| 1. |
- Niklasson, Gunnar A., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Determination of scattering and absorption coefficients from experimental data : Application to sunscreen lotions
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Optics & Photonics in Sweden 2013.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Materials with pronounced light scattering are of large interest in a variety of scientific and technical disciplines. Their optical properties can to a good approximation be described by two-flux (Kubelka-Munk) theory [1]. This theory considers one light beam propagating in the forward direction and one beam propagating in the backward direction in the material. The optical properties of the material are described by phenomenological scattering (S) and absorption (K) coefficients. Additional parameters are the internal reflection coefficients for diffuse light at the interfaces and the reflection coefficient for incident collimated light at the front interface. The large amount of parameters makes it difficult to invert experimental measurements of transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) in order to obtain the parameters S and K characterizing the material [2,3]. We propose a method to partially overcome this problem in special cases by invoking physically realistic approximations for the reflection coefficients. We consider viscous emulsions or polymeric materials positioned between two transparent substrates separated by a spacer. Many organic and polymeric materials have refractive indices sufficiently close to those of glass and quartz substrates so that reflections between the material and the glass can be neglected. The reflection coefficient of the substrate for collimated light is known from its refractive index. Measurements of R and T in a region of weak scattering and absorption allow us to put quite stringent limits on the internal reflection coefficients for diffuse light. In this way good approximative values for S and K can be obtained.We apply this method to spectrophotometric measurements on two commercial sunscreen lotions. A drop of lotion was applied on a quartz substrate and a second quartz plate was put on top. The quartz plates were separated by aluminium foil of thickness 11 mm, except in the area covered by the lotion. Measurements of total R and T were taken by a Perkin-Elmer lambda-900 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere, in the wavelength range 250-800 nm. The samples were completely diffuse scattering and measurements in a low scattering region indicated a preferential forward scattering. The absorption coefficient was found to be low in the visible region and increased very much in the ultraviolet (UV). The scattering coefficient increased towards shorter wavelengths in the visible but exhibited differing behaviours in the UV. A sunscreen containing TiO2 particles exhibited a very low UV scattering together with higher scattering in the visible range, see fig. 1. Fig. 1. Scattering (S) and absorption (K) coefficients for a sunscreen containing a mix of chemical pigments and TiO[1] P. Kubelka, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38 (1948) 448.[2] R. Levinson, P. Berdahl and H. Akbari, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 89 (2005) 319.[3] D. Barrios, R. Vergaz, J.M. Sanchez-Pena, C.G. Granqvist and G.A. Niklasson, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 111 (2013) 115.
|
|
| 2. |
- Niklasson, Gunnar A., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Non-Gaussian distributions of melodic intervals in music : The Lévy-stable approximation
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Europhysics letters. - : EDP Sciences. - 0295-5075 .- 1286-4854. ; 112:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis of structural patterns in music is of interest in order to increase ourfundamental understanding of music, as well as for devising algorithms for computer-generatedmusic, so called algorithmic composition. Musical melodies can be analyzed in terms of a “music walk” between the pitches of successive tones in a notescript, in analogy with the “random walk”model commonly used in physics. We find that the distribution of melodic intervals between tones can be approximated with a L´evy-stable distribution. Since music also exibits self-affine scaling,we propose that the “music walk” should be modelled as a L´evy motion. We find that the L´evy motion model captures basic structural patterns in classical as well as in folk music.
|
|
| 3. |
- Niklasson, Gunnar A., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Optics of sunscreen lotions : Preliminary results on scattering and absorption coefficients
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sunscreen lotions are used to protect the skin from damage due to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The active UV-blocking components can be organic molecules or inorganic particles, for example TiO2. While both in-vivo and in-vitro methods exist for assessing the protective capacity of sunscreens, their basic optical properties have received little attention. In this paper we take the first steps to address this issue by presenting a method to obtain spectra of absorption and scattering coefficients of a sunscreen by analysis of experimental transmittance and reflectance spectra. We model the optical properties of the sunscreen by two-flux theory, develop approximate expressions for interface reflection coefficients and obtain the remaining optical parameters by fitting the two-flux theory to measurements. We analyze spectrophotometric reflectance and transmittance spectra of experimental narrow band UV blocking materials based on mesoporous magnesium carbonate – TiO2 mixtures, as well as some commercial sunscreens. Our method is demonstrated in vitro using quartz substrates and is further used to model in vivo measurements on the upside of the hand of one of the authors. The obtained absorption and scattering coefficient spectra give information on the relative contributions of these processes to the UV-blocking effect as well as the scattering of visible light responsible for the whitening of the skin upon application of a sunscreen lotion. Our analysis method may be useful for computational optimization of novel sunscreen formulations as well as for the development of in-vivo test methods.
|
|
| 4. |
- Niklasson, Gunnar, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Light Scattering Parameters by Inversion of Experimental Data: The Case of Sunscreen Lotions
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Bremen Zoom Workshop on Light Scattering 2021. - Bremen : Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT. ; , s. 16-19
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method to obtain absorption and backscattering coefficients of a light scattering material and apply it to the technologically important case of sunscreen lotions. While both in-vivo and in-vitro methods exist for assessing the ultraviolet (UV) protective capacity of sun-screens, their basic optical properties have previously received little attention. We model the light scattering properties by two-flux theory and invert spectrophotometric total transmittance and reflectance measurements to obtain backscattering and absorption coefficient spectra.
|
|
| 5. |
- Niklasson, Maria, 1995-, et al.
(författare)
-
The fractal dimension of music : melodic contours and time series of pitch
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze the fractal dimension of melodic contours and pitch time series of classical music and folk music tunes. The fractal dimensions obtained from box counting and detrended fluctuation analysis show significant differences. They are ascribed to the low accuracy of box counting for dimensions close to two as well as to a possible bias because the pitches in the time series are connected by lines to obtain the melodic contour used in the box counting analysis. We observe a tendency that folk music exhibits lower fractal dimensions than classical music, but further studies are needed in order to assess cutoff effects in the comparatively short folk music tunes. We conclude that detrended fluctuation analysis is the preferable method for fractal analysis of music, and this verifies previous studies of analysis of short time series.
|
|
| 6. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochemical pretreatment of electrochromic WO3 films gives greatly improved cycling durability
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 653, s. 1-3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic WO3 thin films have important applications in devices such as smart windows for energy-efficient buildings. Long-term electrochemical cycling durability of these films is essential and challenging. Here we investigate reactively sputter-deposited WO3 films, backed by indium-tin oxide layers and immersed in electrolytes of LiClO4 in propylene carbonate, and demonstrate unprecedented electrochemical cycling durability after straight-forward electrochemical pretreatments by the application of a voltage of 6 V vs. Li/Li+ for several hours.
|
|
| 7. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A., et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic dc sputtered W1-x-y Moy Tix O3 thin films: : Optical properties and durability.
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The key component in an electrochromic (EC) device is its primary EC thin film. The outstanding intrinsic ECproperties of tungsten oxide (WO3) make this material the best option available for the cathodic layer in an ECdevice. Nevertheless much research remains in order to optimize WO3 with regard to optical properties, durability,etc. It is well known that addition of titanium (Ti) into the matrix of WO3 increases significantly the resistance of the film to electrochemical cycling both under norma loperation and during accelerated aging in extended voltage ranges [1]. On the other hand, using molybdenum (Mo) as an additive in small concentrations helps to improve the color rendering by shifting th eposition of the maximum of the coloration band to higher energies [2]. The present work reports our recent investigations on thin films of mixed oxides with a focus on ways to optimize tungsten oxide thin films regarding both their durability and color by the addition of Ti and Mo. The films were deposited by reactive DC cosputtering from Mo and W-Ti alloy targets. Cyclic voltammetry, in a three-electrode system consisting of the film and lithium foils, was performed in a solution 1 MLiClO4 in propylene carbonate (Li–PC) as electrolyte. Insitu and ex-situ optical characterization was done for the EC films, and the transmittance switching and coloration efficiency were determined. Durability was studied by analyzing how the charge density evolved and how rapidly the transmittance modulation deteriorated during cycling for the different concentrations of Mo and Ti .References[1] M.A. Arvizu, C.A. Triana, B.I. Stefanov, C.G.Granqvist , G.A. Niklasson, “Electrochromism in SputterdepositedW-Ti Oxide Films: Durability Enhancement dueto Ti”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 125 (2014)184-189 (and references therein).[2] M.A. Arvizu, C.G. Granqvist and G.A. Niklasson,“Electrochromism in sputter deposited W1–yMoyO3 thinfilms”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 682 (2016)012005 (and references therein).
|
|
| 8. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic WO3 thin films attain unprecedented durability by potentiostatic pretreatment
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 7:6, s. 2908-2918
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic windows and glass facades are able to impart energy efficiency jointly with indoor comfort and convenience. Long-term durability is essential for practical implementation of this technology and has recently attracted broad interest. Here we show that a simple potentiostatic pretreatment of sputterdeposited thin films of amorphous WO3-the most widely studied electrochromic material-can yield unprecedented durability for charge exchange and optical modulation under harsh electrochemical cycling in a Li-ion-conducting electrolyte and effectively evades harmful trapping of Li. The pretreatment consisted of applying a voltage of 6.0 V vs. Li/Li+ for several hours to a film backed by a transparent conducting In2O3: Sn layer. Associated compositional and structural modifications were probed by several techniques, and improved durability was associated with elemental intermixing at the WO3/ITO and ITO/glass boundaries as well as with carbonaceous solid-electrolyte interfacial layers on the WO3 films. Our work provides important new insights into long-term durability of ion-exchange-based devices.
|
|
| 9. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A., et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromism in DC sputtered W1-yMoyO3 thin films
- 2015
-
Ingår i: INERA Conference 2015. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) properties of tungsten–molybdenum oxide (W1–yMoyO3) thin films were investigated. The films were deposited on indium tin oxide covered glass by reactive DC sputtering from tungsten and molybdenum targets. Elemental compositions of the W1–yMoyO3 films were determined by Rutherford back scattering. Voltammetric cycling was performed in an electrolyte of 1 M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The increase in molybdenum content in the EC films caused both a shift towards higher energies and a quenching of the value of the maximum of the coloration band, as compared with WO3 EC films. Durability was also diminished for W1–yMoyO3 EC films.
|
|
| 10. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromism in sputter-deposited W-Ti oxide films : Durability enhancement due to Ti
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 125, s. 184-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin films of W-Ti oxide were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and were characterized by Rutherford bathcattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The electrochromic properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry in an electrolyte of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate and by optical transmittance measurements. The addition of Ti significantly promoted the amorphous nature of the films and stabilized their electrochemical cycling performance and dynamic range for electrochromism. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Arvizu, Miguel A, et al.
(författare)
-
Rejuvenation of degraded electrochromic MoO3 thin films made by DC magnetron sputtering : Preliminary results
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molybdenum oxide thin films were deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering and were subjected to voltammetric cycling in an electrolyte comprised of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate. The films were heavily degraded during 20 voltammetric cycles in an extended voltage range. The films were subsequently rejuvenated by use of potentiostatic treatments under different voltages during 20 hours. Optical changes were recorded during the electrochemical degradation and ensuing rejuvenation.
|
|
| 13. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Cycling durability and potentiostatic rejuvenation of electrochromic tungsten oxide thin films : Effect of silica nanoparticles in LiClO4-Propylene carbonate electrolytes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 250
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) technology allows control of the transmission of visible light and solar radiation through thin-film devices. When applied to “smart” windows, EC technology can significantly diminish energy use for cooling and air conditioning of buildings and simultaneously provide good indoor comfort for the buildings’ occupants through reduced glare. EC “smart” windows are available on the market, but it is nevertheless important that their degradation under operating conditions be better understood and, ideally, prevented. In the present work, we investigated EC properties, voltammetric cycling durability, and potentiostatic rejuvenation of sputter-deposited WO3 thin films immersed in LiClO4–propylene carbonate electrolytes containing up to 3.0 wt% of ∼7-nm-diameter SiO2 nanoparticles. Adding about 1 wt% SiO2 led to a significant improvement in cycling durability in the commonly used potential range of 2.0–4.0 V vs. Li/Li+. Furthermore, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicated that O–Si bonds were associated with enhanced durability in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles.
|
|
| 14. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Durability studies of annealed electrochromic tungsten oxide films
- 2021
-
Ingår i: EMRS Fall Meeting 2021.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In electrochromic (EC) applications, annealing is a crucial parameter not only for an individual layer but also for a full device. For the fabrication of a complete EC device, indium tin oxide (ITO) is often preferred as a transparent conductor layer. ITO films with high transparency and low electrical resistance are usually obtained by sputtering at high substrate temperatures. Consequently, the effect of high temperature on the EC layers can be very significant during sputtering of the ITO top layer for EC devices consisting of five sputtered layers on a single substrate. The role of annealing of a single layer of WO3 may also be important for EC performance. In the present work, we studied the effects of annealing on the durability of WO3 films. Thin films of WO3 were deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering in a mixture of Ar and O2 gases using an oxygen to argon ratio of 0.15. The total gas pressure was set to 4.0 Pa, and the sputtering power was 200 W. The WO3 films were deposited onto (i) unheated glass plates, (ii) such plates pre-coated with transparent and electrically conducting ITO with a sheet resistance of 60 Ω/square, and (iii) glass plates pre-coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) with a sheet resistance of 14 Ω/square. Film thicknesses were 300±10 nm. After deposition of the films, the samples were annealed at 150, 300, 450, and 600 °C in ambient air for one h using a heating rate of 10 °C min-1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed for up to 500 cycles between 2.0 and 4.0 V vs. Li/Li+ at a scan rate of 20 mV s–1. Annealing at temperatures at and above 300 °C resulted in deteriorated electrochromic properties of the WO3 films i.e., a decreased transmittance variation. Charge density and coloration efficiency changes during extended electrochemical cycling were also observed as a function of cycle number and annealing temperature. It was found that the maximum optical transmittance modulation at a wavelength of 528 nm after 500 CV cycles was 69.3% for the film annealed at 150 °C.
|
|
| 15. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic performance of WO3 films with different ITO layers
- 2019
-
Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) materials are able to change their optical properties such as transmission, absorption and reflection reversibly by application of an external voltage. EC metal oxides are divided into two groups: cathodic (coloring under ion insertion) and anodic (coloring under ion extraction). Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a well-known cathodic EC material and has been intensively studied in the last 30 years. EC materials and devices have been developed as an alternative to passive coating materials for light and heat management. Conventionally, an EC device is a construction with five-layers: transparent conducting oxide (TCO)/cathodic EC/ion conducting layer (liquid, gel or solid)/anodic EC/TCO, either all on one substrate or positioned between two substrates in a laminated configuration. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated substrates are used as a TCO electrode in EC applications due to their high conductivity and transparency.In this study, we deposited WO3 films onto ITO coated glass substrates with different sheet resistances (15, 30, 60 and 1000 Ω/□) by using DC magnetron sputtering technique. Optical and structural properties of ITO films were investigated. For durability studies, cyclic voltammetry data was recorded for up to 500 cycles between 2.0 and 4.0 V versus Li/Li+ at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1. Chronoamperometry measurements of the WO3 films were also performed. We measured the inserted and extracted charges as well as bleaching and coloring times of WO3 films with different ITO layer properties. Generally, ITO with low resistivity is preferred for the electrochemical measurements while absorption is low in the near-infrared region for ITO with higher resistivity. In this study, it is observed that the ITO with 60 Ω/□ sheet resistance is very suitable for optical and electrochromic measurements.
|
|
| 16. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic tungsten oxide films prepared by sputtering : Optimizing cycling durability by judicious choice of deposition parameters
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 367
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin films of W oxide were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering (5 cm-diameter W target), and their electrochromic (EC) properties were investigated in an electrolyte of LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the role of critical deposition parameters-oxygen/argon gas flow ratio for the sputter plasma Gamma, total pressure in the sputter plasma p(tot) , and sputtering power P-s - on the EC performance with foci on electrochemical cycling durability and optical modulation range Delta T. Specifically, we used 0.15 <= Gamma <= 0.90, 5 <= p(tot) <= 30 mTorr, and 200 <= P-s <= 400 W and studied cycling durability for up to 500 voltammetric cycles in the range 2.0-4.0 V vs. Li/Li+ together with optical properties at a wavelength of 528 nm. Most significantly, we discovered that a judicious choice of deposition parameters could yield films with superior cycling durability. Thus a similar to 300 nm-thick film prepared at Gamma = 0.90, p(tot) = 10 mTorr, and P-s = 200 W showed Delta T approximate to 65% after an initial "training" during similar to 100 voltammetric cycles; higher values of p(tot), on the other hand, yielded films whose Delta Ts degraded by similar to 10% during the cycling, and a lower value of p(tot) led to dark films with only marginal electrochromism. Hence our work delineates a pathway towards W oxide films with excellent durability of the EC properties.
|
|
| 17. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromism of nitrogen-doped tungsten oxide thin films
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Materials Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7853. ; 33:6, s. 2434-2439
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tungsten-oxide-based thin films were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering in the presence ofoxygen and nitrogen. Nitrogen contents up to 12 at.% were documented by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis. Optical and electrochemical measurements showed that films with up to 4 at.% of nitrogen were as transparent as undoped tungsten oxide films and displayed enhanced electrochromic properties manifested in an increase in the coloration efficiency by as much as 20%.
|
|
| 18. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
Nitrogen doped W oxide films for electrochromic applications
- 2019
-
Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) materials are able to change their optical properties such as transmission, absorption and reflection reversibly by application of an external voltage. EC metal oxides are divided into two groups: cathodic (coloring under ion insertion) and anodic (coloring under ion extraction). W oxide is a well-known cathodic EC material and its color changes from transparent to dark blue when ions are inserted.A desirable electrochromic material must have and maintain a high optical modulation, high coloration efficiency, fast coloration/bleaching switching kinetics and a stable charge/ discharge reversibility. In this study, W oxide films with different nitrogen levels were deposited by using reactive DC sputtering onto glass and ITO coated glass in Ar+O2+N2 atmosphere. For all films, the total gas pressure was set to 4.0 Pa, the Ar flow rate was kept at 50 ml/min, and the O2+N2 flow rate was kept at 7.5 ml/min. The optical, structural and electrochromic properties of undoped and N-doped W oxide films were investigated. The optical studies revealed that the average optical transmittance and band gap decreased (from 3.43 to 3.08 eV) due to N doping. It is shown that a small amount of nitrogen has promising effects on the EC performance (i.e. charge/discharge reversibility, optical modulation, coloration efficiency) of the WO3 films. It is observed that CE values increased by increasing N2 flow rate and its maximum value was 33.8 cm2/C. The maximum ΔT at 537 nm was 73.6% for an optimized N doped W oxide film.
|
|
| 19. |
- Atak, Gamze, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of oxygen to argon gas flow ratio on the durability of sputter-deposited electrochromic tungsten oxide films
- 2021
-
Ingår i: EMRS Fall Meeting 2021.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Materials that are able to vary their transparency and coloration reversibly when they are subjected to an electrical current or voltage are referred to as “electrochromic” (EC). High optical transmittance modulation and long service lifetime are apparent requirements for EC materials used in smart windows technology. An extended service lifetime is provided by the long-term durability of the materials. One important aspect of durability is the ability to sustain charge transport between the EC film and electrolyte, or between the two EC films in a device, for many hundreds or thousands of cycles without any significant changes in the performance such as optical modulation and inserted-extracted charge. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the oxygen-argon gas flow ratio during sputter deposition on the durability of WO3 films. In this study, the oxygen to argon gas-flow ratio was modulated by setting the O2 flow rate to 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 45.0 ml min-1 and using a fixed Ar flow rate of 50 ml min-1. Thus, the oxygen to argon gas-flow ratio was varied from 0.15 to 0.90. The pressure in the sputter plasma was set as 30 mTorr and the sputter power was maintained at 200 W. For durability studies, cyclic voltammetry data were recorded for up to 500 cycles between 2.0 and 4.0 V versus Li/Li+ at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1. High oxygen to argon gas ratio was found to have a positive effect on the EC properties of the films. When the long-term performance of the films was examined, it was seen that all the samples displayed a slow decline of the colored-state transmittance due to ion accumulation in the host material. After 500 color-bleach cycles, the maximum optical transmittance modulation between colored and bleached states at a wavelength of 528 nm was 63.6% when the oxygen to argon gas-flow ratio was 0.90.
|
|
| 20. |
- Baloukas, Bill, et al.
(författare)
-
Galvanostatic Rejuvenation of Electrochromic WO3 Thin Films : Ion Trapping and Detrapping Observed by Optical Measurements and by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
- 2017
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 9:20, s. 16996-17002
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are able to decrease our energy footprint while enhancing indoor comfort and convenience. However, the limited durability of these windows, as well as their cost, result in hampered market introduction. Here, we investigate thin films of the most widely studied EC material, WO3. Specifically, we combine optical measurements (using spectrophotometry in conjunction with variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry) with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. Data were taken on films in their as-deposited state, after immersion in a Li-ion-conducting electrolyte, after severe degradation by harsh voltammetric cycling and after galvanostatic rejuvenation to regain the original EC performance. Unambiguous evidence was found for the trapping and detrapping of Li ions in the films, along with a thickness increase or decrease during degradation and rejuvenation, respectively. It was discovered that (i) the trapped ions exhibited a depth gradient; (ii) following the rejuvenation procedure, a small fraction of the Li ions remained trapped in the film and gave rise to a weak short-wavelength residual absorption; and (iii) the surface roughness of the film was larger in the degraded state than in its virgin and rejuvenated states. These data provide important insights into the degradation mechanisms of EC devices and into means of achieving improved durability.
|
|
| 21. |
- Banerjee, Amitava
(författare)
-
Materials Modelling for Energy Harvesting : From Conversion to Application through Storage
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this Ph.D. thesis, ab initio density functional theory along with molecular dynamics and global optimization methods are used to unveil and understand the structures and properties of energy relevant materials. In this connection, the following applications are considered: i. electrocatalyst for solar fuel production through water splitting, ii. hybrid perovskite solar cell for generation of electrical energy and iii. Battery materials to store the electrical energy. The water splitting mechanism in terms of hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) on the catalytic surfaces has been envisaged based on the free energy diagram, named reaction coordinate, of the reaction intermediates. The Ti-functionalized two-dimensional (2D) borophene monolayer has been emerged as a promising material for HER and OER mechanisms as compared to the pristine borophene sheet. Further investigation in the series of this noble metal free monolayer catalyst is 2D Al2C monolayer both in form of pristine and functionalized with nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), boron (B), and sulphur (S). It has been observed that only B substituted Al2C shows very close to thermoneutral, that could be the most promising candidate for HER on functionalized Al2C monolayer. The adsorption of O* intermediate is stronger in S-substituted Al2C, whereas it is less strongly adsorbed on N-substituted Al2C. The subsequent consideration is being the case of n-type doping (W) along with Ti codoped in BiVO4 to enhance the efficiency of BiVO4 photoanode for water splitting. The determined adsorption energy and corresponding Gibbs free energies depict that the Ti site is energetically more favorable for water splitting. Moreover, the Ti site possesses a lower overpotential in the W–Ti codoped sample as compared to the mono-W doped sample. We have also explored the effect of mixed cation and mixed anion substitution in the hybrid perovskite in terms of structural stability, electronic properties and optical response of hybrid perovskite crystal structures. It has been found that the insertion of bromine (Br) into the system could modulate the stability of the Guanidinium lead iodide (GAPbI3) hybrid perovskite. Moreover, the band gap of the mixed hybrid perovskite is increased with the inclusion of smaller Br anion while replacing partially the larger iodine (I) anion. Finally the electrochemical storage mechanism for Sodium (Na) and lithium (Li) ion insertion has been envisaged in inorganic electrode (eldfellite, NaFe(SO4)2) as well as in more sustainable organic electrode (di-lithium terephthalate, Li2TP). The full desodiation capability of the eldfellite enhances the capacity while the activation energies (higher than 1 eV) for the Na+ ion diffusion for the charged state lower the ionic insertion rate. The key factor as the variation of Li-O coordination in the terephthalate, for the disproportionation redox reaction in Li2TP is also identified.
|
|
| 22. |
- Barrios, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Determination of the optical constants of the active layer of a suspended particle device smart window with multilayer structure at the clear and dark states, with and without applied voltage.
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Smart windows based on suspended particle devices (SPDs) are able to switch optically from dark to clear visual appearance when applying an AC electrical signal. This effect is due to light absorbing nanoparticles that get aligned by the applied voltage. The sandwich structure of a SPD consist of several layers and includes two outer glass substrates, each one covered on its inwards-facing side with a transparent conducting thin layer surrounding the centrally positioned SPD active layer. A knowledge of the optical constants of each layer—i.e., the complex refractive index, including its real and imaginary (absorption and scattering) parts—is a key in the design of the visual appearance of the SPD window and is a useful tool to determine the optimum thickness of the active layer.
|
|
| 23. |
- Barrios, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Inversion of two-flux and four-flux radiative transfer models for determining scattering and absorption coefficients for a suspended particle device
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Applied Optics. - : OPTICAL SOC AMER. - 1559-128X .- 2155-3165. ; 58:32, s. 8871-8881
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrinsic and extrinsic scattering and absorption coefficients of a suspended particle device (SPD) smart window sample at dark and dear appearance states-without and with applied electrical voltage, respectively-were determined by means of the Maheu, Letoulouzan, and Gouesbet four-flux (intrinsic) and Kubelka-Munk two-flux ( extrinsic) radiative transfer models, respectively. Extrinsic values were obtained from fitting to the two-flux model taking into account the predominantly forward scattering of the SPD. As an approximation, the Fresnel reflection coefficients were integrated out to the critical angle of total internal reflection in order to compute diffuse interface reflectances. Intrinsic coefficients were retrieved by adding a new proposed approximation for the average crossing parameter based on the collimated and diffuse light intensities at each interface. This approximation, although an improvement of previous approaches, is not entirely consistent with the two-flux model results. However, it paves the way for further development of methods to solve the inverse problem of the four-flux model.
|
|
| 24. |
- Barrios, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Light Scattering Parameters of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals Obtained by Inversion of Experimental Data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Bremen Zoom Workshop on Light Scattering 2022. - : Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT. ; , s. 8-11
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) devices are electrically controlled smart windows, that switch from a translucent milky appearance (off state) to a transparent clear appearance (on state). We have studied the intrinsic and extrinsic scattering and absorption coefficients obtained by inversion of spectrophotometric transmittance and reflectance data. The inversion procedure uses two flux and four flux models and similar approximations for the average crossing parameter (ACP) as in our previous workon suspended particle devices [1]. Good fits are obtained, but the ACP approximation was found to be inconsistent with fitted parameters.
|
|
| 25. |
- Barrios, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulation of the thickness dependence of the optical properties of suspended particle devices
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 143, s. 613-622
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suspended particle devices (SPDs) constitute an electrically powered chromogenic technology, in which the active layer quickly are able to rapidly switches from a dark bluish-black dark color state to a clear greyish color appearance when an AC electric field is applied. Two-flux and four-flux models were used to derive refractive indices and extinction coefficients, as well as scattering and absorption coefficients, of the particle-containing active layer. These entities were used in model calculations to predict the direct, total and diffuse components of the transmittance andthe reflectance, together along with the color appearance and haze, as a function of the thickness of the active layer. An optimum thickness for the optical contrast of the SPD was determined in this way and was found to be in the range of 200 to 300 nm. The SPDdevices device exhibits a significant reflectance haze particularly in reflection.
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Barrios, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Toward a quantitative model for suspended particle devices : Optical scattering and absorption coefficients
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 111, s. 115-122
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suspended particle devices (SPDs) allow rapid voltage-controlled modulation of their optical transmittance and are of interest for solar-energy-related and other applications. We investigated the spectral total and diffuse transmittance of an SPD, including its angular dependence. The optical modulation was large for visible light but almost nil in the infrared, and the devices had noticeable haze. A theoretical two-flux model was formulated and provided a quantitative description of the absorption and scattering coefficients and thereby of the detailed optical performance. This analysis gives a benchmark for assessing improvements of the SPD technology as well as for comparing it with alternative technologies for optical modulation.
|
|
| 28. |
- Bayrak Pehlivan, I., et al.
(författare)
-
A polymer electrolyte with high luminous transmittance and low solar throughput : Polyethyleneimine-lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide with In2O3:Sn nanocrystals
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 100:24, s. 241902-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemically prepared similar to 13-nm-diameter nanocrystals of In2O3:Sn were included in a polyethyleneiminelithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide electrolyte and yielded high haze-free luminous transmittance and strong near-infrared absorption without deteriorated ionic conductivity. The optical properties could be reconciled with effective medium theory, representing the In2O3:Sn as a free electron plasma with tin ions screened according to the random phase approximation corrected for electron exchange. This type of polymer electrolyte is of large interest for opto-ionic devices such as laminated electrochromic smart windows.
|
|
| 29. |
- Bayrak Pehlivan, Ilknur, et al.
(författare)
-
Bifunctional solar electrocatalytic water splitting using CIGS solar modules and WO3-based electrolyzers
- 2019
-
Ingår i: EMRS Spring Meeting 2019.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using energy from the sun to produce a fuel and finally obtaining only water as an exhaust is a promising future technology for renewable energy and environmental sustainability. Solar driven water splitting is a method to produce hydrogen from solar energy. Coupling a solar cell with an electrolyzer is the approach with highest technological readiness. CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) is here a promising solar cell material for water splitting because it is possible to tune the band gap between 1.0 and 1.7 eV by changing the ratio between Ga and In, thus enabling maximum power point matching with an electrolyzer. Tungsten oxide is known as a photocatalytic material and mainly used for the oxygen evolution reaction in a water splitting process. However, WO3 films also show electrochromic activity together with hydrogen evolution. This result is interesting because it shows that WO3 films can be used as bifunctional materials for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution in water splitting, and provide additional functionalities to the system. In this study, WO3 films coated at different sputtering conditions on Ni foam and indium tin oxide substrates were investigated in the potential range of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The best overpotential of 164 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA/cm2 was obtained for WO3 films on Ni foam in 0.5 M H2SO4. The lowest potential needed for 10 mA/cm2 was measured 1.768 V for the electrolyzers consisting WO3 films on Ni foam as the cathode and non-coated Ni foam as the anode. Optimum solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of the CIGS solar cell modules and the electrolyzers was examined for different band gaps of the CIGS modules and sputtering conditions of WO3 films. Operation points of the combined system were calculated from the intersection of the voltage-current density curves for the CIGS modules and the electrolyzers. The results showed that the detailed sputtering conditions were not very critical to obtain high STH efficiency, indicating that the system could be robust and easily manufactured. The best-matched band gap of the CIGS was 1.19 eV and the highest STH efficiency of the CIGS driven WO3-based electrolyzers was 12.98 %.
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
- Bayrak Pehlivan, Ilknur, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic solar water splitting using a cathodic WO3 electrocatalyst
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar-driven water splitting is an emerging technology with high potential to generate fuel cleanly and sustainably. In this work, we show that WO3 can be used as a cathodic electrocatalyst in combination with (Ag,Cu) InGaSe2 solar cell modules to produce hydrogen and provide electrochromic functionality to water splitting devices. This electrochromic effect can be used to monitor the charge state or performance of the catalyst for process control or for controlling the temperature and absorbed heat due to tunable optical modulation of the electrocatalyst. WO3 films coated on Ni foam, using a wide range of different sputtering conditions, were investigated as cathodic electrocatalysts for the water splitting reaction. The solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of solar-driven water electrolysis was extracted using (Ag,Cu)InGaSe2 solar cell modules with a cell band gap varied in between 1.15 and 1.25 eV with WO3 on Ni foam-based electrolyzers and yielded up to 13% STH efficiency. Electrochromic properties during water electrolysis were characterized for the WO3 films on transparent substrate (indium tin oxide). Transmittance varied between 10% and 78% and the coloration efficiency at a wavelength of 528 nm and the overpotential of 400 mV was 40 cm(2) C-1. Hydrogen ion consumption in ion intercalation for electrochromic and hydrogen gas production for water electrolysis processes was discussed.
|
|
| 34. |
- Bayrak Pehlivan, Ilknur, et al.
(författare)
-
Impedance Spectroscopy Modeling of Nickel–Molybdenum Alloys on Porous and Flat Substrates for Applications in Water Splitting
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 123:39, s. 23890-23897
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogen production by splitting water using electrocatalysts powered by renewable energy from solar or wind plants is one promising alternative to produce a carbon-free and sustainable fuel. Earth-abundant and nonprecious metals are, here, of interest as a replacement for scarce and expensive platinum group catalysts. Ni–Mo is a promising alternative to Pt, but the type of the substrate could ultimately affect both the initial growth conditions and the final charge transfer in the system as a whole with resistive junctions formed in the heterojunction interface. In this study, we investigated the effect of different substrates on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Ni–Mo electrocatalysts. Ni–Mo catalysts (30 atom % Ni, 70 atom % Mo) were sputtered on various substrates with different porosities and conductivities. There was no apparent morphological difference at the surface of the catalytic films sputtered on the different substrates, and the substrates were classified from microporous to flat. The electrochemical characterization was carried out with linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the frequency range 0.7 Hz–100 kHz. LSV measurements were carried out at direct current (DC) potentials between 200 and −400 mV vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 1 M NaOH encompassing the HER. The lowest overpotentials for HER were obtained for films on the nickel foam at all current densities (−157 mV vs RHE @ 10 mA cm–2), and the overpotentials increased in the order of nickel foil, carbon cloth, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and indium tin oxide glass. EIS data were fitted with two equivalent circuit models and compared for different DC potentials and different substrate morphologies and conductivities. By critical evaluation of the data from the models, the influence of the substrates on the reaction kinetics was analyzed in the high- and low-frequency regions. In the high-frequency region, a strong substrate dependence was seen and interpreted with a Schottky-type barrier, which can be rationalized as being due to a potential barrier in the material heterojunctions or a resistive substrate–film oxide/hydroxide. The results highlight the importance of substrates, the total charge transfer properties in electrocatalysis, and the relevance of different circuit components in EIS and underpin the necessity to incorporate high-conductivity, chemically inert, and work-function-matched substrate–catalysts in the catalyst system.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
- Chiavari, C, et al.
(författare)
-
Atmospheric corrosion of historical organ pipes: The influence of environment and materials
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Corrosion Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-938X. ; 50:9, s. 2444-2455
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The corrosion of lead-rich pipes in historical organs in different parts of Europe has been investigated. The influence of the environment and the composition and microstructure of the pipe metal was studied. Pipe Corrosion was documented by visual inspection (boroscope). The corrosion attack and the composition and microstructure of the metal were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD, IC and FAAS. It is shown that the degree of corrosion of the pipes is correlated to the concentration of gaseous acetic and formic acid in the organ. The organic acids are emitted by the wood from which the wind system is built. It is also shown that pipe corrosion decreases with increasing tin content in the range 0-4% (wt). Possible conservation strategies are discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 37. |
- Cindemir, Umut, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of nanocrystalline-nanoporous nickel oxide thin films prepared by reactive advanced gas deposition
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Materials Chemistry and Physics. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0254-0584 .- 1879-3312. ; 227, s. 98-104
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocrystalline-nanoporous Ni oxide is of much interest for gas sensors and other applications. Reactive advanced gas deposition (AGD) stands out as a particularly promising technique for making thin films of this material owing to the techniques ability to separate between the growth of individual nanoparticles and their subsequent deposition to create a consolidated material on a substrate. Here we report on the characterization of Ni oxide films, made by reactive AGD, by several methods. X-ray diffractometry showed that the films had a face centered cubic NiO structure, and scanning electron microscopy indicated a compact nanoparticulate composition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of Ni3+ and demonstrated that these states became less prominent upon heat treatment in air. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure analysis elucidated the local atomic structure; in particular, data on interatomic distances and effects of annealing on local disorder showed that the Ni oxide nanoparticles crystallize upon annealing while maintaining their nanoparticle morphology, which is a crucial feature for reproducible fabrication of Ni oxide thin films for gas sensors. Importantly, several techniques demonstrated that grain growth remained modest for annealing temperatures as high as 400 degrees C for 1700-nm-thick films. The present article is a sequel to an earlier one [U. Cindemir et al., Sensors and Actuators B 242 (2017) 132-139] in which we reported on fluctuation-enhanced and conductometric gas sensing with Ni oxide films prepared by AGD.
|
|
| 38. |
- Cindemir, Umut, et al.
(författare)
-
Fluctuation-enhanced and conductometric gas sensing with nanocrystalline NiO thin films : A comparison
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4005 .- 1873-3077. ; 242, s. 132-139
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocrystalline thin films of NiO were prepared by advanced reactive gas deposition, and their responses to formaldehyde, ethanol and methane gases were studied via fluctuation-enhanced and conductometric methods Thin films with thicknesses in the 200–1700-nm range were investigated in as-deposited form and after annealing at 400 and 500◦C. Morphological and structural analyses showed porous deposits with NiO nanocrystals having face-centered cubic structure. Quantitative changes in frequency-dependent resistance fluctuations as well as in DC resistance were recorded upon exposure to formaldehyde, ethanol and methane at 200◦C. The response to formaldehyde was higher than that to ethanol while the response to methane was low, which indicates that the NiO films exhibit significant selectivity towards different gaseous species. These results can be reconciled with the fact that formaldehyde has a nucleophilic group, ethanol is an electron scavenger, and methane is hard to either reduce or oxidize. The gas-induced variations in DC resistance and resistance fluctuations were in most cases similar and consistent.
|
|
| 39. |
- Cindemir, Umut, et al.
(författare)
-
Porous Nickel Oxide Sensor for Formaldehyde Detection
- 2014
-
Ingår i: European Materials Society (E-MRS) Spring Meeting, Lille, France, May 26-30, 2014..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Formaldehyde is a volatile organic compound, which is a harmful indoor pollutant, causing sick building syndrome (SBS) and is released from household and building materials. Since higher concentrations of formaldehyde are considered to be carcinogenic, monitoring them indoors is of great importance. Advanced gas deposition has here been used to fabricate highly porous nickel oxide (NiO) thin films for formaldehyde sensing. The films were deposited on Al2O3 substrates with prefabricated comb-structured electrodes, and a resistive heater at the opposite face. The morphology of the films was investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and the porosity was determined by nitrogen adsorption isotherms with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The particle size was found to be less than 10 nm, as determined by x-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the NiO films was also done. Gas sensing measurements were done using a total gas flow rate of 200 ml/min. Resistivity values of sensors were recorded with formaldehyde diluted in synthetic air. Sensor resistances were recorded at 50 ppm, 25ppm, 10ppm and 5 ppm formaldehyde concentration. NiO films showed promising formaldehyde gas sensing properties implying lower levels of detection limit.
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
- Coll, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Towards Oxide Electronics: a Roadmap
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 482, s. 1-93
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the end of a rush lasting over half a century, in which CMOS technology has been experiencing a constant and breathtaking increase of device speed and density, Moore’s law is approaching the insurmountable barrier given by the ultimate atomic nature of matter. A major challenge for 21st century scientists is finding novel strategies, concepts and materials for replacing silicon-based CMOS semiconductor technologies and guaranteeing a continued and steady technological progress in next decades. Among the materials classes candidate to contribute to this momentous challenge, oxide films and heterostructures are a particularly appealing hunting ground. The vastity, intended in pure chemical terms, of this class of compounds, the complexity of their correlated behaviour, and the wealth of functional properties they display, has already made these systems the subject of choice, worldwide, of a strongly networked, dynamic and interdisciplinary research community. Oxide science and technology has been the target of a wide four-year project, named Towards Oxide-Based Electronics (TO-BE), that has been recently running in Europe and has involved as participants several hundred scientists from 29 EU countries. In this review and perspective paper, published as a final deliverable of the TO-BE Action, the opportunities of oxides as future electronic materials for Information and Communication Technologies ICT and Energy are discussed. The paper is organized as a set of contributions, all selected and ordered as individual building blocks of a wider general scheme. After a brief preface by the editors and an introductory contribution, two sections follow. The first is mainly devoted to providing a perspective on the latest theoretical and experimental methods that are employed to investigate oxides and to produce oxide-based films, heterostructures and devices. In the second, all contributions are dedicated to different specific fields of applications of oxide thin films and heterostructures, in sectors as data storage and computing, optics and plasmonics, magnonics, energy conversion and harvesting, and power electronics.
|
|
| 42. |
- Engfeldt, Johnny D., et al.
(författare)
-
GLAZING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS: : The Almost Forgotten Role of Angular-Dependent Solar Transmittance
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Society of Vacuum Coaters Bulletin. - : Society of Vacuum Coaters. ; :spring, s. 72-78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glazing for energy efficient buildings comprises multi-pane units with surface coated glass. According to today’s standards, glazing is characterized by optical measurements at normal light incidence. Here we show that this prerequisite is grossly inadequate for common vertical glazing, in particular regarding solar transmittance and total energy transmittance (g-value). We present data on spectral and angular-dependent transmittance in the 300–2500-nm wavelength range for several types of glass samples with hard (tin-oxide-based) and soft (silver-based) coatings. Furthermore, we use standard procedures to compute g-values for triple-pane glazing embodying such glass and find that the g-value at 60° off-normal angle typically is as low as 65–68% of the g-value for normal incidence. This difference is essential for assessing the energy efficiency of modern buildings and highlights that the glazing’s angularity must be accounted for.
|
|
| 43. |
- Engfeldt, Johnny D., et al.
(författare)
-
Glazing for Energy Efficient Buildings: The Almost Forgotten Role of Angular-Dependent Solar Transmittance
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Society of Vacuum Coaters 2019 Technical Conference Proceedings. - : Society of Vacuum Coaters.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glazing for energy efficient buildings comprises multi-pane units with surface coated glass. According to today’s standards, glazing is characterized by optical measurements at normal light incidence. Here we show that this prerequisite is grossly inadequate for common vertical glazing, in particular regarding solar transmittance and total energy transmittance (g-value). We present data on spectral and angular-dependent transmittance in the 300–2500-nm wavelength range for several types of glass samples with hard (tin-oxide-based) and soft (silver-based) coatings. Furthermore, we use standard procedures to compute g-values for triple-pane glazing embodying such glass and find that the g-value at 60° off-normal angle typically is as low as 65–68% of the g-value for normal incidence. This difference is essential for assessing the energy efficiency of modern buildings and highlights that the glazing’s angularity must be accounted for.
|
|
| 44. |
- Furlani, Maurizio, et al.
(författare)
-
Impedance spectroscopy on polymer electrolytes containing Lithium and Magnesium ions
- 2006
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A detailed impedance spectroscopy study, together with thermal analysis, was carried out on polymer electrolytes composed of low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) 400 with added lithium or magnesium triflate salts. Glass transition temperatures were always far below room temperature. The ion conductivity exhibits a maximum at intermediate salt concentrations and is significantly higher in the case of Li triflate addition. When the ion conductivity contribution was subtracted, a prominent dielectric loss peak in the MHz region was observed. Its relaxation strength scales with ion concentration, as appropriate for an ion pair relaxation in systems above the glass transition. We present evidence that this relaxation is due to the same species that give rise to the ion conductivity. The complex impedance due to the composite ion conductivity – ion pair relaxation process was found to exhibit good agreement with the Davidson-Cole [D.V. Davidson and R.H. Cole, J. Chem. Phys., 19 (1951) 1484-1490] relaxation function. The relaxation process is characterized by a power-law exponent below 0.5, which signifies an anomalous diffusion process at high frequencies crossing over to a constant conductivity at low frequencies.
|
|
| 45. |
- Gesheva, Kostadinka, et al.
(författare)
-
Optical, structural and electrochromic properties of sputter deposited W-Mo oxide thin films
- 2016
-
Ingår i: INERA CONFERENCE. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin metal oxide films were investigated by a series of characterization techniques including impedance spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Thin film deposition by reactive DC magnetron sputtering was performed at the Ångström Laboratory. W and Mo targets (5 cm diameter) and various oxygen gas flows were employed to prepare samples with different properties, whereas the gas pressure was kept constant at about 30 mTorr. The substrates were 5×5 cm2 plates of unheated glass pre-coated with ITO having a resistance of 40 ohm/sq. Film thicknesses were around 300nm as determined by surface profilometry. Newly acquired equipment was used to study optical spectra, optoelectronic properties, and film structure. Films of WO3 and of mixed W–Mo oxide with three compositions showed coloring and bleaching under the application of a small voltage. Cyclic voltammograms were recorded with a scan rate of 5 mV s–1. Ellipsometric data for the optical constants show dependence on the amount of MoOx in the chemical composition. Single MoOx film, and the mixed one with only 8% MoOx have the highest value of refractive index, and similar dispersion in the visible spectral range. Raman spectra displayed strong lines at wavenumbers between 780 cm–1 and 950 cm–1 related to stretching vibrations of WO3, and MoO3. AFM gave evidence for domains of different composition in mixed W-Mo oxide films.
|
|
| 46. |
- Granqvist, Claes G., 1946-, et al.
(författare)
-
Advances in electrochromic device technology : Multiple roads towards superior durability
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 357, s. 619-625
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most electrochromic (EC) devices must have a service lifetime of many years, and this is particularly so for “smart windows” in buildings with good energy efficiency and indoor comfort. The central part of oxide-based EC devices contains thin films based on W oxide and Ni oxide together with an interposed electrolyte. Depending on operating conditions, these films may show degradation at a slower or faster pace, and means to prevent or reverse this phenomenon, or as a minimum allow reliable lifetime prediction, have been sought ever since the beginnings of EC technology. Here we survey recent endeavors related to EC films of W oxide and Ni oxide and show that (i) electrochemical pretreatment of films in a liquid electrolyte can significantly improve durability, (ii) electrochemical posttreatment in a liquid electrolyte can rejuvenate degraded films, (iii) mixed oxides can have better durability and optical performance than corresponding pure oxides, and (iv) lifetime prediction is possible.
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Granqvist, C.-G. 1946-, et al.
(författare)
-
Chromogenics for sustainable energy: Some advances in thermochromics and electrochromics
- 2010
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology. - 2229-5216. ; 75, s. 55-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: Chromogenic materials are able to change their optical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature (in thermochromic materials) and electrical charge insertion (in electrochromic materials). Below we review some recent advances for these types of materials. Specifically we first discuss the limitations of thermochromic VO2 films for energy efficient fenestration and show from calculations that nanocomposites containing VO2 can have superior properties and display high luminous transmittance and large temperature-dependent solar transmittance modulation. Even better results may be found for nanoparticles of VO2:Mg. In the second part of the paper we survey some recent progress for electrochromic devices and show that W oxide films have increased coloration efficiency when some Ni oxide is added. We also present initial results for flexible electrochromic foils produced by roll-to-roll coating and continuous lamination.Article · Oct 2010 · Advances in Science and Technology
|
|
| 49. |
- Granqvist, Claes Göran, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromic materials and devices for energy efficiency and human comfort in buildings : A critical review
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 259, s. 1170-1182
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrochromic (EC) materials can be integrated in thin-film devices and used for modulating optical transmittance. The technology has recently been implemented in large-area glazing (windows and glass facades) in order to create buildings which combine energy efficiency with good indoor comfort. This critical review describes the basics of EC technology, provides a case study related to EC foils for glass lamination, and discusses a number of future aspects. Ample literature references are given with the object of providing an easy entrance to the burgeoning research field of electrochromics.
|
|
| 50. |
- Granqvist, Claes-Göran, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrochromics and thermochromics for energy efficient fenestration : Functionalities based on nanoparticles of In2O3:Sn and VO2
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 559, s. 2-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Windows incorporating electrochromic (EC) and thermochromic (TC) materials are of great interest for today's and tomorrow's buildings and can create energy efficiency jointly with indoor comfort. This paper summarizes several recent studies and shows that nanoparticles of transparent conducting oxides-specifically In2O3: Sn (ITO) and thermochromic VO2-can lead to desirable functionalities. We consider three examples: (i) the use of ITO nanoparticles in conventional polaronic EC devices in order to suppress near-infrared solar transmittance, (ii) performance limits for plasmonic EC devices based on ITO nanoparticles, and (iii) ITO-VO2-based nanocomposites combining low thermal emittance with TC properties. We also consider Mg doping of VO2 to enhance the luminous transmittance and Al2O3/VO2 double layers with improved durability. Both experimental and theoretical results are reported. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
|
|
