globo series) had a less hydroxylated ceramide (one free hydroxyl) compared to most fucolipids and other glycolipids (two or three hydroxyls). In conclusion, glycolipid patterns of intestine vary between species, and individuals of the same species.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Chemical and immunological identification of glycolipid-based blood group ABH and Lewis antigens in human kidney.
- 1983
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In: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - 0006-3002. ; 755:2, s. 170-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A polar non-acid glycolipid fraction has been isolated from human kidney. It was shown by thin-layer chromatography to be a mixture of glycolipids having more than four carbohydrate residues. Immunological testing revealed strong blood group Lea and A activity together with weak Leb, P1 and B activity. Mass spectrometry of the permethylated and permethylated-reduced (LiAlH4) glycolipid fraction showed that the two major components were a five sugar fucolipid (isomer of Lea) and a glycolipid having four hexoses and one N-acetylhexosamine. In addition, blood group Leb, B and A type hexaglycosylceramides were present. Evidence for small amounts of more complex glycolipids was also found. Acid degradation and gas chromatography of the native fraction revealed fucose, glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. This is the first chemical isolation and characterization of complex blood group active glycolipids in human kidney. The existence of these molecules is discussed in view of their possible role as transplantation antigens.
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| 12. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Chemical characterization of a blood group H type pentaglycosylceramide of human small intestine.
- 1983
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In: Chemistry and physics of lipids. - 0009-3084. ; 33:2, s. 135-44
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A blood group H type pentaglycosylceramide was isolated in relatively large amounts from human adult small intestine (52 mg from one individual) and human meconium (fetal origin). The structure was made likely by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy of non-degraded permethylated and permethylated-LiAlH4-reduced glycolipid and by degradation to be Fuc alpha 1 leads to 2Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4Glc beta 1 leads to 1Cer. The ceramide was composed mainly of phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy 16-24 carbon fatty acids. This novel type 1 chain species (Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc) was not accompanied by the type 2 chain isomer (Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc) which in contrast is the sole species in human erythrocyte and dog small intestine.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Glycolipids of rat small intestine. Characterization of a novel blood group H-active triglycosylceramide.
- 1980
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In: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - 0006-3002. ; 617:1, s. 85-96
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel blood group H-active triglycosylceramide has been isolated from rat small intestine. It was present exclusively in the epithelial cells. The structure was established by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and degradative methods to the Fucp alpha 1 leads to 2Galp beta 1 leads to 4Glcp beta 1 leads to 1Cer. The lipophilic part was made up of mainly trihydroxy base (phytosphingosine) and 16 : 0--24 : 0 fatty acids.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Glycosphingolipids of rat tissues. Different composition of epithelial and nonepithelial cells of small intestine.
- 1982
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In: The Journal of biological chemistry. - 0021-9258. ; 257:1, s. 557-68
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The epithelial cells of rat small intestine (jejunum-ileum) were separated from their supporting stroma (residue). Total nonacid and acid glycosphingolipids were prepared from the two compartments. The acetylated nonacid glycolipids were separated into 10-12 fractions by column chromatography. These were analyzed by chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, and proton NMR spectroscopy and compared with glycolipids isolated from whole rat small intestine. The sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids were compared in the same way without subfractionation. At least 37 different glycosphingolipids (different carbohydrate moieties) were found, 23 in the nonepithelial residue and 17 in the epithelial cells of one rat strain. In a second rat strain, another 4 structures were detected. The glycosphingolipids of epithelial cells and nonepithelial residue were distinctly different. Glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and globotriaosylceramide were found in both compartments, while isoglobotriaosylceramide was restricted to the nonepithelial residue. A tetrahexosylceramide with a terminal Gal alpha 1 leads to 3 on a globotriaosylceramide core was found in both compartments as were homologues with 1 or 2 additional internal leads to 3Gal alpha 1 leads to units, but homologues with 3 or 4 additional internal Gal were only nonepithelial. Glycosphingolipids with terminal beta-GalNAc were restricted to the nonepithelial residue comprising globotetraosylceramide, isoglobotetraosylceramide, and a series of glycolipids with 5 to 9 sugars having the above-mentioned oligohexosylceramides as core structures. Fucolipids (blood group H) having 3, 5, 6, and 7 sugars and lacking amino sugars, and fucolipids with 5 and 10 sugars containing N-acetylglucosamine were restricted to the epithelial cells. Fucolipids (blood groups H and B) with 5 and 6 sugars containing N-acetylgalactosamine were restricted to the nonepithelial residue. In a 4, 6, and 12 sugars were found in the epithelial cells. N-Glycoloylneuraminosyllactosylceramide was the only ganglioside found in the epithelial cells while N-acetylneuraminosyllactosylceramide was nonepithelial together with gangliosides based on gangliotetraosylceramide and isoglobotetraosylceramide.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Isolation and partial characterization of blood group A and H active glycosphingolipids of rat small intestine.
- 1982
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In: The Journal of biological chemistry. - 0021-9258. ; 257:2, s. 906-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Blood group A and H active glycosphingolipids have been isolated from rat small intestine. By mass spectrometry of the permethylated and LiAlH4-reduced permethylated glycolipid derivatives, the A glycolipids were shown to contain four (A-4), six (A-6), and 12 (A-12) sugar residues, respectively. The anomeric structure of the A-4 and A-6 glycolipids was established by proton NMR spectroscopy of the permethylated-reduced derivatives. Acid degradation and gas chromatography were used for analysis of binding positions. The structures of the A-4 and A-6 glycolipids were GalNAcp alpha 1 leads to 3Galp(2 comes from 1Fucp alpha) beta 1 leads to Glcp beta 1 leads to 1Cer and GalNAcp alpha 1 leads to 3Galp(2 comes from 1Fucp alpha) beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAcp beta 1 leads to 4Galp beta 1 leads to 4Glcp beta 1 leads to 1Cer. The third glycolipid (A-12) was a branched dodecaglycosylceramide with two blood group A determinants. The complete structure of this glycolipid has not yet been solved. The blood group A activity was the same for the A-6 and A-12 glycolipids based on an equal number of blood group A determinants, but the activity of the A-4 compound was only about half of the others. The A-6 glycolipid was based on a type 1 (Gal beta 1 leads to 3GlcNAc) carbohydrate chain, thus differing from the already known isomer based on a type 2 chain (Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc) present in human erythrocyte. The blood group A activity of these two glycolipids was found to be identical. The three rat intestinal blood group A active glycolipids were exclusively located to the mucosa epithelial cells. The blood group H active tri- and pentaglycosylceramides (H-3 and H-5), presumed to be the precursors of the A-4 and A-6 glycolipids, were also identified. A 10-sugar glycolipid (H-10), a possible precursor of A-12, was not detected.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Breimer, Michael, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Studies on differentiating epithelial cells of rat small intestine. Alterations in the lipophilic part of glycosphingolipids during cell migration from crypt villus tip.
- 1982
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In: Biochimica et biophysica acta. - 0006-3002. ; 710:3, s. 415-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Epithelial cells of rat small intestine have been separated into three intervals of different maturity correlated to cell migration from the crypt to the villus tip. The total acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids were isolated and analysed by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of glucosylceramide an N-glycoloylneuraminosyllactosylceramide was higher, while the amount of globotriaosylceramide and tetrahexosylceramide was lower in villus tip cells (more differentiated) compared to crypt cells (less differentiated). In addition to these alterations the lipophilic composition changed, as shown by a comparison by mass spectrometry of permethylated and LiAlH4-reduced, permethylated derivatives of two of the non-acid glycolipid mixtures (crypt cells and villus tip cells). The components of ceramide were mainly trihydroxy 18:0 long-chain base (phytosphingosine) and hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acids. The only significant change concerned the fatty acids. In the crypt cell glycolipids the most abundant fatty acid was 20:0 non-hydroxy fatty acid. In the villus tip cells there was a relative increase of hydroxy fatty acids, with the 24:0 species in dominance. This change occurred for most glycolipids, but the fatty acids of glucosylceramide were villus tip-like already in the crypt cells. The blood group A-active tetraglycosylceramide, and probably the hematoside, did not show any alteration in the lipophilic part. The results indicate that the turnover of some glycolipids (or only their lipophilic part) is more rapid than the epithelial cell turnover.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Henriksson-Larsén, K., et al.
(author)
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Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles : I. Method for the preparation and analysis of cross-sections of whole tibialis anterior
- 1983
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In: The Histochemical Journal. - 0018-2214 .- 1573-6865. ; 15:2, s. 167-178
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine whether small biopsy specimens are representative of the whole human skeletal muscle or whether the different fibre types are unevenly distributed at different depths of the muscle. Ten micrometre thick cross-sections of whole human tibialis anterior were prepared using LKB PMV Cryo-Microtomes with a stroke length of 160 to 480 mm and the sections were stained for myofibrillar ATPase according to a modified procedure. The total and relative number of different fibres (Types 1 and 2) was determined in every 9th mm2 of the section. The data obtained were analysed by means of a computer program, which allowed assessment of bivariate data in the form of contour plots. The total number of fibres varied greatly between individuals (from 96 000 to 162 000; five individuals). The relative number of different fibres varied systematically in all individuals as a function of depth in the muscle. There was a gradual, often dramatic, relative increase in Type 2 fibre occurrence from the surface of the muscle (about 10--25%) towards the deeper regions (30--50%), the maximum being approximately along a line slightly posterior to the middle of the muscle. Additionally, superficial peaks were seen in places. In conclusion, the fibre type distribution in the tibialis anterior is not random. These results point to the importance of defining biopsy depth
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| 23. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles : effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections
- 1983
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In: Muscle and Nerve. - : Wiley. - 0148-639X .- 1097-4598. ; 6:8, s. 588-595
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of aging on the total number and size of fibers, and the proportion and distribution of type 1 (slow twitch) and type 2 (fast twitch) fibers were studied in cross sections (15 mu thick) of autopsied whole m. vastus lateralis from two age groups. Each group consisted of six, previously physically healthy males (mean age 72 +/- 1 years and 30 +/- 6 years, respectively). The size of the muscles of the older individuals was 18% smaller (P less than 0.01) and the total number of fibers was 25% lower (P less than 0.01) than those of the young individuals (mean number 364,000 +/- 50,000 vs 478,000 +/- 56,000). There was, however, no significant difference in the mean fiber size (indirectly determined) or the proportion of the two fiber types, though a preferential reduction in type 2 fiber number in the aged individuals was seen. The relative occurrence of the fiber types at various depths in the aged muscles was found to be more even than in muscles from the young individuals. The results suggest that the aging atrophy in m. vastus lateralis, at least up to the age of 70, is primarily the result of a loss of fibers.
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| 24. |
- Lexell, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscles : 2. A study of cross-sections of whole m. vastus lateralis
- 1983
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In: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 117:1, s. 115-122
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to determine the total number of fibres and the extent to which the relative occurrence of different fibre types varies within m. vastus lateralis, 15 micrometers thick cross-sections of whole muscles were prepared. The total number of type 1 and type 2 fibres was determined in every 48th square millimetre of the section, and the results thus obtained were analysed using a computer program allowing an assessment of bivariate data in the form of contour plots. The total number of fibres varied both in proximal to distal direction in the same muscle and between individuals. No obvious correlation existed between the mean fibre area and the muscle cross-sectional area. The proportion of type 1 fibres in the whole muscle varied between individuals (from 44% to 57%) with a mean value for all five of 52%. The distribution of different fibre types varied within the muscle, mainly as a function of depth, with a predominance to type 2 fibres at the surface and type 1 fibres in deeper regions of the muscle. Thus, the fibre type distribution in m. vastus lateralis is not random. This must be taken into consideration when data on fibre type composition are compared with functional variables
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| 25. |
- McMahon, Paula M., et al.
(author)
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Raman spectroscopic studies of the structure of supersaturated nitrate and phosphate solutions
- 1984
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to study aqueous solutions of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Concentrations were varied from dilute to supersaturated. In all cases additional order was found as the concentration was increased. The implications for the relationship between solution structure and crystallization phenomena (nucleation and growth) are discussed.
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| 26. |
- Stålhanske, P.O.K., et al.
(author)
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Replicase Gene of Coxsackievirus B3
- 1984
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In: Journal of Virology. - 0022-538X .- 1098-5514. ; 51:3, s. 742-746
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A cDNA copy covering two-thirds of the coxsackievirus B3 genomewas cloned in the PstI site of the pBR322 vector. A nucleotidesequence containing the gene for the viral replicase and the3' noncoding region of the coxsackievirus B3 genome was determined.The predicted amino acid sequence of the coxsackievirus B3 replicasewas shown to be remarkably similar to that of the poliovirus1 replicase. The 3' noncoding region, in contrast, was onlyweakly homologous to the poliovirus 1 sequence but showed aclose relationship to the sequence of swine vesicular diseasevirus, a variant of coxsackievirus B5. A 13-nucleotide-longsegment located near the polyadenylic acid junction is conservedin several members of the enterovirus group and may thus servean important function during replication of viral RNA.
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| 27. |
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