| 1. |
- Delattre, Isabelle K., et al.
(författare)
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Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Optimal Sampling Strategy for Bayesian Estimation of Amikacin Exposure in Critically Ill Septic Patients
- 2010
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Ingår i: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. - 0163-4356 .- 1536-3694. ; 32:6, s. 749-756
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because the sepsis-induced pharmacokinetic (PK) modifications need to be considered in aminoglycoside dosing, the present study aimed to develop a population PK model for amikacin (AMK) in severe sepsis and to subsequently propose an optimal sampling strategy suitable for Bayesian estimation of the drug PK parameters. Concentration-time profiles for AMK were obtained from 88 critically ill septic patients during the first 24 hours of antibiotic treatment. The population PK model was developed using a nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach. Covariate analysis included demographic data, pathophysiological characteristics, and comedication. Optimal sampling times were selected based on a robust Bayesian design criterion. Taking into account clinical constraints, a two-point sampling approach was investigated. A two-compartment model with first-order elimination best fitted the AMK concentrations. Population PK estimates were 19.2 and 9.34 L for the central and peripheral volume of distribution and 4.31 and 2.21 L/h for the intercompartmental and total body clearance. Creatinine clearance estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation was retained in the final model. The two optimal sampling times were 1 hour and 6 hours after onset of the drug infusion. Predictive performance of individual Bayes estimates computed using the proposed optimal sampling strategy was reported: mean prediction errors were less than 5% and root mean square errors were less than 30%. The present study confirmed the significant influence of the creatinine clearance on the PK disposition of AMK during the first hours of treatment in critically ill septic patients. Based on the population estimates, an optimal sampling strategy suitable for Bayesian estimation of the drug PK parameters was developed, meeting the need of clinical practice.
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| 2. |
- Ernest II, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal clinical trial design based on a dichotomous Markov-chain mixed-effect sleep model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 41:6, s. 639-654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- D-optimal designs for discrete-type responses have been derived using generalized linear mixed models, simulation based methods and analytical approximations for computing the fisher information matrix (FIM) of non-linear mixed effect models with homogeneous probabilities over time. In this work, D-optimal designs using an analytical approximation of the FIM for a dichotomous, non-homogeneous, Markov-chain phase advanced sleep non-linear mixed effect model was investigated. The non-linear mixed effect model consisted of transition probabilities of dichotomous sleep data estimated as logistic functions using piecewise linear functions. Theoretical linear and nonlinear dose effects were added to the transition probabilities to modify the probability of being in either sleep stage. D-optimal designs were computed by determining an analytical approximation the FIM for each Markov component (one where the previous state was awake and another where the previous state was asleep). Each Markov component FIM was weighted either equally or by the average probability of response being awake or asleep over the night and summed to derive the total FIM (FIMtotal). The reference designs were placebo, 0.1, 1-, 6-, 10- and 20-mg dosing for a 2- to 6-way crossover study in six dosing groups. Optimized design variables were dose and number of subjects in each dose group. The designs were validated using stochastic simulation/re-estimation (SSE). Contrary to expectations, the predicted parameter uncertainty obtained via FIMtotal was larger than the uncertainty in parameter estimates computed by SSE. Nevertheless, the D-optimal designs decreased the uncertainty of parameter estimates relative to the reference designs. Additionally, the improvement for the D-optimal designs were more pronounced using SSE than predicted via FIMtotal. Through the use of an approximate analytic solution and weighting schemes, the FIMtotal for a non-homogeneous, dichotomous Markov-chain phase advanced sleep model was computed and provided more efficient trial designs and increased nonlinear mixed-effects modeling parameter precision.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gao, Xindong, et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxy of Ultrathin NiSi2 Films with Predetermined Thickness
- 2011
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Ingår i: Electrochemical and solid-state letters. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1099-0062 .- 1944-8775. ; 14:7, s. H268-H270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This letter presents a proof-of-concept process for tunable, self-limiting growth of ultrathin epitaxial NiSi2 films on Si (100). The process starts with metal sputter-deposition, followed by wet etching and then silicidation. By ionizing a fraction of the sputtered Ni atoms and biasing the Si substrate, the amount of Ni atoms incorporated in the substrate after wet etching can be controlled. As a result, the thickness of the NiSi2 films is increased from 4.7 to 7.2 nm by changing the nominal substrate bias from 0 to 600 V. The NiSi2 films are characterized by a specific resistivity around 50 mu Omega cm.
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| 5. |
- Gennemark, Peter, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal Design in Population Kinetic Experiments by Set-Valued Methods
- 2011
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Ingår i: AAPS Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1550-7416. ; 13:4, s. 495-507
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a new method for optimal experimental design of population pharmacometric experiments based on global search methods using interval analysis; all variables and parameters are represented as intervals rather than real numbers. The evaluation of a specific design is based on multiple simulations and parameter estimations. The method requires no prior point estimates for the parameters, since the parameters can incorporate any level of uncertainty. In this respect, it is similar to robust optimal design. Representing sampling times and covariates like doses by intervals gives a direct way of optimizing with rigorous sampling and dose intervals that can be useful in clinical practice. Furthermore, the method works on underdetermined problems for which traditional methods typically fail.
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| 6. |
- Guastalla, G., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis and Results of the 104Sn Coulomb Excitation Experiment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6596 .- 1742-6588. ; 533:1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis of the Coulomb excitation experiment conducted on 104Sn required a strict selection of the data in order to reduce the large background present in the gamma-ray energy spectra and identify the gamma-ray peak corresponding to the Coulomb excitation events. As a result the B(E2; 0 + -> 2+) value could be extracted, which established the downward trend towards 100Sn and therefore the robustness of the N=Z=50 core against quadrupole excitations.
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| 7. |
- Guastalla, G., et al.
(författare)
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Coulomb Excitation of Sn-104 and the Strength of the Sn-100 Shell Closure
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 110:17, s. 172501-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A measurement of the reduced transition probability for the excitation of the ground state to the first 2(+) state in Sn-104 has been performed using relativistic Coulomb excitation at GSI. Sn-104 is the lightest isotope in the Sn chain for which this quantity has been measured. The result is a key point in the discussion of the evolution of nuclear structure in the proximity of the doubly magic nucleus Sn-100. The value B(E2; 0(+) -> 2(+)) = 0.10(4) e(2)b(2) is significantly lower than earlier results for Sn-106 and heavier isotopes. The result is well reproduced by shell model predictions and therefore indicates a robust N = Z = 50 shell closure.
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| 8. |
- Hennig, Stefanie, et al.
(författare)
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Application of the Optimal Design Approach to Improve a Pretransplant Drug Dose Finding Design for Ciclosporin
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0091-2700 .- 1552-4604. ; 52:3, s. 347-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A time and sampling intensive pretransplant test dose design was to be reduced, but at the same time optimized so that there was no loss in the precision of predicting the individual pharmacokinetic (PK) estimates of posttransplant dosing. The following variables were optimized simultaneously: sampling times, ciclosporin dose, time of second dose, infusion duration, and administration order, using a published ciclosporin population PK model as prior information. The original design was reduced from 22 samples to 6 samples/patient and both doses (intravenous oral) were administered within 8 hours. Compared with the prior information given by the published ciclosporin population PK model, the expected standard deviations (SDs) of the individual parameters for clearance and bioavailability could be reduced by, on average, 40% under the optimized sparse designs. The gain of performing the original rich design compared with the optimal reduced design, considering the standard errors of the parameter estimates, was found to be minimal. This application demonstrates, in a practical clinical scenario, how optimal design techniques may be used to improve diagnostic procedures given available software and methods.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Kubart, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Studies of hysteresis effect in reactive HiPIMS deposition of oxides
- 2011
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 205:Suppl. 2, s. S303-S306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) has proven to be capable of substantial improvement of the quality of deposited coatings. Lately, there have been a number of reports indicating that the hysteresis effect may be reduced in HiPIMS mode resulting in an increase of the deposition rate of stoichiometric compound as compared to a direct current magnetron sputtering process in oxide mode. In this contribution, we have studied the hysteresis behaviour of Ti metal targets sputtered in Ar + O(2) mixtures. For fixed pulse on time and a constant average power, there is an optimum frequency minimizing the hysteresis. The effect of gas dynamics was analyzed by measurements of the gas refill time and rarefaction. Results indicate that the gas rarefaction may be responsible for the observed hysteresis behaviour. The results are in agreement with a previous study of Al oxide reactive process.
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| 11. |
- Lledó-García, Rocío, et al.
(författare)
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Ethically Attractive Dose-Finding Designs for Drugs With a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0091-2700 .- 1552-4604. ; 52:1, s. 29-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation-based comparison study on the relative merits of dose-control trials (DCTs) with exposure-response analysis versus concentration-control trials (CCTs) for drugs with narrow therapeutic index showed that DCT designs are more informative about the exposure-response relationship. The authors revisit the question employing optimal design methodology and propose strategies for designing ethically attractive trials for these drugs, balancing between individual-collective risk and informativeness. An optimal study was performed considering a hypothetical immunosuppressant agent with 2 clinical end points. Different scenarios were optimized applying cost-based designs (unwanted events vs number of sub-jects/trial or maximal individual risk). Dose/exposure targets and number of subjects per trial/arm were optimized. Prior information inclusion on baseline risks was evaluated. DCTs were more informative, needing smaller studies to provide the same information as CCTs. Using the number of unwanted events-rather than subjects-as cost resulted in ethically more attractive designs. Including prior baseline risk information reduced the number of subject/events and allowed the use of targets closer to the optimal. Designing dose-finding trials for some narrow therapeutic index drugs may be improved by using DCTs with exposure-response analysis, cost-based designs, prior information, and optimal design analysis providing information on the ethical trade-off between individual risk and information gain.
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| 12. |
- Nyberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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PopED : An extended, parallelized, nonlinear mixed effects models optimal design tool
- 2012
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Ingår i: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-2607 .- 1872-7565. ; 108:2, s. 789-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several developments have facilitated the practical application and increased the general use of optimal design for nonlinear mixed effects models. These developments include new methodology for utilizing advanced pharmacometric models, faster optimization algorithms and user friendly software tools. In this paper we present the extension of theoptimal design software PopED, which incorporates many of these recent advances into aneasily useable enhanced GUI. Furthermore, we present new solutions to problems related to the design of experiments such as: faster and more robust FIM calculations and optimizations, optimizing over cost/utility functions and diagnostic tools and plots to evaluate designperformance. Examples for; (i) Group size optimization and efficiency translation, (ii) Cost/constraint optimization, (iii) Optimizations with different FIM approximations and (iv) optimization with parallel computing demonstrate the new features in PopED and underline the potential use of this tool when designing experiments.
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| 13. |
- Nyberg, Joakim, 1978-
(författare)
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Practical Optimal Experimental Design in Drug Development and Drug Treatment using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The cost of releasing a new drug on the market has increased rapidly in the last decade. The reasons for this increase vary with the drug, but the need to make correct decisions earlier in the drug development process and to maximize the information gained throughout the process is evident. Optimal experimental design (OD) describes the procedure of maximizing relevant information in drug development and drug treatment processes. While various optimization criteria can be considered in OD, the most common is to optimize the unknown model parameters for an upcoming study. To date, OD has mainly been used to optimize the independent variables, e.g. sample times, but it can be used for any design variable in a study. This thesis addresses the OD of multiple continuous or discrete design variables for nonlinear mixed effects models. The methodology for optimizing and the optimization of different types of models with either continuous or discrete data are presented and the benefits of OD for such models are shown. A software tool for optimizing these models in parallel is developed and three OD examples are demonstrated: 1) optimization of an intravenous glucose tolerance test resulting in a reduction in the number of samples by a third, 2) optimization of drug compound screening experiments resulting in the estimation of nonlinear kinetics and 3) an individual dose-finding study for the treatment of children with ciclosporin before kidney transplantation resulting in a reduction in the number of blood samples to ~27% of the original number and an 83% reduction in the study duration. This thesis uses examples and methodology to show that studies in drug development and drug treatment can be optimized using nonlinear mixed effects OD. This provides a tool than can lower the cost and increase the overall efficiency of drug development and drug treatment.
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| 14. |
- Nyberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Serial correlation in optimal design for nonlinear mixed effects models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 39:3, s. 239-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In population modeling two sources of variability are commonly included; inter individual variability and residual variability. Rich sampling optimal design (more samples than model parameters) using these models will often result in a sampling schedule where some measurements are taken at exactly the same time point, thereby maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio. This behavior is a result of not appropriately taking into account error generation mechanisms and is often clinically unappealing and may be avoided by including intrinsic variability, i.e. serially correlated residual errors. In this paper we extend previous work that investigated optimal designs of population models including serial correlation using stochastic differential equations to optimal design with the more robust, and analytic, AR(1) autocorrelation model. Further, we investigate the importance of correlation strength, design criteria and robust designs. Finally, we explore the optimal design properties when estimating parameters with and without serial correlation. In the investigated examples the designs and estimation performance differs significantly when handling serial correlation.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Sjögren, Erik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal experimental design for assessment of enzyme kinetics in a drug discovery screening environment
- 2011
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Ingår i: Drug Metabolism And Disposition. - : American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). - 0090-9556 .- 1521-009X. ; 39:5, s. 858-863
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A penalized ED-optimal design with a discrete parameter distribution was used to find an optimal experimental design for assessment of enzyme kinetics in a screening environment. A data set for enzyme kinetic data (Vmax and Km) was collected from previously reported studies and every Vmax/Km pair (n=76) was taken to represent a unique drug compound. The design was restricted to 15 samples, an incubation time of up to 40 min and starting concentrations (C0) for the incubation between 0.01 and 100 µM. The optimization was performed by finding the sample times and C0 returning the lowest uncertainty (SE) of the model parameter estimates. Individual optimal designs (I-OD), one general optimal design (G-OD) and one for laboratory practice pragmatically modified design (OD) were obtained. In addition, a standard design (STD-D), representing a commonly applied approach for metabolic stability investigations, was constructed. Simulations were performed for OD and STD-D using the Michaelis-Menten (MM) equation and enzyme kinetic parameters were estimated both with MM and a mono exponential (EXP) decay. OD generated a better result (RSE) for 99% of the compounds and an equal or better result (RMSE) for 78% of the compounds. Furthermore, high-quality estimates (RMSE <30%) of both Vmax and Km could be obtained for a considerable number (26%) of the investigated compounds. The results presented in this study demonstrate that the output could generally be improved when compared to that obtained from the standard approaches used today.
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| 18. |
- Söderström, Pär-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Spectroscopy of neutron-rich Dy-168,Dy-170 : Yrast band evolution close to the NpNn valence maximum
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 81:3, s. 034310-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The yrast sequence of the neutron-rich dysprosium isotope Dy-168 has been studied using multinucleon transfer reactions following collisions between a 460-MeV Se-82 beam and an Er-170 target. The reaction products were identified using the PRISMA magnetic spectrometer and the gamma rays detected using the CLARA HPGe-detector array. The 2(+) and 4(+) members of the previously measured ground-state rotational band of Dy-168 have been confirmed and the yrast band extended up to 10(+). A tentative candidate for the 4(+) -> 2(+) transition in Dy-170 was also identified. The data on these nuclei and on the lighter even-even dysprosium isotopes are interpreted in terms of total Routhian surface calculations and the evolution of collectivity in the vicinity of the proton-neutron valence product maximum is discussed.
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| 19. |
- Ueckert, Sebastian, et al.
(författare)
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Optimizing disease progression study designs for drug effect discrimination
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 40:5, s. 587-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigate the possibility to directly optimize a clinical trial design for statistical power to detect a drug effect and compare to optimal designs that focus on parameter precision. An improved statistic derived from the general formulation of the Wald approximation was used to predict the statistical power for given trial designs of a disease progression study. The predicted value was compared, together with the classical Wald statistic, to a type I error-corrected model-based power determined via clinical trial simulations. In a second step, a study design for maximal power was determined by directly maximizing the new statistic. The resulting power-optimal designs and their corresponding performance based on empirical power calculations were compared to designs focusing on parameter precision. Comparisons of empirically determined power and the newly developed statistic, showed excellent agreement across all scenarios investigated. This was in contrast to the classical Wald statistic, which consistently over-predicted the reference power with deviations of up to 90 %. Designs maximized using the proposed metric differed from traditional optimal designs and showed equal or up to 20 % higher power in the subsequent clinical trial simulations. Furthermore, the proposed method was used to minimize the number of individuals required to achieve 80 % power through a simultaneous optimization of study size and study design. The targeted power of 80 % was confirmed in subsequent simulation study. A new statistic was developed, allowing for the explicit optimization of a clinical trial design with respect to statistical power.
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| 20. |
- Vong, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Handling Below Limit of Quantification Data in Optimal Trial Design
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Methods that perform well in handling limit of quantification (LOQ) data exist in estimation of parameters for non-linear mixed effect models but are not well developed in experimental design. The aim of this work was to evaluate existing methods and to explore new methods of handling LOQs in Optimal Design (OD). Seven different methods were implemented in PopED 2.13: D1 (Ignore LOQ), D2 (Non-informative Fisher information matrix (FIM) for median response below LOQ), new D3 (Non-informative FOCE linearized FIM for individual response below LOQ), D4 (Addition of a homoscedastic variance), new D5 (Simulation & Rescaling), new D6 (Integration & Rescaling) and new D7 (joint likelihood using the Laplace approximation). Predictive performance of D1-D7 was first assessed and sample time optimization was performed for a number of different LOQ levels. Resulting designs were evaluated for bias and imprecision, robustness and predictability from multiple stochastic simulations and estimations (SSE) in NONMEM using the M3 method. Evaluated determinants of the FIM for all methods, except D1 and D4, were in good agreement with SSE-derived covariance. In optimization, D6 provided the most accurate and precise parameter estimates and the designs with the best predictive performance under the M3 method. Methods D1 and D2 resulted in the least robust designs for estimation. Method D4 was shown to be insensitive to LOQ levels. For the scenarios investigated, method D6 showed the best compromise in terms of speed and accuracy. The use of OD methods anticipating LOQ data in planned designs allows better parameter estimation.
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| 21. |
- Vong, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid Sample Size Calculations for a Defined Likelihood Ratio Test-Based Power in Mixed-Effects Models
- 2012
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Ingår i: AAPS Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1550-7416. ; 14:2, s. 176-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient power calculation methods have previously been suggested for Wald test-based inference in mixed-effects models but the only available alternative for Likelihood ratio test-based hypothesis testing has been to perform computer-intensive multiple simulations and re-estimations. The proposed Monte Carlo Mapped Power (MCMP) method is based on the use of the difference in individual objective function values (Delta iOFV) derived from a large dataset simulated from a full model and subsequently re-estimated with the full and reduced models. The Delta iOFV is sampled and summed (a Delta iOFVs) for each study at each sample size of interest to study, and the percentage of a Delta iOFVs greater than the significance criterion is taken as the power. The power versus sample size relationship established via the MCMP method was compared to traditional assessment of model-based power for six different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models and designs. In each case, 1,000 simulated datasets were analysed with the full and reduced models. There was concordance in power between the traditional and MCMP methods such that for 90% power, the difference in required sample size was in most investigated cases less than 10%. The MCMP method was able to provide relevant power information for a representative pharmacometric model at less than 1% of the run-time of an SSE. The suggested MCMP method provides a fast and accurate prediction of the power and sample size relationship.
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| 22. |
- Zamuner, S., et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive-Optimal Design in PET Occupancy Studies
- 2010
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 87:5, s. 563-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that is used to investigate ligand-receptor binding in the living brain and to determine the time course of plasma concentration/receptor occupancy (RO). The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the added value of an adaptive-optimal design for PET scan timings and dose selection over traditional study designs involving fixed or educated selections of timings and doses. A k(on)-k(off) model relating plasma concentration to PET data was applied to generate the simulated data. Optimization was performed on scanning timings and doses using the D-optimality criterion. Optimal designs as applied to scanning timings provided unbiased estimates and improved the accuracy of results relative to those of fixed and educated designs. Optimization of both timings and dose provided improvements in accuracy and precision when the initial dose selection was noninformative regarding the time course of RO. These results indicate that adaptive-optimal designs can provide an efficient experimental design for RO studies using PET, by minimizing the number of subjects required and maximizing information related to the plasma concentration-RO relationship.
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