| 1. |
- Berg, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Identitet och genus i lek med dockor och figurer i förskolan
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nordisk Pedagogik. - Oslo : Universitetsforlaget. - 0901-8050 .- 1504-2995. ; 26:2, s. 124-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this text is to introduce perspectives, questions and empirical examples regarding children's identity construction in play with dolls and figures that represent women and men in both gender-typed and non gender-typed ways. Videotaped play of two 4-year old boys and three 5-year-old girls in a preschool setting is analyzed from complementary interactionistic and socio-cultural perspectives. The level of plasticity in the toyplay is interpreted. The results suggest ways in wich the gender-plastic character of toy play can be founded in children's intentions as well as in the toys' character as mediating tools. The analysis is based on whether children play with, through, in or beside their toy gestalts. These and other similar distinctions help to differentiate identity consequences in play.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Lars-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Identitet och genus i lek med dockor och figurer i förskolan
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nordisk Pedagogik. - : Universitetsforlaget. - 0901-8050 .- 1504-2995. ; :2, s. 125-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna text handlar om lek med leksaker som traditionellt varit exkluderade i svensk förskola, t.ex. Barbie och Action Man. Förskolan präglas av värden som står i motsättning till de «genusifierade» värden som förknippas med dessa och liknande leksaker (Almqvist, 1994; Fredricson, 2003). Samtidigt är förskolan en del av samhället med dess stereotypa genusrepresentationer
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| 3. |
- Carducci, Michael A., et al.
(författare)
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A phase 3 randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Cancer. - : Wiley. - 1097-0142 .- 0008-543X. ; 110:9, s. 1959-1966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atrasentan (Xinlay), a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist, in patients with metastatic hormone- refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). METHODS. This multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 809 men with metastatic HRPC. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either atrasentan 10 mg per day or placebo. The primary endpoint was time to disease progression (TTP), which was determined according to radiographic and clinical measures. Analyses of overall survival and changes in biomarkers also were performed. RESULTS. Atrasentan did not reduce the risk of disease progression relative to placebo (hazards ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.04; P =.136). Most patients progressed radiographically at the first 12-week bone scan without concomitant clinical progression. In exploratory analyses, increases from baseline to final bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were significantly lower with atrasentan treatment (P <.05 for each). The median time to BAP progression (> 50% increase from nadir) was twice as long with atrasentan treatment (505 days vs 254 days; P <.01). The delay in time to PSA progression did not reach statistical significance. Atrasentan generally was tolerated well, and the most common adverse events associated with treatment were headache, rhinitis, and peripheral edema, reflecting the vasodilatory and fluid-retention properties of endothelin-A receptor antagonism. CONCLUSIONS. Atrasentan did not delay disease progression in men with metastatic HRPC despite evidence of biologic effects on PSA and BAP as markers of disease burden.
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| 4. |
- Lindeberg, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Blitzeinwirkungen auf Oberleitungs- und Signalanlagen in Schweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Elektrische Bahnen. ; :1-2, s. 67-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Für ältere elektrotechnische Bahnanlagen waren die Aspekte der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit von geringerer Bedeutung als für heutige Anlagen. Vor allem für neuere Signal- und Zugerkennungsanlagen mit kleineren Abmessungen sanken die erlaubten Höchstwerte für Ströme und Spannungen. Dies hat die Störungsempfindlichkeit erhöht. Eine wichtige, wenn nicht die wichtigste Störungsquelle sind atmosphärische Entladungen, also Blitze. Ihre Einwirkung auf elektrifizierte Bahnstrecken in Schweden wurde theoretisch durch Simulationen untersucht. Die Empfindlichkeit der Komponenten wurde experimentell geprüft. Bei Bahnanlagen reicht die Ableitung von Blitzen nicht aus, um Schäden durch Blitzentladungen zu vermeiden. Gefährdete Komponenten sollten durch angemessene Maßnahmen gegenüber elektromagnetischen Störungen besser geschützt werden.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Nelson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Barn och leksaker i lek och lärande
- 2005. - 1
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Dagens barn är storkonsumenter av leksaker, och i denna bok belyser författaren ur ett praktisk pedagogiskt perspektiv leksakens roll i barns lek och lärande i ljuset av samhällsutvecklingen.
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| 7. |
- Nelson, Anders
(författare)
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Children's toy collections in Sweden : A less gender-typed country?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Sex Roles. - New York : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0360-0025 .- 1573-2762. ; 52:1-2, s. 93-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to describe and analyze differences between girls' and boys' toy collections in a country that strongly emphasizes gender equality (Sweden). The study was based on the assumptions that toy collections reflect social values in the society where they are found and that Sweden has less gendered values than do many other countries. The toy collections of 152 3- and 5-year old Swedish children were inventoried, and the results were analyzed and discussed in relation to previous research on children's toy collections and toy preferences in North America and Western Europe. The Swedish toy collections were found to be gender-typed in ways similar to those reported in previous research in other countries.
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| 8. |
- Nelson, Anders, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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De första ”Bolognastudenterna” – om aktörskap, yrkesorientering och bildning i programutbildningar : Delrapport från projektet: Före, under och efter utbildningen på Högskolan i Halmstad 2007–2012
- 2009
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I det följande sammanfattar vi de resultat som framstår som mest centrala i studien. Det första vi vill lyfta fram är att studenterna som läser ett grundutbildningsprogram på Högskolan har gjort ett positivt val i den bemärkelsen att de inte har valt högreutbildning för att slippa vara arbetslösa. Studenterna på högskolan värderar både utbildningarnas bildande som yrkesorienterade aspekter som viktiga. I de data som analyserats har vi dock sett att utbildningens betydelse för det kommande yrkeslivet ges allt större betydelse efter hand som de studerar. En annan betydelsefull förändring som skett mellan det första och andra mättillfället är att intresset för ochden upplevda möjligheten att påverka sin egen utbildning sjunker avsevärt. När detgäller studenternas prestationer efter det första studieåret kan vi konstatera att devarierar, och att faktorerna kön och kulturell bakgrund har betydelse. Kvinnor ochstudenter med nordisk bakgrund presterar betydligt bättre än män och studentermed utomnordisk bakgrund. Traditionella sociala bakgrundsfaktorer somföräldrarnas utbildning och yrke visade sig inte han den betydelse för prestationernasom man kan förvänta sig utifrån tidigare studier.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nelson, Anders, 1969-
(författare)
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Leksaker — en könsstereotyp värld
- 2006
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Ingår i: Förskoletidningen. - Stockholm : Förskoletidningen. - 0348-0364. ; 31:1, s. 12-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Dagens leksaker är tydligt könsmärkta och alla - även barnen - bidrar till att vidmakthålla föreställningen om vad en flicka eller pojke ska leka med. Därmed begränsas barnens möjligheter till en mångsidig utveckling. Vems ansvar är det?
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| 11. |
- Nelson, Anders
(författare)
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Looking into one's own practice : a Swedish study on gender in educational sciences
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Further and Higher Education. - London : Routledge. - 0309-877X .- 0013-1326 .- 1469-9486. ; 32:2, s. 139-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports on a study of gender differences in course experiences and achievement of students taking the introductory educational sciences course at Halmstad University in Sweden. Male and female students' completion rates and grades were analysed in relation to the students' grade point averages (GPAs) from upper secondary school and their experiences of the conditions for learning provided by the teachers as well as their own actorship in the course. Based on the idea that the subject of educational sciences and the characteristics of the educational context and setting are more feminine than masculine, the male students were expected to have lower completion rates and grades. A gender difference in completion rates was confirmed, in that 65% of the male and 80% of the female students completed the whole course. Male students also rated the conditions for learning provided by the teacher as well as their own actorship in the course lower than did their female peers. In order to reduce the drop-out of male students, it is suggested that the department/teachers should pay more attention to any gendered aspects of the teaching/learning practices as well as to the educational context in general.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nelson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Undergraduate students´actorship in studying an educational sciences course in a Swedish context
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Higher Education Research and Development. - Abington : Routledge. - 0729-4360 .- 1469-8366. ; 3:27, s. 187-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study aimed to investigate how students in an introductory educational sciences course experienced and understood their own actorship during the course, in relation to conditions for learning created by the teachers. The analyses were based on students’ answers to an evaluation questionnaire that produced both quantitative and qualitative data. Those students who experienced opportunities to influence the course activities also stated that they had contributed to the development of the course to a greater extent than did those who experienced no such opportunities. There was no correlation between not feeling informed about the conditions for the course and seeking complementary information. The analysis also generated five different categories based on how the students viewed their own actorship, varying from ‘no actorship since it is not meaningful’ to ‘Real actorship exists’. The results are discussed in relation to methodological reflections and as implications for increasing students’ actorship.
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| 17. |
- Newton-Cheh, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 41:6, s. 666-676
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated blood pressure is a common, heritable cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. To date, identification of common genetic variants influencing blood pressure has proven challenging. We tested 2.5 million genotyped and imputed SNPs for association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 34,433 subjects of European ancestry from the Global BPgen consortium and followed up findings with direct genotyping (N <= 71,225 European ancestry, N <= 12,889 Indian Asian ancestry) and in silico comparison (CHARGE consortium, N 29,136). We identified association between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and common variants in eight regions near the CYP17A1 (P = 7 x 10(-24)), CYP1A2 (P = 1 x 10(-23)), FGF5 (P = 1 x 10(-21)), SH2B3 (P = 3 x 10(-18)), MTHFR (P = 2 x 10(-13)), c10orf107 (P = 1 x 10(-9)), ZNF652 (P = 5 x 10(-9)) and PLCD3 (P = 1 x 10(-8)) genes. All variants associated with continuous blood pressure were associated with dichotomous hypertension. These associations between common variants and blood pressure and hypertension offer mechanistic insights into the regulation of blood pressure and may point to novel targets for interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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| 18. |
- Persson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Samhället som konstant, samhället som variabel. Om olika sätt att rättfärdiga barns och vuxnas lärande
- 2009
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Ingår i: Historien, barnen och barndomarna. Vad är problemet? En vänbok till Bengt Sandin. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet. ; , s. 257-279, s. 257-279
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I antologibidraget visas att lärande, eller kanske snarare deltagande i olika former av utbildning, rättfärdigas på olika sätt beroende på om de som utbildas är barn eller vuxna. Rättfärdigandet sker genom retoriska konstruktioner av samhället som närmast kan ses som motsatser: barnens skolgång rättfärdigas genom att samhället konstrueras som en, åtminstone värdemässig, konstant; vuxnas deltagande i utbildning rättfärdigas å andra sidan genom att samhället konstrueras som en variabel i ständig och omvälvande förändring. Vad ska vi då ha en sådan kunskap om rättfärdigande av utbildning till? Framförallt kan den kunskapen användas i en kritisk reflektion över den idag ymniga utbildningsretoriken.
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| 19. |
- Roback, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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A New Fiberoptical Respiratory Rate Monitor for the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
- 2005
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Ingår i: Pediatric Pulmonology. - : Wiley. - 8755-6863 .- 1099-0496. ; 39:2, s. 120-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new technique for respiratory rate measurement in the neonatal intensive care unit, fiberoptic respirometry (FORE), was tested using a specially designed nasal adapter. The aim was to investigate the system's accuracy and compare it to the transthoracic impedance (TTI) method and manual counting (MC). Further, the relationship between accuracy and degree of body movement was investigated. Seventeen neonates of median gestational age 35 weeks were included in the study. Video recordings (synchronized with data recordings) were used for classification of body movement. Breaths per minute data were obtained for 23-32-min periods per child, and a subset of these included MC performed by experienced nurses. A Bland-Altman analysis showed low accuracy of both FORE and TTI. A >20% deviation from MC was found in 22.7% and 23.8% of observations for the two methods, respectively. Both methods had accuracy problems during body movement. FORE tended to underestimate respiratory rate due to probe displacement, while TTI overestimated due to motion artefacts. The accuracy was also strongly subject-dependent. The neonates were undisturbed by the FORE device. In some cases, though, it was difficult to keep the adapter positioned in the airway. Further development should, therefore, focus on FORE adapter improvements to maintain probe position over time.
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| 20. |
- Secin, Fernando P, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-institutional Study of Symptomatic Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic or Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
- 2008
-
Ingår i: European Urology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7560 .- 0302-2838. ; 53:1, s. 134-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: The true incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is unknown. Our aim was to determine the incidence of symptomatic DVT and PE and the risk factors for these complications. METHODS: Fourteen surgeons from 13 referral institutions from both Europe and the United States provided retrospective data for all 5951 patients treated with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), with or without robotic assistance, since the start of their institution's experience. Symptomatic DVT and PE within 90 d of surgery were regarded as venous thromboembolism (VTE). DVT was diagnosed mostly by Doppler ultrasound or contrast venography and PE by lung ventilation/perfusion scan or chest computed tomography or both. Statistical analysis included evaluation of incidence of symptomatic DVT and PE and risk factors as determined by exact methods and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 5951 patients in the study, 31 developed symptomatic VTE (0.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4%, 0.7%). Among patients with an event, 22 (71%) had DVT only, 4 had PE without identified DVT, and 5 had both. Two patients died of PE. Prior DVT (odds ratio [OR]=13.5; 95%CI, 1.4, 61.3), current tobacco smoking (OR=2.8; 95%CI, 1.0, 7.3), larger prostate volume (OR=1.18; 95%CI, 1.09, 1.28), patient re-exploration (OR=20.6; 95%CI, 6.6, 54.0), longer operative time (OR=1.05; 95%CI, 1.02, 1.09), and longer hospital stay (OR=1.05; 95%CI, 1.01, 1.09) were associated with VTE in univariate analysis. Neoadjuvant therapy, body mass index, surgical experience, surgical approach, pathologic stage, perioperative transfusion, and heparin administration were not significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of symptomatic VTE after LRP is low. These data do not support the administration of prophylactic heparin to all patients undergoing LRP, especially those without risk factors for VTE.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Synnergren, Jane, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiomyogenic gene expression profiling of differentiating human embryonic stem cells.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1656 .- 1873-4863. ; 134:1-2, s. 162-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types. Thus, they provide a model system for embryonic development to investigate the molecular processes of cell differentiation and lineage commitment. The development of the cardiac lineage is easily detected in mixed cultures by the appearance of spontaneously contracting areas of cells. We performed gene expression profiling of undifferentiated and differentiating hESCs and monitored 468 genes expressed during cardiac development and/or in cardiac tissue. Their transcription during early differentiation of hESCs through embryoid bodies (EBs) was investigated and compared with spontaneously differentiating hESCs maintained on feeders in culture without passaging (high-density (HD) protocol). We observed a larger variation in the gene expression between cells from a single cell line that were differentiated using two different protocols than in cells from different cell lines that were cultured according to the same protocol. Notably, the EB protocol resulted in more reproducible transcription profiles than the HD protocol. The results presented here provide new information about gene regulation during early differentiation of hESCs with emphasis on the cardiomyogenic program. In addition, we also identified regulatory elements that could prove critical for the development of the cardiomyocyte lineage.
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| 23. |
- Synnergren, Jane, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Differentiating human embryonic stem cells express a unique housekeeping gene signature.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1066-5099 .- 1549-4918. ; 25:2, s. 473-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Housekeeping genes (HKGs) are involved in basic functions needed for the sustenance of the cell and are assumed to be constitutively expressed at a constant level. Based on these features, HKGs are frequently used for normalization of gene expression data. In the present study, we used the CodeLink Gene Expression Bioarray system to interrogate changes in gene expression occurring during differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs). Notably, in the three hESC lines used for the study, we observed that the RNA levels of 56 frequently used HKGs varied to a degree that rendered them inappropriate as reference genes. Therefore, we defined a novel set of HKGs specifically for hESCs. Here we present a comprehensive list of 292 genes that are stably expressed (coefficient of variation <20%) in differentiating hESCs. These genes were further grouped into high-, medium-, and low-expressed genes. The expression patterns of these novel HKGs show very little overlap with results obtained from somatic cells and tissues. We further explored the stability of this novel set of HKGs in independent, publicly available gene expression data from hESCs and observed substantial similarities with our results. Gene expression was confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Taken together, these results suggest that differentiating hESCs have a unique HKG signature and underscore the necessity to validate the expression profiles of putative HKGs. In addition, this novel set of HKGs can preferentially be used as controls in gene expression analyses of differentiating hESCs.
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| 24. |
- Synnergren, Jane, et al.
(författare)
-
Differentiating human embryonic stem cells express a unique housekeeping gene signature
- 2006
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Ingår i: 4th ISSCR Annual Meeting.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent populations of pluripotent undifferentiated cells with unlimited replication capacity which can be coaxed to differentiate into a variety of specialized cells. As a result, there is great hope that hESCs will be extremely useful by providing platforms for various in vitro applications (e.g. in drug discovery) as well as for future use of hESCs and their differentiated progeny in cell replacement therapies. In order to realize the potential of hESCs, it is necessary to gain much deeper knowledge about the processes that govern differentiation of these cells.In recent years, significant progress towards understanding cellular differentiation has been fuelled, in part, by studying gene expression using microarrays. In this large scale studies, statistical methods are used to normalize the gene expression data and render comparisons between different samples. In lower throughput analyses, RNA levels in hESCs are also measured using RT-PCR requiring normalization of the gene expression data to adequately correct for inter-sample variation. In general, investigators have used the traditional housekeeping genes (HKGs) (e.g. GAPDH, b-tubulin, b-actin) in studies of hESCs. HKGs are involved in basic functions needed for the sustenance of the cell and are assumed to be constitutively expressed at a constant level. Based on these features, HKGs are frequently used for normalization of gene expression data. However, it is well known that the expression of several of these genes vary considerably in adult tissues and their suitability as HKGs in hESCs remains to be proven. In this regard, the RNA levels of HPRT and b-tubulin were shown to vary substantially in differentiating mouse ESCs.In the present study, we used the CodeLinkTM Gene Expression Bioarray system to interrogate changes in gene expression occurring during differentiation of hESCs. Notably, in the three hESC lines used for the study, we observed that the RNA levels of 56 frequently used HKGs varied to a degree that rendered them inappropriate as reference genes. Therefore, we defined a novel set of HKGs specifically for hESCs. Here we present a comprehensive list of 292 genes that are stably expressed (coefficient of variation<20%) in differentiating hESCs. These genes were further grouped into high, medium, and low expressed genes. The expression patterns of these novel HKGs show very little overlap with results obtained from somatic cells and tissues. We further explored the stability of this novel set of HKGs in independent, publicly available gene expression data from hESCs and observed substantial similarities in terms of stably expressed genes. Taken together, these results suggest that hESCs have a unique HKG signature and underscore the necessity to validate the expression profiles of putative HKGs. In addition, the novel set of identified HKGs can preferentially be used as controls in gene expression analyses of differentiating hESCs.
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| 25. |
- Szczepanski, Anders, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Utomhuspedagogikens särart och möjligheter ur ett lärarperspektiv : En interventionsstudie bland lärare i grundskolan
- 2006
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Ingår i: Didaktisk Tidskrift. - Jönköping : Jönköping University Press. - 1101-7686. ; 16:4, s. 89-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I artikeln framförs argument för att förlägga en del av skolans undervisningi utomhusmiljö. Elevernas motivation skulle härigenomkunna öka – utomhusmiljön har i tidigare forskning visat sig hapositiva effekter på välbefinnande såväl som hälsa. I en interventionsstudiei grundskolan fick lärare i försöksgruppen pröva utomhuspedagogikunder handledning (10 halvdagar). I intervjuer efterinterventionen visade sig lärarna ha tämligen klara, om än varierandeuppfattningar av utomhuspedagogikens möjliga särart. Vidmätningar av sinnesstämningen hos lärarna i både interventionsgruppenoch jämförelsegruppen, visade sig sinnesstämningen hasjunkit under det år som förflutit mellan mätningarna. Sänkningenvar dock mindre bland lärarna i interventionsgruppen.
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| 26. |
- Szczepanski, Anders, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Utomhuspedagogikens särart och möjligheter ur ett lärarperspektiv : En interventionsstudie bland lärare i grundskolan
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Rapport fra konferencen. - Aarhus : VIA University College. ; , s. 27-35
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I artikeln framförs argument för att förlägga en större delav skolans undervisning i utomhusmiljö. Elevernas motivation skulle härigenom kunna öka och utomhusmiljön har i tidigare forskning visat sig ha positiva effekter på välbefinnande såväl som hälsa. I en interventionsstudie bland lärare i grundskolan, fick lärarna i försöksgruppen pröva utomhuspedagogik under handledning. I intervjuer efter interventionen visade sig lärarna ha tämligen klara, om än varierande, uppfattningar av utomhuspedagogikens särart. Vid mätningar av sinnesstämningen hos lärarna i interventionsgruppen såväl som i en jämförelsegrupp visade sig sinnesstämningen ha sjunkit under det år som förflutit mellan mätningarna. Sänkningen var dock mindre bland lärarna i interventionsgruppen.
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| 27. |
- Theethayi, Nelson, et al.
(författare)
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Lightning interaction with the swedish railway network
- 2007
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the beginning, the design of signal and control network of railways in early times was not always done in accordance with the strict rules of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). This created problems due to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) when old electro-mechanical signalling, control and communication systems were replaced by modern sensitive electronic circuits. Modern developments in the railway systems have made the system more vulnerable to lightning transients, a natural source of EMI, because the overall network is not designed to reduce the lightning surges to the low levels tolerable to the electronic systems widely being introduced in the railway system. Railway networks are extensive and modernization of signal/control/communication systems is carried out only in stages at different times, it is not unusual to find transient related problems in a section of the network on account of inadequate lightning protection design or EMC design of the existing network in which a new module (equipment or system) is introduced. One wonders if these problems act as a brake on the upgrading plans of the railways. Also the new railway systems which incorporate advanced signal/control/communication systems sometimes suffers from the effects of lightning transients because many of the standards and guidelines used in the design dates back to the age of electromechanical devices and hence do not include robust transient protection design. There were many attempts to address EMC issues in railways, but usually these attempts were confined to solving immediate problems of EMI due to introduction of new locomotive drives and EMI due to sparks at the pantograph. A comprehensive review of railway system from the angle of lightning protection and EMC is not yet carried out. This work discusses the EMC problems of large distributed systems, with particular reference to lightning interaction with Swedish rail network.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Theethayi, Nelson, et al.
(författare)
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Review of Research on Lightning Interaction with the Swedish Railway Network
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the early electrified railway systems, the design of signal and control networks were not always made in accordance with the strict rules of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). This created problems due to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) when old electro-mechanical signalling, control and communication systems were replaced by modern sensitive electronic circuits. Modern developments in the railway systems have made the system more vulnerable to lightning transients, a natural source of EMI, because the overall network is not designed to reduce the lightning surges to the low levels tolerable to the electronic systems widely being introduced in the railway system. Railway networks are extensive and modernization of signal/control/communication systems are carried out in stages at different times, it is not unusual to find transient related problems in a section of the network on account of inadequate lightning protection design or EMC design of the existing network in which a new module (equipment or system) is introduced. These problems may act as a brake on the upgrading plans of the railways. Also the new railway systems which incorporate advanced signal/control/communication systems sometimes suffers from the effects of lightning transients because many of the standards and guidelines used in the design dates back to the age of electromechanical devices and hence do not include robust transient protection design. There have been many attempts to address EMC issues in railways, but usually these attempts were confined to solving immediate problems of EMI due to introduction of new locomotive drives and EMI due to sparks at the pantograph. A comprehensive review of railway system from the angle of lightning protection and EMC is not yet fully carried out. The Swedish National Rail Administration (Banverket) reported a delay of about 900-1000 hours in the years 2001-02. Lightning transients were found to damage important devices that control train movements, causing traffic stoppage and delays. This work therefore discusses the EMC problems of large distributed systems, with particular reference to lightning interaction with Swedish rail networks [1]. Lightning induces transient overvoltages in railway conductor systems such as tracks, overhead wires, and underground cables, either due to direct lightning strike to the system or due to the coupling of electromagnetic fields from remote strikes. Models based on multiconductor transmission line theory were developed for calculating the induced voltages and currents [1-3]. Some experiments have also been carried out to better understand the way in which the lighting transients’ couple into the systems and also to verify the models used for analysis [4]. From experiments high frequency behavior of different types of transformers used within the railway systems were also derived [1, 6]. Besides, experimental studies on lightning induced transients entering railway systems, failure modes of relay and rectifier units used in the train position/signaling applications for lightning transients are performed. The simulation models are being converted to user friendly software for the practicing engineers of the railway industry [1].
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| 30. |
- Thottappillil, Rajeev, et al.
(författare)
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Response of Civilian Facilities to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI), with Emphasis on the Swedish Railway Network
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently a research program was initiated in Sweden to investigate the possible susceptibility of IEMI to civilian networks, with emphasis on the Swedish railway network. The objective is to develop a methodology for investigating and protecting sensitive railway facilities against IEMI and to recommend ways in which EMI control in the railways could be improved for better defense against IEMI. Details of the research program and some preliminary results are presented in this paper.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Wisselgren, Maria J., 1967-
(författare)
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Att föda barn -- från privat till offentlig angelägenhet : Förlossningsvårdens institutionalisering i Sundsvall 1900-1930
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By the late nineteenth century childbirth was firmly established in the domestic sphere. However, in the early years of the twentieth century different forms of maternity clinics were established where normal, as well as complicated, deliveries could take place. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the institutionalisation of maternity care in a local urban context, the role of women in confinement in this process, and its impact on infant mortality. The geographical setting of the thesis is Sundsvall, a town in northern Sweden. The study concentrates on the period spanning from 1900 to 1930, when local communities, rather than federal agencies, were charged with creating and implementing community standards for maternity care.In order to lower the mortality rate of illegitimate infants, and to improve delivery conditions for unmarried women, a maternity home was opened in Sundsvall in 1913. Moreover, a maternity ward was established at the local hospital in 1920. In this study it is clear, that when institutional maternity care became available, the transition was rapid and unhesitating. When analysing the local practices it is possible to highlight the central role women played as part of this process. Initially indigent women and women bearing children out of wedlock accepted the institutional alternative, but shortly thereafter married women of means turned to the newly created wards. As a result of this early acceptance, these institutions were soon filled to capacity.During the period in question a significant reduction in infant mortality rates can be noticed in the Swedish towns. A reasonable assumption is that the institutionalisation of maternity care improved infants chances of survival. In the study it is suggested that the institutionalised maternity care made an impact on neonatal mortality, as well as on post-neonatal mortality. The study shows that local practices of care played a key role in infant survival.This dissertation reveals the value of examining local practices in order to understand the rapid changes of maternity care. Childbirth changed from being a private matter, taking place in one’s home, to be a public concern, taking place in the institutional setting. At the 1937 Parliament (Riksdag) the responsibility for institutionalised maternity care became a public and a State concern, and maternity care became a part of the Swedish welfare system.
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