| 1. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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A study of changes in everyday mobility during the Covid-19 pandemic : As perceived by people living in Malmö, Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 106, s. 109-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden's strategy to manage the spread of Covid-19 has not included any form of lockdown, in contrast to the approaches adopted by most other countries. Instead, the strategy has been largely based on strong recommendations for society. Even though Sweden has not had any form of lockdown, the Covid-19 pandemic has during a relatively short period of time brought changes for society, significantly disrupting everyday life. The pandemic poses both challenges and opportunities for sustainable future transport, not least public transport provision, supply and use. The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes for society have translated into changes for mobility as an element of everyday life during the early stages of a pandemic. This study draws on a map-based online survey (public participatory GIS) which was purposefully designed to allow people to contribute with their experiences in order to capture how the current situation has affected several different facets of people's everyday life. Results suggest that effects on mobility, such as the possibility to telework, affect different groups differently and may exacerbate existing differences in terms of gender, geography and mobility. In order to mitigate negative effects, transport policy needs to be tailored in order to take these heterogeneities into account. Both spatio-temporal adjustment and modal adjustment were dominant themes for most activities, although the dominance of these themes varied among the activities. Our findings give an indication of both the short and long-term impacts on everyday mobility in the Swedish context, for groups of inhabitants in the city of Malmö. Through deepening our understanding of the processes at play, we suggest eight possible policy responses that can be carefully tailored, both in the interim and into the future.
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| 2. |
- Bohman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Borrowed sizes : A hedonic price approach to the value of network structure in public transport systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Land Use. - : University of Minesota. - 1938-7849. ; 14:1, s. 87-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.
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| 3. |
- Brosché, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualizing Civil War Complexity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Security Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-6412 .- 1556-1852. ; 32:1, s. 137-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil wars that appear to observers to be the most complex—even using a colloquial understanding of the concept—are also those that seem to register the most intense fighting, the most prolonged spells of war, and the most resistance to durable conflict resolution. But what does it really mean for a civil war to be complex? We currently lack a concept of “civil war complexity” that can help us better understand the most important variations in civil wars across time and space. To address this gap we develop a conceptualization of “civil war complexity” consisting of three dimensions—“actor complexity,” “behavior complexity,” and “issue complexity”—and demonstrate how they manifest empirically. We also highlight this conceptualization’s utility—and the danger of overlooking it—through the case of Darfur. This conceptualization paves the way for a new research agenda that explores how civil wars differ in terms of their complexity, the causes and consequences of civil war complexity, and how to refine conflict resolution techniques and strategies.
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| 4. |
- Cil, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping Blue Helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 57:2, s. 360-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we introduce the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset, which presents new data on subnational peacekeeping deployment for all UN missions to Africa, 1994–2014. The Geo-PKO dataset is the most comprehensive dataset of its kind and enables scholars to address new questions about peacekeeping operations and their effects by exploring variations in peacekeeping at the subnational level. The dataset offers information on several key features of peacekeeping deployment at the local level, such as data on the size of deployments and how these vary over time, as well as information on the location of mission headquarters, the type of peacekeepers deployed, and which troop-contributing countries deploy to each location. This article describes the data collection process and illustrates some of the many utilities of this dataset for the scholarly community. For example, we show that peacekeeping troops are able to reduce battle-related violence in areas with high road density, suggesting that peacekeepers’ ability to project their power is stronger when they can increase their reach and more easily patrol larger territories. Hence, our data can fruitfully be combined with information such as socio-economic, geographical or demographic characteristics, to further explore how peacekeeping operations can contribute to peace and security in the areas where they operate. By providing fine-grained data on the location of peacekeepers across time and space, the Geo-PKO dataset should help facilitate important inquires that can push the research agenda on peacekeeping forward.
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| 5. |
- Elfversson, Emma, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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The pursuit of inclusion : Conditions for civil society inclusion in peace processes in communal conflicts in Kenya
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 57:2, s. 171-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are some peace processes in communal conflicts more inclusive of civil society actors than others? Inclusion of civil society actors, such as churches and religious leaders, women’s organizations, or youth groups, is seen as important for normative reasons, and studies also suggest that civil society inclusion can improve the prospects for durable peace. Yet, we have a very limited understanding of why we observe inclusion in some communal conflicts but not others. We address this gap by theorizing about various forms of civil society inclusion in local peace processes, and examining to what extent involvement by different types of third-party actors—governments, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—may contribute to inclusion. Empirically, we draw on a combination of cross-case and in-depth data covering peace negotiations in communal conflicts in Kenya. The findings show that civil society was less frequently included as facilitators when the government was involved as a third party, while inclusion in the form of direct participation of civil society in negotiations, or via involvement in the implementation phase, was equally common across different types of third-party actors. Our study thus provides important new insights regarding how inclusion plays out in communal conflicts.
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| 6. |
- Eschmann, Nathanael, et al.
(författare)
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Better together? : Civil society coordination during peace negotiations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cooperation and Conflict. - : Sage Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 58:1, s. 42-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive research has been conducted in the field of peacebuilding concerning the role of civil society in peace negotiations. However, although research has stressed the importance of coordination among civil society groups, we have limited knowledge concerning the impact civil society coordination can have on the content of a peace agreement. This article addresses this gap by examining how the extent of coordination among civil society groups during peace negotiations influences the reflectiveness of a peace agreement in regard to civil society viewpoints. We argue that a high extent of coordination, where civil society actors coordinate tasks and spearhead viewpoints together, can help facilitate peace agreements that are more reflective of civil society group views. Based on a comparative analysis of Guatemala and El Salvador, the findings show that whereas coordination between different civil society groups was quite extensive in both peace processes, civil society viewpoints were inscribed into the peace agreement to a larger extent in the Guatemalan case. We identify two factors that contribute in shaping how coordination influences the content of peace accords: symmetrical transfer of information, and openness from the negotiation parties to consider suggestions from civil society.
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| 7. |
- Hultman, Lisa, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Employing Local Peacekeeping Data to Forecast Changes in Violence
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Interactions. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0305-0629 .- 1547-7444. ; 48:4, s. 823-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way of improving forecasts is through better data. We explore how much we can improve predictions of conflict violence by introducing data reflecting third-party efforts to manage violence. By leveraging new sub-national data on all UN peacekeeping deployments in Africa, 1994–2020, from the Geocoded Peacekeeping (Geo-PKO) dataset, we predict changes in violence at the local level. The advantage of data on peacekeeping deployments is that these vary over time and space, as opposed to many structural variables commonly used. We present two peacekeeping models that contain several local peacekeeping features, each with a separate set of additional variables that form the respective benchmark. The mean errors of our predictions only improve marginally. However, comparing observed and predicted changes in violence, the peacekeeping features improve our ability to identify the correct sign of the change. These results are particularly strong when we limit the sample to countries that have seen peacekeeping deployments. For an ambitious forecasting project, like ViEWS, it may thus be highly relevant to incorporate fine-grained and frequently updated data on peacekeeping troops.
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| 8. |
- Höglund, Kristine, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Violence and Peace Processes
- 2022. - 3rd
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Ingår i: Contemporary Peacemaking. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030829612 - 9783030829629 ; , s. 289-306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Car bombings, kidnappings, political assassinations, conventional battles and street protests. These are all types of violence that can occur conjointly with efforts to negotiate and implement peace. This chapter addresses the role of violence as an influence on peace negotiations. We look at its main characteristics in terms of the actors involved, targets and motives, as well as chart the main modes by which domestic and international actors seek to prevent and stop violence that threaten to undermine peace efforts.
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| 9. |
- Larsson Gebre-Medhin, David, 1985-
(författare)
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Compliance with Territorial Awards : Territorial Concessions, Domestic Constraints, and International Legal Rulings
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under what conditions do states engaged in interstate territorial disputes comply with unfavorable international legal awards? Interstate territorial disputes have proven to be a major threat to international peace and security. Of the available options for the peaceful resolution of territorial claims, legal dispute resolution has proven to be very effective, as states overwhelmingly comply with international awards. However, despite the relevance of legal dispute resolution, we have limited knowledge about it, especially concerning how and when states choose to comply with unfavorable legal rulings. This dissertation examines the extent to which one of the most influential approaches to legal dispute resolution – domestic-constraints theory – is able to explain the compliance behavior of states which have “lost in court.” Extant research has suggested that international legal processes facilitate the reduction of domestic constraints on territorial concessions, enabling dispute resolution through compliance with international rulings. Yet no study so far has systematically traced whether legal processes indeed influence the domestic politics of territorial concession-making, or the extent to which compliance behavior is linked to domestic constraints. Employing a qualitative case-study design, this dissertation traces three implementation processes of awards that required salient territorial concessions. The cases examined are Israel, 1984–1989 (concerning the Taba dispute with Egypt); Nigeria, 1994–2008 (concerning the Bakassi dispute with Cameroon); and Ethiopia, 1998–2007 (concerning the Badme dispute with Eritrea). This study finds support for domestic-constraints theory as an explanation for compliance behavior. The findings show that domestic constraints pose a sufficient obstacle to compliance with territorial concessions, but that legal processes can facilitate attempts by governments to overcome such domestic obstacles, thereby enabling the implementation of legally ruled territorial losses. This study contributes to the research on territorial dispute resolution in particular by confirming and developing our understanding of how legal dispute resolution helps to solve high-salience territorial claims, specifically as a remedy for domestic obstacles to settlement. On a more general level, the results also speak to the ability of international law to influence state behavior in foreign relations.
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| 10. |
- Manjate, Alice, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory-based evaluation of the 4th-generation Alere™ HIV Combo rapid point-of-care test
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mozambique is a high-prevalence country for HIV and early detection of new HIV infections is crucial for control of the epidemic. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 4th-generation rapid diagnostic test (RDT) AlereTM HIV Combo in detecting acute and seroconverted HIV-infection, among sexually-active women attending three clinical health centers in Maputo, Mozambique.METHODS: Women aged 14-55 years (n = 920) seeking care at the Mavalane Health Area, Maputo (February 2018-January 2019) were included, and blood specimens sampled. Sociodemographic and sexual behavior data were collected. Point-of-care HIV testing was performed using Alere DetermineTM HIV-1/2 and Uni-GoldTM HIV-1/2. All samples were also tested using Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 and Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb in laboratory. The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo was evaluated on serum samples in the laboratory. Finally, Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab), and HIV RNA quantification acted as gold standard assays in the evaluation of AlereTM HIV Combo test for HIV antigen detection (in clinical samples and in three HIV-1 seroconversion panels).RESULTS: The antibody component of the 4th generation AlereTM HIV Combo RDT demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% examining clinical samples. However, the test did not detect HIV p24 antigen in any clinical samples, while Innotest® HIV Antigen mAb, verified by Enzygnost® HIV Integral 4 (Ag/Ab) and/or HIV RNA quantification, detected HIV antigen in six clinical samples. Furthermore, the AlereTM HIV Combo RDT had a low sensitivity in the detection of HIV p24 antigen in seroconversion panels. The HIV prevalence among the examined women was 17.8%.CONCLUSIONS: The 4th-generation RDT AlereTM HIV Combo showed similar sensitivity to the 3rd-generation RDTs to detect seroconverted HIV-infections. However, the sensitivity for detection of HIV p24 antigen and diagnosing acute HIV infections, before seroconversion, was low. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate simple and affordable POC tests with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing individuals with acute HIV infection in resource-limited settings with high HIV prevalence.
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| 11. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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Civil society protests and inclusive peace talks
- 2023
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- What are the drivers of inclusion in peace negotiations? How can meaningful participation in peace processes be ensured? This research brief shows that civil society engagement, in the form of non-violent protests, demonstrations, or other forms of street action can help shape the conditions for inclusive peace talks in civil wars. We also present trends and patterns based on data on civil society engagement across civil wars in Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East. We propose three recommendations directed at international peacebuilding actors who strive to promote inclusive peace processes.This brief is part of a research brief series generated by a joint initiative by the Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) and the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD). The aim of the series is to contribute to policy development by bringing cutting-edge research on key issues within mediation to the attention of policy makers and practitioners. The topics to be explored in the series were selected during joint discussions within the FBA initiative “Improving Mediation Effectiveness” throughout 2021-2023. The Initiative brought together policymakers, practitioners, and researchers within the mediation field to discuss challenges and opportunities for greater effectiveness in mediation. The editorial committee has consisted of Dr. Niklas Hultin, Agnes Cronholm, Dr. Johanna Malm and Maja Jakobsson from FBA, and Andrea Prah from ACCORD. We would like to thank the members of the Mediation Support Network for comments. The views and opinions expressed in the brief series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the collaborating partners.
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| 12. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Dealing with Divergence : Intra-party Dynamics and Spoiler Management in Civil Wars
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Global Security Studies. - : Oxford University Press. - 2057-3170 .- 2057-3189. ; 8:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Civil war peace processes are frequently accompanied by spoiler behavior relating to intra-party divergence, such as leadership struggles or breakaway groups, which risk undermining the implementation of a peace accord. However, previous literature has not sufficiently explored how third-party actors can address spoiler behavior linked to such intra-party aspects. This study addresses this gap by providing an empirical analysis of a few illustrative cases of spoiler behavior by armed actors in two peace processes in West Africa—Sierra Leone after the 1999 Lomé peace accords and Liberia after the 2003 Accra peace agreement. We find that in contexts where there is a vertical divergence between the leader and the rest of the group, divisive strategies—aimed to divide and rule or marginalize—are effective. In contrast, in situations of horizontal divergence between different factions that are more equal in power, integrative strategies—aimed at unifying the ranks or reconciling a divided leadership—are more appropriate. This study enhances our understanding of how third-party strategies can be devised to manage intra-party divisions that otherwise may threaten a transition from war to peace.
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| 13. |
- Nilsson, Désirée, et al.
(författare)
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Effekter av förändrad tillgång till kollektivtrafik
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pågatåg Nordost började som ett samverkansprojekt mellan elva kommuner och näringslivet, med syftet att förbättra tågtrafiken i regionerna. År 2010 beslutades det om att Pågatåg Nordost skulle ingå i den nationella transportplanen. I december 2013 öppnade tio nya järnvägsstationer i nordöstra Skåne och i Kronoberg som en del av initiativet. Satsningen fick olika konsekvenser eftersom några orter fick ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik, samtidigt som kollektivtrafiken (i form av regionbuss) antingen nästan helt eller delvis drogs in på andra orter.Rapporten är skriven inom ramen för projektet Effekter av en förändrad tillgång tillkollektivtrafik (EffektKoll), som finansieras av Energimyndigheten. Projektet syftar till attstudera effekter i resebeteenden och attityder, och påverkan på orter och dess befolkning, vid en större investering i tågtrafik. I studien inkluderas orter i nordöstra Skåne och Kronoberg som fått ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik och orter som har mer begränsad tillgång till kollektivtrafik.Det har i rapporten utgåtts särskilt ifrån följande frågeställningar;• Vilken betydelse har kollektivtrafik i berörda orter?• Hur kan samhället tillgodose de behov som finns i orterna i arbetet mot ett mer transporteffektivt samhälle?I projektet används olika metoder, kvantitativa och kvalitativa, vilka bidrar till att belysafrågeställningarna från flera perspektiv. Det har genomförts en enkätundersökning, textanalysav artiklar i dagspress samt intervjuer. Resultaten från de olika delarna kompletterar ochfördjupar förståelsen av de möjligheter och utmaningar som en del mindre kommuner står införnär det gäller hållbar utveckling.Valet av orter att ingå i studien utgick från de orter som ingick i ett tidigare projekt, vars resultatfinns publicerade i rapporten Pågatåg nordost och Krösatåg - Tio nya järnvägsstationer inordöstra Skåne och södra Småland (Nilsson, 2015). Det gjorde det möjligt att följa upputveckling av förändringar av resebeteende på längre sikt efter att ett nytt transportmedelintroducerats. I den tidigare studien ingick tio orter. Vi har i den här studien kompletterat medytterligare fem orter. De fem orterna har valts utifrån deras geografiska placering, utvecklingav befolkning och delvis begränsade tillgång till kollektivtrafik.Den enkätundersökning som har genomförts inom ramen för projektet har gjorts för att ocksåkunna jämföra resultat med de enkätundersökningar som gjordes 2013 och 2014, även om fokusi Effektkoll skiljer sig delvis från den uppföljning som rapporterades 2015. Åren 2020 och 2021präglades starkt av en pandemi (Covid 19), vilket påverkade många människors vardagligamobilitet och resande. Det blev en avvägning för att genomföra enkätundersökningen omresvanor i de aktuella orterna. För att kunna få en uppfattning om omfattningen av påverkan av Covid 19 på invånarnas resvanor kompletterades listan av frågor även med frågor om hurpandemin påverkat deras resor.Enkätundersökningen har genomförts enligt de metoder som är traditionellt vedertagna inomstatistiska undersökningsmetoder, där urval ska vara representativt och respondenter väljs utslumpmässigt. Det har dels varit en del utmaningar i arbetet, både gällande svarsfrekvens ochrepresentativitet. I projektet har vi även använt mikrodata från SCB för att dels presentera ivilken geografisk kontext som de 15 orterna befinner sig i samt den utveckling som de har haftunder det senaste decenniet. Kvalitativa fördjupningar har genomförts av fyra kommuner/orter; Hässleholms kommun(Bjärnum), Kristianstads kommun (Önnestad), Örkelljunga kommun (Skånes Fagerhult) ochMarkaryds kommun (Strömsnäsbruk), vilket innebär en viss genomgång av övergripande styrdokument samt intervjuer med regionala- och kommunala aktörer. Detta för att fördjupa förståelsen för kollektivtrafikens betydelse samt att mer övergripande resonera kring hur samhället kan tillgodose de transportmässiga behoven i arbetet mot ett mer transporteffektivt samhälle. Kommunerna/orterna har valts ut genom vissa kriterier som har diskuterats gemensamt i projektgruppen och med referensgruppen. Det har varit av vikt att belysa olika kontexter, liksom hur satsningen inneburit att vissa orter fått ökad tillgång till kollektivtrafik,medan andra orter kan ha en mer begränsad tillgång till kollektivtrafik.I nyhetsmedia skildras Pågatåg Nordost på olika sätt. Tillskott i form av kollektivtrafik beskrivs överlag som något bra och i vissa sammanhang menar man att involverade kommuner såg satsningen på regional utveckling i nordöstra delen av Skåne som nödvändig. Det relateras till hur nya tågstationer på olika sätt kan bidra till att skapa tillväxt, utveckling och attraktivitet. Även nyttorna i termer av ökad attraktivitet för näringslivet och ökat underlag för service och utbildning lyfts.Användning av bil är det huvudsakliga transportmedlet i de studerade orterna, och har fortsattatt vara det under årens gång. Resultat från resvaneundersökningsdelen visar på att resande med tåg inte har ökat under åren sedan järnvägsstationer öppnade i orterna. Invånarna är positiva tillatt det har öppnat järnvägsstationer och de ser det som något positivt för ortens framtid. De har också en positiv inställning till kollektivtrafik, men det visar sig inte i val av transportmedel. I enkätsvaren indikerar respondenterna att det är en utmaning att resa med kollektivtrafik. En inte obetydlig andel svarar också att de reser mindre med kollektivtrafik efter att stationernaöppnade.Resultat från intervjuer med tjänstepersoner och politiker i fyra kommuner pekar mot envariation av hinder i arbetet för en snabb omställning till ett transporteffektivt samhälle, samt mot upplevda utmaningar i skapandet av en jämlik fördelning av resurser. Man ifrågasätter exempelvis hur man ser på, och mäter, behoven av kollektivtrafik ur det regionala perspektivet. Det riktas viss kritik mot kostnadstäckningsgrader och procentuella mål och man ser ett märkbart behov av att ytterligare belysa kollektivtrafikens roll, som man ser inte minst är en högaktuell fråga i pandemins efterdyningar. Det ses som angeläget att uppmärksamma mindre orters betydelse för sitt omland och på samma gång uppmärksamma bussens betydelse somsammanlänkande och för bevarandet av sociala strukturer på landsbygd. Likaså hänvisar man till diffusa roller och ansvarsfördelning mellan nationella-, regionala- och kommunala nivåer med långa ledtider och segdragna processer, vilket i sig tycks skapa direkta hinder för en snabbomställning.I efterdyningarna av Covid-19, klimathot, energikris och det rådande säkerhetsläget, har medvetande om behoven av en snabb omställning till ett transporteffektivt samhälle blivit alltmer uppenbart för samhällets aktörer. Ändå går omställningen inte i en takt som är önskvärd. Det finns hinder av olika karaktär, på olika nivåer, där fragmentiserade prioriteringar blir svåra att samordna. Olika mål och ansvarsområden försvårar möjligheter att koordinera åtgärder, så att de kan bidra till en helhet som gör mer hållbara transporter i större utsträckning användbara i vardagen för hushåll och företag.
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| 14. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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In the Streets and at the Table : Civil Society Coordination during Peace Negotiations
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - : Brill. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 25:2, s. 225-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When bringing armed conflicts to a peaceful end, the inclusion of civil society in peacemaking is a vital task. However, whereas previous research on civil society inclusion has made significant advancements, surprisingly little attention has been paid to analyzing how civil resistance and mass action may interact with more elite-driven approaches during peace processes. This study addresses this research gap by examining the interplay between elite and mass-based civil society approaches in three different peace processes in civil wars in Africa in the post-Cold War period: Liberia, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Burundi. We advance the literature by developing a framework that focuses on coordination of these different efforts and we explore this interplay empirically. With this study, we aim to broaden the research agenda, allowing for future synergies at the research frontier of mass action and the inclusion of civil society in peace processes.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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Pushing the doors open : Nonviolent action and inclusion in peace negotiations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Peace Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0022-3433 .- 1460-3578. ; 60:1, s. 58-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas previous research shows that peace agreements which include a broad segment of society are more likely to lead to sustainable peace, little effort has gone into explaining inclusion itself. We address this gap in the literature by providing the first large-N study to examine the causes of inclusive peace negotiations across civil wars. We argue that civil society actors can gain leverage through mobilization of civilian protest, or build trust through dialogue efforts, thereby enhancing the chances of inclusion of non-warring actors at the negotiation table. The argument is examined by analysing unique and new monthly data on peacemaking efforts in all intrastate armed conflicts in Africa and the Americas, 1989–2018, including measures beyond mere nominal participation, such as whether civil society actors or political parties had substantive roles as either mediators or full participants at the peace talks. Our findings show that protests by civil society actors increase the likelihood that non-warring actors will have a seat at the negotiation table, whereas we find no such effect concerning dialogue efforts. The article contributes by providing new insights into how nonviolent action can shape peace processes by opening the doors to negotiations and is thus part of an emerging research agenda that seeks to bring together the fields of civil resistance and inclusive peace processes.
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| 17. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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Resisting Resolution : Islamist Claims and Negotiations in Intrastate Armed Conflicts
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Negotiation. - : Brill Nijhoff. - 1382-340X .- 1571-8069. ; 25:3, s. 389-412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of Islamist armed conflicts is an important problem of our time. One pivotal question that remains unexplored is whether conflicts fought over Islamist claims are more or less likely to be negotiated, and if so, why? This paper provides the first large-N study exploring the relationship between Islamist claims and negotiations in all intrastate armed conflicts for the time period 1975–2011. We argue that the transnational dimension can serve to make some Islamist conflicts resistant to peaceful resolution attempts. Our findings show that while conflicts over Islamist claims generally are no more likely to see negotiations, there is significant variation within this category. When we disaggregate Islamist conflicts, we find that transnational Islamist conflicts are less likely to experience negotiations, whereas conflicts fought over separatist or revolutionary Islamist claims are no more likely to see negotiations.
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| 18. |
- Nilsson, Desirée, et al.
(författare)
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The Intractability of Islamist Insurgencies : Islamist Rebels and the Recurrence of Civil War
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press. - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 65:3, s. 620-632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a large research field focusing on the recurrence of civil wars, yet this literature has omitted to seriously consider religious dimensions and ideational features of armed conflicts. To address this gap, we provide the first global study exploring whether, and why, Islamist civil wars—armed conflicts fought over self-proclaimed Islamist aspirations—are more or less likely to recur compared to other conflicts. We argue that civil wars fought over Islamist claims are more likely to relapse because the ideational features of these conflicts increase the uncertainty regarding the capabilities of the warring actors in terms of the extent and nature of transnational support that may be forthcoming, for rebels as well as the government. In line with our argument, we find that Islamist civil wars are significantly less likely to be terminated and more likely to recur once ended. Thus, our results demonstrate that Islamist civil wars represent a particular challenge with regard to the goal of achieving durable peace.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Nilsson, Désirée, et al.
(författare)
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Ändrad tillgång till kollektivtrafik– vad händer då?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Kommunal ekonomi. - Gävle : Kommunalekonomernas förening. - 0282-0099. ; :3, s. 39-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ambitiösa klimatmål och pågående klimatkris ställer krav på en snabb omställning till ett mer hållbart resande. Investeringar har gjorts för att öka tillgången till kollektiva färdmedel.Många utmaningar tycks dock kvarstå, inte minst med hänsyn till beteenden och färdmedelsval, effektiv planering, politiska prioriteringar, synen på kollektivtrafikens roll i samhället och en rättvis fördelning av resurser.
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| 21. |
- Svensson, Isak, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Brain Train : En handbok för gröna och kreativa arbetsresor
- 2024
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Denna praktiska handbok är en resurs för dig som är intresserad av att organisera och genomföra moderna, klimatanpassade arbetsrelaterade resor och möten. Vi presenterar här en ny metod för att skapa bästa möjliga förutsättningar för djuparbete på tåg, särskilt anpassat för långa distanser. Vi visar hur tågresan kan organiseras så att den fungerar som gemensam arbetstid och en unik och värdefull arbetsplats. Vi kallar det Brain Train.
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| 22. |
- Svensson, Isak, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Capitalizing on Cleavages : Transnational Jihadist Conflicts, Local Fault Lines and Cumulative Extremism
- 2022
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Ingår i: Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1057-610X .- 1521-0731. ; , s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trans-national jihadist groups have established themselves across many contexts. However, we have limited knowledge about the larger picture of how such groups tap into various inter-religious, sectarian, or ethnic divisions. To address this research gap, we explore: How do trans-national jihadist groups mobilize on the basis of different forms of identity cleavages? Our empirical analysis focuses on all trans-national jihadist groups who have challenged governments in civil wars. We find that mobilization along ethnic divisions is the most common cleavage, and is increasing most over time. We also find that sectarian mobilization is rare, but associated with significant escalation of violence.
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| 23. |
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