| 1. |
- Ericsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
New energy strategies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry - The role of national and EU climate and energy policies
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 39:3, s. 1439-1449
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish pulp and paper industry has gone through a strategic change in its approach to electricity production and consumption over the past decade. This paper documents this reorientation, which includes increased on-site electricity production, investments and investment plans for wind power, and new partnerships concerning investments in electricity production assets. We also assess the extent to which these changes can be attributed to key energy and climate policies. Our analysis shows that this strategic reorientation has been driven by changes in the underlying economic conditions for the pulp and paper industry, in particular increases in the price of electricity following the Swedish energy market reform in 1996, and the introduction of the EU ETS. The scheme for tradable renewable electricity certificates, on the other hand, has provided a new source of income. While these market-based signals and responses are the most dominant drivers of strategic change, cognitive changes in the pulp and paper industry have also played a role in the strategic reorientation. The cognitive changes concerning the functioning of the electricity market, i.e. the pricing of electricity and influence of the EU ETS, have been particularly important in this regard.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Johansson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
-
Klimatpolitik och energisäkerhet: konflikter och synergier
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- För att begränsa risken för allvarliga klimatförändringar måste utsläppen av växthusgaser minskas kraftigt. Detta kommer att kräva en omställning av energisystemet där energieffektivisering och en ökad elektrifiering, förnybar energi, avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid samt kärnkraft kan få stor betydelse. I denna rapport analyseras hur en sådan omställning kan påverka olika aspekter av energisäkerhet. Det rör sig bland annat om försörjningstryggheten och risken för energibrist och volatila priser, risken för negativa konsekvenser för energiexportörers ekonomi, risken för att energi bidrar till konflikter och används som politiskt påtryckningsmedel samt risken för att olyckor och andra oönskade händelser kan leda till hot mot människors hälsa och miljön, en risk som även kan uppkomma vid normal drift. Enligt våra analyser finns det inget som motsäger att framtida energisystem med låga utsläpp av växthusgaser kan vara minst lika säkra som dagens huvudsakligen fossilbaserade system. Vad gäller många aspekter ser vi i stället betydande fördelar. Energieffektivisering och förnybar energi är huvudsakligen bra för såväl klimat som energisäkerhet men löser inte alla problem. Omställningen kommer att kräva ökad integrering av elmarknader. Under omställningsperioden är det också viktigt att ekonomiska resurser och kompetens tillförs expanderande energislag, samtidigt som tillräckliga resurser och kompetens bibehålls för energislag på tillbakagång. Detta behövs för att inte energisäkerheten ska sjunka för dessa. Vidare måste de nya affärsmodeller, som krävs för att dra full nytta av effektiviserings- och förnybarhetspotentialen, kunna utvecklas i samspel med, eller ersätta, de gamla. Investeringar och nya regelverk kommer också att krävas för att de nya systemen ska kunna leverera en hög energisäkerhetsnivå i bred bemärkelse. Det finns också en rad mer generella slutsatser kring energisäkerhet som kan sammanfattas i följande punkter: Det finns många sätt att mäta energisäkerhet på - men inga heltäckande. Vad man lägger in i begreppet energisäkerhet beror på vems säkerhet det gäller. Importberoende är ett ofta använt men trubbigt mått på energisäkerhet. Hur olika energisäkerhetsaspekter ska prioriteras är huvudsakligen en politisk snarare än en vetenskaplig fråga. Energisäkerhet handlar inte bara om olja och gas även om detta dominerar i den internationella diskussionen och litteraturen. Energisäkerhet för el och förnybara energisystem är också viktigt att studera. Den överordnade prioriteringen bör vara att säkra nyttan av energitjänster snarare än tillförseln av en viss mängd kWh. Man kan inte enkelt ranka energisäkerheten hos framtida system eftersom olika omvärldsfaktorer är avgörande för hur energisäkerheten påverkas av exempelvis klimatåtgärder. Många energisäkerhetsaspekter kommer dessutom att förändras oberoende av klimatomställningen. Det finns brister i hur energisäkerhet integreras med andra energipolitiska mål inom EU. Svensk energipolitik utgår från en global liberal marknadsstrategi men det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till att andra länder och aktörer på energimarknaden har andra utgångspunkter, t.ex. geopolitiska. Mot bakgrund av kommande förändringar i energisystemen finns det anledning för Sverige att se över hanteringen av energisäkerhetsfrågorna, bland annat för en bättre framförhållning och en starkare samordning mellan olika departement, myndigheter och andra aktörer.
|
|
| 4. |
- Johansson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
-
Transition to a Low Carbon Energy System and Energy Security -Synergies and Conflicts
- 2014
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emissions of greenhouse gases must be significantly reduced in order to limit the risk of severe climatic change. Such reductions will require a long-term transition of the energy system to one in which energy efficiency improvements, electrification, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy can play important roles. Energy security will be affected by such a transition. This paper summarises the main findings from a research project that investigated the synergies and conflicts between a low carbon energy transition and energy security. Energy security can be interpreted in several different ways. Our approach involves studying energy both as an object exposed to security threats, using concepts such as security of supply or security of demand, and the energy system as the subject generating or enhancing insecurity and conflict. Our results indicate that a low carbon energy system can have at least as high level of energy security as the current system, but there will be some new challenges. One is the potential strains and conflicts that can emerge around bioenergy and land use issues. Another is the large scale expansion of variable electricity production, which will require significant investments in new infrastructure. An overlook of institutions and regulations will probably be required to meet the new challenges. The transition period requires special attention; however, since while economic resources and competencies need to be redirected to new, expanding, energy systems, there is a risk that contracting technologies may receive insufficient allocation of resources for maintaining a high level of energy security.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kristensen, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of volume segmentation in radiotherapy of adolescents; a treatment planning study by the Swedish Workgroup for Paediatric Radiotherapy
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Acta Oncologica. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0284-186X .- 1651-226X. ; 53:1, s. 126-133
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and purpose. The variability in target delineation for similar cases between centres treating paediatric and adolescent patients, and the apparent differences in interpretation of radiotherapy guidelines in the treatment protocols encouraged us to perform a dummy-run study as a part of our quality assurance work. The aim was to identify and quantify differences in the segmentation of target volumes and organs at risk (OARs) and to analyse the treatment plans and dose distributions. Materials and methods. Four patient cases were selected: Wilms tumour, Hodgkins disease, rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate and chordoma of the skull base. The five participating centres received the same patient-related material. They introduced the cases in their treatment planning system, delineated target volumes and OARs and created treatment plans. Dose-volume histograms were retrieved for relevant structures and volumes and dose metrics were derived and compared, e. g. target volumes and their concordance, dose homogeneity index (HI), treated and irradiated volumes, remaining volume at risk and relevant V x and D x values. Results. We found significant differences in target segmentation in the majority of the cases. The planning target volumes (PTVs) varied two-to four-fold and conformity indices were in the range of 0.3-0.6. This resulted in large variations in dose distributions to OARs as well as in treated and irradiated volumes even though the treatment plans showed good conformity to the PTVs. Potential reasons for the differences in target delineation were analysed. Conclusion. Considerations of the growing child and difficulties in interpretation of the radiotherapy information in the treatment protocols were identified as reasons for the variation. As a result, clarified translated detailed radiotherapy guidelines for paediatric/adolescent patients have been recognised as a way to reduce this variation.
|
|
| 6. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
The missing link : Bringing institutions and politics into energy future studies
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Futures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-3287 .- 1873-6378. ; 43:10, s. 1117-1128
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy future studies can be a useful tool for learning about how to induce and manage technical, economic and policy change related to energy supply and use. The private sector has successfully deployed them for strategic planning, examining key parameters such as markets, competition and consumer trends. However in public policy, most energy future studies remain disconnected from policy making. One reason is that they often ignore the key political and institutional factors that underpin much of the anticipated, wished-for or otherwise explored energy systems developments. Still, we know that institutions and politics are critical enablers or constraints to technical and policy change. This paper examines how analytical insights into political and institutional dynamics can enhance energy future studies. It develops an approach that combines systems-technical change scenarios with political and institutional analysis. Using the example of a backcasting study dealing with the long term low-carbon transformation of a national energy system, it applies two levels of institutional and political analysis; at the level of international regimes and at the level of sectoral policy, and examines how future systems changes and policy paths are conditioned by institutional change processes. It finds that the systematic application of these variables significantly enhances and renders more useful backcasting studies of energy futures.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ahlroth, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Weighting and valuation in selected environmental systems analysis tools - suggestions for further developments
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 19:2-3, s. 145-156
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In environmental systems analysis tools like Life Cycle Assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cost benefit analysis and environmental management systems, results need to be presented in a comprehensible way to make alternatives easily comparable. One way of doing this is to aggregate results to a manageable set by using weighting methods.. In this paper, we explore how weighting methods are used in some selected Environmental Systems Analysis Tools (ESATs), and suggest possible developments of their use. We examine the differences in current use patterns, discuss the reasons for and implications of such differences, and investigate whether observed differences in use are necessary. The result of our survey shows that weighting and valuation is broadly used in the examined ESATs. The use of weighting/valuation methods is different in different tools, but these differences are not always related to the application; rather, they are related to traditions and views on valuation and weighting. Also, although the requirements on the weights/values may differ between tools, there are intersections where they coincide. Monetary weights, using either endpoint or midpoint methods, are found to be useful in all the selected tools. Furthermore, the inventory shows that that there is a common need for generic sets of weights. There is a need for further research focusing on the development of consistent value sets derived with a wide range of methods. In parallel to the development of weighting methods it is important with critical evaluations of the weighting sets with regard to scientific quality, consistency and data gaps.
|
|
| 8. |
- Albrecht, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Electrification of vehicles – policy drivers and impacts in two scenarios.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets. - Oxford, UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118446072
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines current policy drivers of battery electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs, the current and anticipated impacts on carbon emissions, as well as what potential role policy can play in enhancing the innovation system and market development around such vehicles in the future. We start with a policy review of key targets in the Nordic countries and the EU, up to 2030, and discuss to what extent they are consistent with industry and expert estimates of how the systems can grow. On the basis of this, the second part elaborates two simple scenarios of EV development in the EU: one breakthrough expansion scenario and one incremental expansion scenario. Building on that is an analysis of the climate impacts of the two scenarios, given different assumptions relating to, for example, electricity production as well as EV penetration in the fleet. The third part examines what policy drivers might be needed to enable the breakthrough scenario, using a technological innovation systems perspective to describe the needed processes, drivers and developments.
|
|
| 9. |
- Albrecht, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Nordic power road map 2050:Strategic choices towards carbon neutrality. D4.2.R Policy and Institutional Review Electric Vehicles (EV).
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report examines policy drivers of electric vehicles (EVs), and what potential role policy can play in enhancing the innovation and market development of EVs. We start with a policy review of key targets in the Nordic countries and the EU, up to 2030, and discuss to what extent they are consistent with industry, government and expert estimates of how the EV innovation systems can grow. On the basis of this, the second part examines what policy drivers might be needed to enable a breakthrough scenario, using a technological innovation systems (TIS) perspective to describe the needed processes, drivers and developments in policy and technology.
|
|
| 10. |
- Folke, Carl, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconnecting to the biosphere
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40:7, s. 719-738
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humanity has emerged as a major force in the operation of the biosphere, with a significant imprint on the Earth System, challenging social-ecological resilience. This new situation calls for a fundamental shift in perspectives, world views, and institutions. Human development and progress must be reconnected to the capacity of the biosphere and essential ecosystem services to be sustained. Governance challenges include a highly interconnected and faster world, cascading social-ecological interactions and planetary boundaries that create vulnerabilities but also opportunities for social-ecological change and transformation. Tipping points and thresholds highlight the importance of understanding and managing resilience. New modes of flexible governance are emerging. A central challenge is to reconnect these efforts to the changing preconditions for societal development as active stewards of the Earth System. We suggest that the Millennium Development Goals need to be reframed in such a planetary stewardship context combined with a call for a new social contract on global sustainability. The ongoing mind shift in human relations with Earth and its boundaries provides exciting opportunities for societal development in collaboration with the biosphere-a global sustainability agenda for humanity.
|
|
| 11. |
- Galaz, Victor, et al.
(författare)
-
Planetary Boundaries - Exploring the Challenges for Global Environmental Governance
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A range of studies from Earth system scientists argue that human activities drives multiple, interacting effects that cascade through the Earth system. Recent contributions state and quantify nine, interacting «planetary boundaries» with possible threshold effects. This article provides an overview of the Earth system governance challenges that follow from this notion of multiple, interacting and possibly non-linear «planetary boundaries». Here we discuss four interrelated global governance challenges, as well as some possible ways to address them in future research. The four identified challenges are related to 1) the interplay between Earth system science and global policies; 2) the capacity of international institutions to deal with individual planetary boundaries, as well as interactions between them; 3) the role of international organizations in dealing with planetary boundaries interactions; and 4) the role of Earth system governance in framing social-ecological innovations.
|
|
| 12. |
- Galaz, Victor, et al.
(författare)
-
'Planetary boundaries' - exploring the challenges for global environmental governance
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-3435 .- 1877-3443. ; 4:1, s. 80-87
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A range of studies from Earth system scientists argue that human activities drive multiple, interacting effects that cascade through the Earth system. Recent contributions state and quantify nine, interacting 'planetary boundaries' with possible threshold effects. This article provides an overview of the global governance challenges that follow from this notion of multiple, interacting and possibly non-linear 'planetary boundaries'. Here we discuss four interrelated global environmental governance challenges, as well as some possible ways to address them. The four identified challenges are related to, first, the interplay between Earth system science and global policies, and the implications of differences in risk perceptions in defining these boundaries; second, the capacity of international institutions to deal with individual 'planetary boundaries', as well as interactions between them; third, the role of international organizations in dealing with 'planetary boundaries' interactions; and fourth, the role of global governance in framing social ecological innovations.
|
|
| 13. |
- Hillman, Karl, et al.
(författare)
-
Fostering sustainable technologies : A framework for analysing the governance of innovation systems
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Beech Tree Publishing. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 38:5, s. 403-415
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development and diffusion of technological innovations need governing in order to contribute to societal goals related to sustainability. Yet, there are few systematic studies mapping out what types of governance are deployed and how they influence the development and diffusion of sustainable technological innovations. This paper develops a framework for analysing the role of governance in innovation systems aimed towards sustainability. The framework is based on the literatures on governance, technological innovation systems and socio-technical transitions. We foresee empirical studies based on the framework that may serve as a needed input into governance processes. © Beech Tree Publishing 2011.
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Jungner, Måns, 1971-
(författare)
-
Healing of endosseous implants with different surface characteristics in grafted and non-grafted bone : clinical and experimental studies
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aims: This study uses radiological and clinical evaluations of the healing of endosseous titanium implants presented with different surface characteristics in the clinical situation (paper I-III) and experimentally to describe the early bone healing in maxillary sinus membrane elevation with and without the use of grafting material (paper IV).Material and methods: In paper I, 136 patients were treated with 394 dental implants – 199 were oxidized titanium implants (Nobel Biocare TiUnite) and 195 were turned titanium surface implants (Nobel Biocare Mark III). Implant survival rates were retrospectively investigated after a minimum of five months after functional loading of the implants. At the five-year follow-up (paper II), eight patients were deceased and 128 were invited. Twenty-five patients refrained from participating in the study. The remaining 103 patients (287 implants – 133 with a turned surface and 154 with an oxidized surface) were examined after at least five years of functional loading. Clinical examinations of bleeding on probing (BoP) and pocket depth (PD) were performed. Intraoral radiographs were used to assess marginal bone levels (MBLs). In paper III, 28 patients were subjected to autologous bone graft and delayed implant placement, with a total of 92 dental implants. Thirteen patients received 47 implants with a turned surface and 15 patients received 45 implants with an oxidized surface. After a minimum of five years of functional loading, all patients were clinically examined regarding PD and BoP. The MBL was measured in intraoral radiographs. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate the apical bone level (ABL) of the implants and intra-sinus conditions. The experimental study (paper IV) used nine adult male tufted capuchin primates (Cebus apella). Eight animals were subjected to bilateral maxillary sinus membrane elevation using a lateral replaceable bone window technique. One oxidized dental implant was placed in the residual bone of the sinus floor, protruding into the maxillary sinus cavity on both sides. In four animals, one sinus was left without any additional treatment, while the contralateral sinus was filled with autologous bone grafts from the tibia. In two animals, the implants were inserted under the elevated sinus membrane on both sides. In two animals, the sinus membrane was totally removed bilaterally before placement of implants. The animals were euthanized after 10 (n=4) or 45 (n=4) days. One non-operated animal representing pristine tissue conditions served as the control. The maxillary sinuses with implants were retrieved and further processed to prepare light microscopic ground sections or decalcified sections for immunohistochemical analyses. Results: In paper I seven implants were lost in five patients – six in the maxilla and one in the mandible. All failed implants were Mark III turned implants. The overall implant survival rate was 98.2% with a survival rate of 96.4% for implants with turned surface after a minimum of five months after functional loading. In paper II, one additional oxidized implant failed, giving an overall cumulative survival rate of 94.7 and 99.4%, respectively, after at least five years of functional loading. There was no difference for BoP, PD, or MBL between turned and oxidized implants. A total of two implants, three oxidized and one turned, showed a PD > 3 mm, MBL > 4 mm, and BoP. However, none of these were associated with suppurative infection on examination. In paper III no difference was found between the two implants surfaces used in terms of PD, BoP, MBL, or ABL. Pathological reactions to the sinus membrane were seen in four of the patients (14%). Radiographic signs of sinus pathology were not correlated to either survival rate of the implants or any of the investigated parameters. In the experimental paper IV, bone formation started from the bottom of the sinus floor, sprouting into the granulation tissue along the implant surface under the elevated membrane irrespective of time and surgical technique. Bone formation was not seen in direct conjunction with the sinus membrane. A distinct expression of osteopontin was observed in the serous glands of deeper portion of the lamina propria in direct connection with the elevated sinus membrane and close to the implant within all groups.Conclusion: After more than five years of function in non-grafted patients, oxidized implants had a survival rate higher than turned implants, although this was not statistically significant. No difference was found in MBL, PD, or BoP. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with intra- orally harvested bone and delayed placement of either turned or oxidized implants resulted in equally high long-term survival rates, MBL, ABL, and BoP. Pathological findings in the maxillary sinus cavity, in terms of sinus membrane health, are few and not correlated to any of the other investigated parameters. In the experimental study bone formation after sinus membrane elevation with or without additional bone grafts started at the sinus floor and sprouted into the elevated space along the implant surface. Removal of the membrane resulted in less bone formation. The sinus membrane did not seem to present osteoinductive potential in sinus membrane elevation procedures.
|
|
| 17. |
- Lucas, Paul L., et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Post-2015 Development Agenda : Goal Structure, Target Areas and Means of Implementation
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 6:1, s. 193-216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The United Nations' discussions on defining a new set of post-2015 development goals focus on poverty eradication and sustainable development. Biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential for poverty eradication, which is also one of the foundations of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Based on an assessment of current proposals of goals and targets, and a quantitative pathway analysis to meet long term biodiversity and food security goals, this paper discusses how biodiversity and ecosystem services can be integrated into a broad set of goals and targets, and concludes with relevant target areas and means of implementation for which specific targets need to be defined. Furthermore, it responds to the call of the CBD to consider the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the related Aichi biodiversity targets in the post-2015 development agenda. The paper's analysis identifies three overlapping but also supplemental ways to integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015 agenda: integrated goals, goals addressing earth system functioning and goals addressing environmental limits. It further concludes seven target areas to be included under the goals to address biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of food and agriculture: access to food, demand for agricultural products, sustainable intensification, ecosystem fragmentation, protected areas, essential ecosystem services and genetic diversity. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity provides a good basis for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015 development agenda. Many Aichi targets address the proposed target areas and the means of implementation discussed, while they need to be complemented with targets that specifically address human well-being, as well as institutions and governance.
|
|
| 18. |
- Lundberg, Kristina, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
SEA monitoring in Swedish regional transport infrastructure plans : Improvement opportunities identified in practical experience
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Environmental impact assessment review. - New York : Elsevier. - 0195-9255 .- 1873-6432. ; 30, s. 400-406
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) requires monitoring in order to identify unforeseen adverse effects and to enable appropriate remedial action to be taken. Guidelines on how to monitor significant environmental impacts have been developed but experience from practice is limited. This paper presents a study of environmental monitoring in Swedish regional transport infrastructure planning. The result shows that essentially no environmental monitoring is currently performed. Monitoring of the plans merely involves checking the implementation of projects and performing an economic account. At present, a new planning period has commenced for the regional transport infrastructure plans. To obtain an iterative SEA process for the new plan with integrated SEA monitoring, the following means are suggested: reinforcement of practitioners' incentives to plan and perform monitoring; integration of monitoring in the SEA process; pre-determined impact thresholds that prompt remedial action; and more efficient use of monitoring results.
|
|
| 19. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
A qualitative look at the coherence between EU energy security and climate change policies
- 2014
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy security has become a key priority in EU policy but climate change mitigation commitments live on in parallel. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which EU climate change mitigation policies and energy security policies are coherent – a relationship that is far from clear cut since both areas are both complex and wide ranging. We use a simple policy-analytical framework for a rapid assessment, by which the main components of the two policy domains are juxtaposed in a screening matrix. The availability, accessibility and affordability policies of energy security are thus set against emissions reductions, renewable energy expansions and energy efficiency policies of climate change mitigation. Our assessment shows that the two policy fields are coherent in general but a number of policy interactions require attention since coherence is dependent on ancillary policy measures. The future outlook of how the securitisation of EU energy policy will affect climate change mitigation depends on how the future security agenda will be framed. A move to a nationally fragmented security frame will lead to greater policy conflicts than a coordinated EU security frame.
|
|
| 20. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
Can Earth system interactions be governed? : Governance functions for linking climate change mitigation with land use, freshwater and biodiversity protection
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 75, s. 61-71
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earth system interactions, as highlighted by the planetary boundaries framework, occur within and across natural, social and economic systems and shape global environmental change. This paper addresses the multi-level governance problem of coherently addressing key interactions between four Earth sub-systems - climate change, freshwater use, land use and biodiversity - taking into account concerns over problem shifting. After discussing possibilities for regional downscaling of the boundaries, we explore challenges for the EU region to coherently address this particular set of interacting Earth sub-systems and reduce the risk of problem shifting. This analysis demonstrates that Earth system interactions can be governed, but that they likely require comprehensive packages of governance responses across both sub-systems and levels. Three overarching governance functions are tentatively identified that directly or indirectly address Earth system interactions: reduction of system stress, risks and vulnerabilities; triggering and navigation of transformation of economic activity; and development of a diversity of options. Finally, the paper briefly discusses political and institutional challenges for developing, enabling and stabilising these governance functions.
|
|
| 21. |
- Nilsson, Måns
(författare)
-
Changing the decision space : European policy influences on energy policy and systems change in Sweden
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Public Administration. - : Wiley. - 0033-3298 .- 1467-9299. ; 89:4, s. 1509-1525
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The EU takes a growing interest in governing the energy sector in its member states. Competing with national institutions, policies and organizational structures, it is however not clear whether the EU exerts a strong influence compared to other factors, and if there is such an influence, the mechanisms are not well understood. This paper examines strategic reorientation towards electricity investment in the Swedish energy sector, a frontrunner case of Europeanization, and discusses how this change can be attributed to EU policy change, national policy change and organizational field developments respectively. It finds that EU energy policy influence has been notable, and that governance mechanisms that shape beliefs and expectations are strongly at play. However, despite growing EU clout on energy policy, field level and national policy change remain key drivers of the changing decision space in the examined time period.
|
|
| 22. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy for a shared development agenda : global scenarios and governance implications
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report combines a global assessment of energy scenarios up to 2050, case studies of energy access and low-carbon efforts around the world, and a review of the technological shifts, investments, policies and governance structures needed to bring energy to all.How can the world meet energy needs for human and economic development in a way that is compatible with sustainable development? What is required is nothing less than a massive transformation of energy systems and rapid turnovers of infrastructure and technology, all of which must be achieved while staying within climate and resource constraints.Though the challenge is great, the energy and sustainability scenarios in this report show that it can be met. However, while these scenarios sketch out transformation pathways in broad strokes, the devil is in the detail. This study also explores how to successfully implement change, via case studies of energy transformation and reviews of policy mechanisms and governance frameworks.Over the coming decade, policymakers around the world need to build a shared development agenda to address these challenges. It is hoped that this study will help to lay the foundations for such an effort.
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
Governing innovation for sustainable technology : Introduction and conceptual basis
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Paving the Road to Sustainable Transport. - : Taylor and Francis. - 9780415683609 - 9780203119716 ; , s. 1-16
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Innovation as one solution to the challenge In line with Schumpeter’s bequest to economic strategy and policy, we today view innovation as key to a knowledge-based society and its economic growth (Schumpeter, 1934). Indeed, innovation in its various forms - technological, market-related, organizational, etc. - is often what outlines the competitive edge for firms as well as for countries. In addition to the economic rationale, innovation is also seen as a key to achieving more sustainable development worldwide (Norberg-Bohn, 1999; Pearson et al., 2004). Indeed, achieving sustainable development depends on technological and social innovations coupled with organizational and institutional change geared towards environmental sustainability. One salient example is the climate change issue, in particular in relation to ‘post2012' discussions, where in the light of global difficulties in reaching political agreement, technology is nowadays widely considered the key solution to the dilemma of getting national governments to agree to ambitious carbon reductions while at the same time safeguarding economic development and welfare. Great hopes are also attached to the promise of sustainable technology innovation in other fields of resource use and environmental impact, such as, for instance, non-renewable and renewable resource use, energy conversion and chemicals. Indeed, some of that promise has also been delivered in certain domains. Any innovation process involves a multitude of activities necessary to bring products and services to the market, where an underlying invention is only a partial aspect of the process. Important activities may comprise scientific work, technology and product development, design, market development, changes in organization, social practices, regulations, building industrial networks, infrastructure and culture (Ashford, 2004). This implies that innovation processes involve the creation, absorption and transmission of knowledge and are highly interactive in character in that they involve continuous learning cycles. The previous view of linearity and the focus on a presumed static event of novelty creation are no longer valid. A departure point in modern innovation studies is that the technological, sectoral, spatial, institutional, organizational, social and economic domains of innovation are highly related and cannot be meaningfully separated in the real world (Ashford, 2004). Sometimes, learning loops can be concentrated within an individual or a limited number of people, but the rule is more often that a multitude of individuals and organizations are involved, holding various resources and tasks. The complex and multidisciplinary character of most innovation processes implies that resources, skills and competencies can seldom reside within an individual, or even within a single organization. Cooperation, knowledge exchange and learning become key. It is the combination of complementary resources and competencies - be it knowledge, capital, facilities, etc. - that may bring the creation of new things: innovation. For any specific organization, such as a firm, recombination of resources and knowledge may take place within the borders of the company in a vertically integrated organizational manner. More often, innovation requires not transactions with external partners, but rather intertwining of organizational processes for innovation to come about. Partners include other firms, customers, suppliers, competitors, research organizations, financiers, policy organizations, bridging actors, etc., locally, nationally or in other countries. Such exchange gives access to resources of various kinds, including equipment, proven laboratory methods, blueprints, development tools, etc. Also, discussions may lead to novel ideas, solutions to technical problems or organizational changes such as suggestions for product or process improvement. Often, interaction is direct and facilitated by face-to-face meetings, being set up as bilateral or multi-partner collaboration on scientific development and copublication, shared platforms for prototype testing, common market efforts, and so on. Sometimes, learning from others comes about through observation rather than by interaction, including, for example, reverse engineering, studying publications, patents or prototype releases at market fairs. In addition, the mobility of people is a main mechanism of knowledge transfer. To underline this inherently social, interactive learning process of creating innovations, a systems approach to innovation has been put forward under the terminology of ‘innovation systems’ (ISs) (Lundvall, 1992; Nelson, 1993; Edquist, 1997). Such studying of innovation helps us understand both how and why new patterns of organization, technology, production and consumption come about, and provides guidance on how these patterns can be induced or accelerated. An IS may be defined as ‘the groups of organizations and individuals involved in the generation, diffusion and adaptation, and use of knowledge of socio-economic significance, and the institutional context that governs the way these interactions and processes take place’ (Hall et al., 2003: 3). Thus, in this school of thought a set of structural elements and their interconnections are the focus - a set of knowledge areas and artefacts (e.g. technology, intellectual property, products), innovating and innovation-related actors and the inherent knowledge flows and networks between these, as well as the underlying institutional framework (Carlsson and Stankiewicz, 1991). Firms in various parts of the value chain are often the main innovating actors. Research and educational organizations, including universities, are important providers of new knowledge, human capital, etc., but are also intensively engaged in several other activities throughout the innovation process. In addition, there are organizations giving innovation support of various kinds: public organizations and authorities setting conducive policies and institutional arrangements, trade associations, incubators and venture capitalists. An important feature of any innovation system is thus the institutional features setting the rules of the game for the actors and artefacts. The institutions - laws, rules, norms and routines - function as key ordering devices shaping behavioural patterns, and therefore ISs within differing institutions display different patterns of interaction, prevalence of corporate spin-outs, propensity to share knowledge between universities and firms, etc. Innovation processes often include development of a shared vision by dominant actors in a network and evolutions of the institutional landscape in ways that make it open for change (Kaijser, 2001; Kemp et al., 1998). As highlighted above, ISs are networks of organizations and individuals, working under a common institutional set-up (laws, practice, etc.), within which the creation, dissemination and exploitation of new knowledge and innovations occur (Cooke et al., 2004). While it is acknowledged that innovation processes are often global, where the connected knowledge formation, resource accumulation and diffusion processes span regions and nations, there are also spatially delimited aspects of innovation. In fact, one of the ways by which the IS approach helps us to understand such dynamics is by focusing on the institutional specificities of various ISs. Clearly, institutions differ between countries - and even within countries - and they differ between knowledge areas (e.g. between various technological settings) or sectors. Therefore, in the analysis of ISs, one draws a border around the specific system, thereby including or excluding actors, artefacts, networks and institutions as being central to the system or not. To some extent all such delineation is by necessity arbitrary, but nevertheless necessary to do a useful analysis. The literature is thus divided into various IS approaches, focusing on different rules for the delineation: national (Nelson, 1993; Edquist, 2004), regional (Cooke, 2001; Asheim and Coenen, 2006), sectoral (Breschi and Malerba, 1997) or technology based (Carlsson et al., 2002). In essence, the approaches share many common elements, and the structural components included are similar, but the system analysed will look somewhat different depending on which approach is chosen. Importantly, this underscores that the IS approaches are analytical constructs helping us to better understand innovation dynamics, but tells us that the systems may be portrayed in several equally accurate ways. This volume departs from one such IS perspective: the technological innovation system (TIS) approach (Carlsson and Stankiewicz, 1991), emphasizing that we are interested in the emergence and growth of technological areas into specific sectors. Taking technology as the starting point for delineation of a system does not imply technological determinism or underplay, for example, marketbased determinants, but rather we set the borders of the system to those actors, artefacts and institutions that relate to specific sets of knowledge areas. In our case these areas relate to sustainable technologies for road transport. What is particularly appealing about the TIS approach is its conceptualization of system dynamics through its focus on functions, or key processes, as is discussed below (Bergek et al., 2008).
|
|
| 27. |
- Nilsson, Maria H, et al.
(författare)
-
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves smooth pursuit and saccade performance in patients with Parkinson's disease.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-0003. ; 10:April,3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) significantly reduces symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) such as bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. It also reduces the need for anti-PD medication, and thereby potential side-effects of L-Dopa. Although DBS in the STN is a highly effective therapeutic intervention in PD, its mechanism and effects on oculomotor eye movement control and particularly smooth pursuit eye movements have to date rarely been investigated. Furthermore, previous reports provide conflicting information. The aim was to investigate how DBS in STN affected oculomotor performance in persons with PD using novel analysis techniques.
|
|
| 28. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
How do we govern sustainable innovations? : Mapping patterns of governance for biofuels and hybrid-electric vehicle technologies
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224 .- 2210-4232. ; 3, s. 50-66
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines patterns of governance aimed at sustainable technological innovation in the transport sector. It makes an overall assessment of governance emerging in the fields of biofuel and hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) technologies, and makes a classification of its characteristics. It examines the role of different actors and levels of governance as well as preferred mechanisms and targets of governance. The assessment reveals that there are rather differential patterns of governance influencing the two fields. For instance, international-level and market-based governance are much more prevalent in biofuels, whereas industry-led and cognitive governance play comparatively stronger roles in HEV. These patterns can be understood in light of both the different institutional and actor characteristics of the two technologies, and their positions in relation to socio-technical regimes.
|
|
| 29. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
Reprint of can earth system interactions be governed? : Governance functions for linking climate change mitigation with land use, freshwater and biodiversity protection
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 81, s. 10-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earth system interactions, as highlighted by the planetary boundaries framework, occur within and across natural, social and economic systems and shape global environmental change. This paper addresses the multi-level governance problem of coherently addressing key interactions between four Earth sub-systems - climate change, freshwater use, land use and biodiversity - taking into account concerns over problem shifting. After discussing possibilities for regional downscaling of the boundaries, we explore challenges for the EU region to coherently address this particular set of interacting Earth sub-systems and reduce the risk of problem shifting. This analysis demonstrates that Earth system interactions can be governed, but that they likely require comprehensive packages of governance responses across both sub-systems and levels. Three overarching governance functions are tentatively identified that directly or indirectly address Earth system interactions: reduction of system stress, risks and vulnerabilities; triggering and navigation of transformation of economic activity: and development of a diversity of options. Finally, the paper briefly discusses political and institutional challenges for developing, enabling and stabilising these governance functions.
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
The road ahead : Conclusions and governance implications
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Paving the road to sustainable transport. - : Routledge. - 9780415683609 - 9780203119716 ; , s. 277-289
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book analyzes how the governance of innovation can foster sustainability. The quest for innovation is consistently at the top of the agenda for policy makers around the globe, on the supra-national level, as well as for the nation states and all the way down to debates in local governance and policy boards. At the same time, sustainability is a core feature of this dialogue in creating, diffusing and using technologies and products so that human needs can be met, while unnecessary natural resources are not being used or destroyed.Based on these premises and given the complexity of sustainable innovation, there is an ever growing recognition among policy makers, industries and analysts that the development and diffusion of technological innovations need governing in order to contribute to societal goals such as climate change mitigation and resource efficiency. Such governance does not necessarily mean orchestration, imposing regulation or other policy measures in a top-down manner. Governance can be facilitated through a number of means and by various actors and different levels. This book presents a view of governance that involves almost all types of actors related to any specific sector or field. "-- "This book is about how societies around the world can accelerate innovation in sustainable transport. It examines the relationship between policy change and the development of technological innovations in low carbon vehicle technologies, including biofuels, hybrid-electric vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cells. Examining this relationship across countries and regions that are leaders in vehicle manufacturing and innovation, such as the European Union, Germany, Sweden, China, Japan, Korea and USA, the books aims to learn lessons about policy and innovation performance"--
|
|
| 33. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding Policy Coherence : Analytical Framework and Examples of Sector–Environment Policy Interactions in the EU
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : Wiley. - 1756-932X .- 1756-9338. ; 22:6, s. 395-423
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a framework for analysing policy coherence in a European Union setting through the perspective of policy interaction. Building on a simple policy-analytical approach and theories of institutional interaction, the framework develops a three-step analytical pproach, consisting of the inventory of policy objectives, the screening matrix and a more in-depth analysis of key interactions. Central to the analytical framework is the identification of synergy and conflict at three levels: policy objectives, policy instruments and implementation practices, also taking into account as far as possible outcome and impacts. The paper presents illustrative examples from EU renewable energy and cohesion policies in relation to different environmental policy areas such as biodiversity, habitats, resource efficiency and water. It finds that policies are often coherent at the level of objectives, but that associated instruments and in particular implementation practices cause concern for policy conflict in all three examples. Finally, the paper identifies emerging challenges in the application of policy coherence analysis and a need for further development of the analytical approach.
|
|
| 34. |
-
Paving the Road to Sustainable Transport : Governance and innovation in low-carbon vehicles
- 2012. - 1
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book is about how societies around the world can accelerate innovation in sustainable transport. It examines the relationship between policy change and the development of technological innovations in low carbon vehicle technologies, including biofuels, hybrid-electric vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cells. Examining this relationship across countries and regions that are leaders in vehicle manufacturing and innovation, such as the European Union, Germany, Sweden, China, Japan, Korea and USA, the books aims to learn lessons about policy and innovation performance.
|
|
| 35. |
-
Paving the Road to Sustainable Transport : Governance and innovation in low-carbon vehicles
- 2012
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book analyzes how the governance of innovation can foster sustainability. The quest for innovation is consistently at the top of the agenda for policy makers around the globe, on the supra-national level, as well as for the nation states and all the way down to debates in local governance and policy boards. At the same time, sustainability is a core feature of this dialogue in creating, diffusing and using technologies and products so that human needs can be met, while unnecessary natural resources are not being used or destroyed.Based on these premises and given the complexity of sustainable innovation, there is an ever growing recognition among policy makers, industries and analysts that the development and diffusion of technological innovations need governing in order to contribute to societal goals such as climate change mitigation and resource efficiency. Such governance does not necessarily mean orchestration, imposing regulation or other policy measures in a top-down manner. Governance can be facilitated through a number of means and by various actors and different levels. This book presents a view of governance that involves almost all types of actors related to any specific sector or field. "-- "This book is about how societies around the world can accelerate innovation in sustainable transport. It examines the relationship between policy change and the development of technological innovations in low carbon vehicle technologies, including biofuels, hybrid-electric vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cells. Examining this relationship across countries and regions that are leaders in vehicle manufacturing and innovation, such as the European Union, Germany, Sweden, China, Japan, Korea and USA, the books aims to learn lessons about policy and innovation performance"--
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Rudberg, Peter M., et al.
(författare)
-
Reducing our emissions while achieving good status of our water bodies - is it possible? : Swedish hydropower in the limelight
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, no. 57.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conflict between climate change mitigation and ecosystems functions is highlighted in the implementation of two EU directives; the renewable energy directive (RES) and the water framework directive (WFD). This paper examines the Swedish implementation of the RES and WFD and possible outcomes in light of the setup and functioning of the present concession system of hydropower in Sweden. The paper discusses the degree of policy coherence of the present and foreseeable outcomes of the directives and suggests some possible policy alternatives to increase coherence in the implementation of the twin objectives.
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
- Russel, D., et al.
(författare)
-
Climate change appraisal in the EU
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Making climate change work for us. - : Cambridge University Press. - 9780521119412 ; , s. 31-53
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 40. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946, et al.
(författare)
-
WORKING WITH FORCES PROMOTING OR HINDERING IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE – EXPERIENCES FROM SWEDISH INDUSTRY
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Swedish Production Symposium 2014.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is based on six Swedish companies’ effort to define and use a maintenance strategy. Using an analysis tool to define the present situation, the companies can describe, analyze, and evaluate the road from a present situation to a new one. Factors hindering and promoting the implementation of their strategies have been identified. They slowed down work, and also hindered the implementation of targeted and prioritized areas in their strategies! Finally, the paper report about an in-depth analysis of one of the most wanted achievements in maintenance organizations – an increase of preventive work in relation to corrective measures.
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
- Virgin, Ivar, et al.
(författare)
-
Onödig skepsis mot genmodifierat
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet. - 1101-2412. ; :23 March
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 45. |
- Vuuren, D.P. van, et al.
(författare)
-
An energy vision : the transformation towards sustainability — interconnected challenges and solutions
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-3435 .- 1877-3443. ; 4:1, s. 18-34
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy system is currently facing a number of challenges, most notably high consumption levels, lack of energy access, environmental concerns like climate change and air pollution, energy security concerns and the need for a long-term focus. Addressing these critical issues simultaneously will require a fundamental transformation of the global energy system. Recent assessments show that such transformational pathways are achievable in technological and economic terms, but constitute formidable governance challenges across scales. In this paper, we discuss a long-term vision for the energy system and elements of the transition towards this vision. This transformation would need to be based on several key components, including taking an integrated approach as basis, the focus on high levels of energy efficiency and the scale up of investments, also in RD&D.
|
|
| 46. |
- Wallgren, Oskar, et al.
(författare)
-
Confronting SEA With Real Planning : The case of follow-up in regional plans and programmes in Sweden
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management. - 1464-3332 .- 1757-5605. ; 13:2, s. 229-250
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the problem of "fit" between strategic environmental assessment (SEA) aims and procedures, and the planning context in which SEA is implemented. The paper approaches this problem from a bottom-up perspective, examining existing planning practices, routines and institutions in order to illuminate prospects and barriers for effective SEA implementation. Using empirical results from studies of regional growth programmes and infrastructure plans in Sweden, the study focuses on SEA follow-up and how it can be integrated in existing planning and programming processes. Environmental follow-up is found to be largely absent from existing planning processes. Analytical, organisational and institutional issues are identified as important explanations for the lack of follow-up. Based on this analysis, the paper offers suggestions on how SEA follow-up can become a more effective part of regional planning.
|
|
| 47. |
- Westley, Frances, et al.
(författare)
-
Tipping toward sustainability : emerging pathways of transformation
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40:7, s. 762-780
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the links between agency, institutions, and innovation in navigating shifts and large-scale transformations toward global sustainability. Our central question is whether social and technical innovations can reverse the trends that are challenging critical thresholds and creating tipping points in the earth system, and if not, what conditions are necessary to escape the current lock-in. Large-scale transformations in information technology, nano-and biotechnology, and new energy systems have the potential to significantly improve our lives; but if, in framing them, our globalized society fails to consider the capacity of the biosphere, there is a risk that unsustainable development pathways may be reinforced. Current institutional arrangements, including the lack of incentives for the private sector to innovate for sustainability, and the lags inherent in the path dependent nature of innovation, contribute to lock-in, as does our incapacity to easily grasp the interactions implicit in complex problems, referred to here as the ingenuity gap. Nonetheless, promising social and technical innovations with potential to change unsustainable trajectories need to be nurtured and connected to broad institutional resources and responses. In parallel, institutional entrepreneurs can work to reduce the resilience of dominant institutional systems and position viable shadow alternatives and niche regimes.
|
|
| 48. |
- Wettestad, J., et al.
(författare)
-
EU climate and energy policy : A hesitant supranational turn?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Global Environmental Politics. - 1526-3800 .- 1536-0091. ; 12:2, s. 67-86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the recent changes of three central EU climate and energy policies: the revised Emissions Trading Directive (ETS); the Renewables Directive (RES); and internal energy market (IEM) policy. An increasing transference of competence to EU level institutions, and hence "vertical integration," has taken place, most clearly in the case of the ETS. The main reasons for the differing increase in vertical integration are, first, that more member states were dissatisfied with the pre-existing system in the case of the ETS than in the two other cases. Second, the European Commission and Parliament were comparatively more united in pushing for changes in the case of the ETS. And, third, although RES and IEM policies were influenced by regional energy security concerns, they were less structurally linked to and influenced by the global climate regime than the ETS.
|
|
| 49. |
- Zorzet, Anna, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Error-prone initiation factor 2 mutations reduce the fitness cost of antibiotic resistance
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Molecular Microbiology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0950-382X .- 1365-2958. ; 75:5, s. 1299-1313
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mutations in the fmt gene (encoding formyl methionine transferase) that eliminate formylation of initiator tRNA (Met-tRNA(i)) confer resistance to the novel antibiotic class of peptide deformylase inhibitors (PDFIs) while concomitantly reducing bacterial fitness. Here we show in Salmonella typhimurium that novel mutations in initiation factor 2 (IF2) located outside the initiator tRNA binding domain can partly restore fitness of fmt mutants without loss of antibiotic resistance. Analysis of initiation of protein synthesis in vitro showed that with non-formylated Met-tRNA(i) IF2 mutants initiated much faster than wild-type IF2, whereas with formylated fMet-tRNA(i) the initiation rates were similar. Moreover, the increase in initiation rates with Met-tRNA(i) conferred by IF2 mutations in vitro correlated well with the increase in growth rate conferred by the same mutations in vivo, suggesting that the mutations in IF2 compensate formylation deficiency by increasing the rate of in vivo initiation with Met-tRNA(i). IF2 mutants had also a high propensity for erroneous initiation with elongator tRNAs in vitro, which could account for their reduced fitness in vivo in a formylation-proficient strain. More generally, our results suggest that bacterial protein synthesis is mRNA-limited and that compensatory mutations in IF2 could increase the persistence of PDFI-resistant bacteria in clinical settings.
|
|
