| 1. |
- Alexander, Shovsky, 1978-
(författare)
-
Polyelectrolyte complexes of bottle brush copolymers : Solution and adsorption properties
- 2011
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis work was to systematically investigate the physico-chemical properties of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed by bottle brush and linear polyelectrolytes in solution and at solid / liquid interfaces. Electrostatic self-assembly of oppositely charged macromolecules in aqueous solution is a versatile strategy to construction of functional nanostructures with easily controlled properties. Bottle brush architecture, introduced into the PEC, generates a number of distinctive properties of the complexes, related to a broad range of application, such as colloidal stability and protein repellency to name a few. To utilize these materials in a wide range of applications e.g. drug delivery, the understanding of the effects of polymer architecture and solution parameters on the properties of bottle brush PECs is of paramount importance. This thesis constitutes a systematic investigation of PECs formed by a series of cationic bottle-brush polyelectrolytes and a series of anionic linear polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution. The focus of the first part of the thesis was primarily on formation and characterization of PECs in solution, whereas the adsorption properties and adsorption kinetics of bottle-brush polyelectrolytes and their complexes was investigated in the second part of the thesis work. In particular, effects of the side-chain density of the bottlebrush polyelectrolyte, concentration, mixing ratio and molecular weigh of the linearpolyelectrolyte on formation, solution properties, stability and adsorption of PECs were addressed. The pronounced effect of the side-chain density of the bottle-brush polyelectrolyte on the properties of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric PECs was demonstrated. Formation of PECs by bottle-brush copolymers with high density of side-chains results in small, watersoluble, molecular complexes having nonspherical shape, independent of concentration. Whereas formation of PEC-aggregates was revealed by bottle-brush polyelectrolytes with low side chain density, the level of aggregation in these complexes is controlled by polyelectrolyte concentration. The structure of the PECs formed with low molecular weight polyanions is consistent with the picture that several small linear polyelectrolyte molecules associate with the large bottle-brush. In contrast, when complexation occurs between polyanions of high molecular weigh and the bottle-brush polymers considerably larger PECs are formed, consistent with several bottle-brush polymers associating with one high molecular weight polyanion.
|
|
| 2. |
- Angelescu, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Adsorption of Branched-Linear Polyethyleneimine-Ethylene Oxide Conjugate on Hydrophilic Silica Investigated by Ellipsometry and Monte Carlo Simulations
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 27:16, s. 9961-9971
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adsorption of and conformation adopted by a branched-linear polymer conjugate to the hydrophilic silica aqueous solution interface have been studied by in situ null ellipsornetry and Monte Carlo simulations. The conjugate is a highly branched polyethyleneimine structure with ethyleneoxide chains grafted to its primary and secondary amino groups. In situ null ellipsometry demonstrated that the polymer conjugate adsorbs to the silica surface from water and aqueous solution of 1 mM asymmetric divalent salt (calcium and magnesium chloride to emulate hard water) over a large pH range. The adsorbed amount is hardly affected by pH and large charge reversal on the negatively charged silica surface occurred at pH = 4.0, due to the adsorption of the cationic polyelectrolyte. The Monte Carlo simulations using an appropriate coarse-grained model of the polymer in solution predicted a core shell structure with no sharp boundary between the ethyleneimine and ethyleneoxide moieties. The structure at the interface is similar to that in solution when the polymer degree of protonation is low or moderate while at high degree of protonation the strong electrostatic attraction between the ethyleneimine core and oppositely charged silica surface distorts the ethyleneoxide shell so that an "anemone"-like configuration is adopted. The adsorption of alkyl benzene sulfonic acid (LAS) to a preadsorbed polymer layer was also investigated by null ellipsometry. The adsorption data brought additional support for the existence of a strong polymer adsorption and showed the presence of a binding which was further enhanced by the decreased solvency of the surfactant in the salt solution and confirmed the surface charge reversal by the polymer adsorption at pH = 4.0.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bain, C. D., et al.
(författare)
-
Complexes of surfactants with oppositely charged polymers at surfaces and in bulk
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-8686 .- 1873-3727. ; 155:1-2, s. 32-49
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Addition of surfactants to aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes carrying an opposite charge causes the spontaneous formation of complexes in the bulk phase in certain concentration ranges. Under some conditions, compact monodisperse multichain complexes are obtained in the bulk. The size of these complexes depends on the mixing procedure and it can be varied in a controlled way from nanometers up to micrometers. The complexes exhibit microstructures analoguous to those of the precipitates formed at higher concentrations. In other cases, however, the bulk complexes are large, soft and polydisperse. In most cases, the dispersions are only kinetically stable and exhibit pronounced non-equilibrium features. Association at air-water interfaces readily occurs, even at very small concentrations. When the surfactant concentration is small, the surface complexes are usually made of a surfactant monolayer to which the polymer binds and adsorbs in a flat-like configuration. However, under some conditions, thicker layers can be found, with bulk complexes sticking to the surface. The association at solid-water interfaces is more complex and depends on the specific interactions between surfactants, polymers and the surface. However, the behaviour can be understood if distinctions between hydrophilic surfaces and hydrophobic surfaces are made. Note that the behaviour at air-water interfaces is closer to that of hydrophobic than that of hydrophilic solid surfaces. The relation between bulk and surface complexation will be discussed in this review. The emphasis will be given to the results obtained by the teams of the EC-funded Marie Curie RTN "SOCON".
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Bruhn, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Professionalization of prison officers in Sweden and Norway : two routes, two different goals?
- 2013
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the development of the prison officer occupation within two prison systems, often characterized as “penal welfare” systems, namely the Swedish and the Norwegian. Despite a common origin, the development in the last decades shows diverging tendencies. What are the signs of, and the strategies behind, this development? The paper is based on documents, interviews with key positioned persons in these organizations, and data from a recent research project. Results show that while the Norwegian prison officer training is developed towards a University degree, the Swedish one is shortened to 20 weeks and made more vocational. The Norwegian prison officer training is developing in accordance to a traditional professionalization strategy. The Swedish one is adjusted to security-differentiation of prisoners, and the running of treatment programs, and seems more aimed towards a kind of narrowed organizational skill. The Norwegian prison officer role has been developed close to prison research and with support of unions in a long-term perspective. The Swedish officer role suffers from political-level ad hoc-adjustments to public debate combined with short-termed cost savings inspired by New Public Management ideas.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bruhn, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Professionalization of prison officers in Sweden and Norway : two routes, two different goals?
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nordic prison policy has a reputation of beingliberal and progressive with rehabilitative efforts in prisons in a centralposition. Anglophone researchers have characterized this as a “Nordicexceptionalism” in comparison with the ongoing “penal excess” in their own countries. However, there are several important differences in prison policy and practice between the Nordic countries. Prison officers (PO) are the key actors and by far the biggest occupational group transforming penal policy into daily prison practice. In Sweden and Norway the strategies for developing this group are very different. The aim of this paper is to compare and analyse these strategies and how they are implemented. It is based on documents, interviews with key actors in and above the prison organizations, and data from recent research projects. Results show that the Norwegian prison officer recruitment and training is developing very much in accordance with a traditional strategy for transforming this occupational group into a profession. The main actor behind this has been the prison institute for research and education. In Sweden on the other hand development seems to go towards routinization and de-skilling, and at best a kind of differentiated and narrowed organizational professionalism. The Swedish officer role suffers from political-level ad hoc-initiatives combined with cost savings, and investments in security and rehab-programs based on “evidence based practice” run by special expertise.
|
|
| 8. |
- Bruhn, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
The prison officer's dilemma : professional representations among Swedish prison officers
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Les Dossiers des sciences de l'education. - Toulouse : Les Presses Universitaires du Mirail. - 1296-2104. ; 23:1, s. 77-93
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article is based on a study of Swedish prison officers. We analyse two types of professional representations, that is, their collectively evolved knowledge. A point of departure is the existence of sub-cultural gaps between different groups of officers. Society’s contradictory aims with the prison system lead to a permanent dilemma in prison work between security and rehabilitation. This dilemma becomes evident in the professional representations studied. However, there are also some differences in relation to different sub-cultural belongings. In our analysis of how prison officers deal with the dilemma in everyday practice we develop three ideal types - the frustrated, the rigid and the flexible one.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ericson, Per G P, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
-
Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Passeriformes (Aves)
- 2014
-
Ingår i: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2148. ; 14:8, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The avian Order Passeriformes is an enormously species-rich group, which comprises almost 60% ofall living bird species. This diverse order is believed to have originated before the break-up of Gondwana in the lateCretaceous. However, previous molecular dating studies have relied heavily on the geological split between NewZealand and Antarctica, assumed to have occurred 85–82 Mya, for calibrating the molecular clock and might thusbe circular in their argument.Results: This study provides a time-scale for the evolution of the major clades of passerines using seven nuclearmarkers, five taxonomically well-determined passerine fossils, and an updated interpretation of the New Zealandsplit from Antarctica 85–52 Mya in a Bayesian relaxed-clock approach. We also assess how different interpretationsof the New Zealand–Antarctica vicariance event influence our age estimates. Our results suggest that thediversification of Passeriformes began in the late Cretaceous or early Cenozoic. Removing the root calibration forthe New Zealand–Antarctica vicariance event (85–52 Mya) dramatically increases the 95% credibility intervals andleads to unrealistically old age estimates. We assess the individual characteristics of the seven nuclear genesanalyzed in our study. Our analyses provide estimates of divergence times for the major groups of passerines,which can be used as secondary calibration points in future molecular studies.Conclusions: Our analysis takes recent paleontological and geological findings into account and provides the bestestimate of the passerine evolutionary time-scale currently available. This time-scale provides a temporalframework for further biogeographical, ecological, and co-evolutionary studies of the largest bird radiation, andadds to the growing support for a Cretaceous origin of Passeriformes.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Holm, Claes, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Flera nyanser av blått : Kriminalvårdare på behandlingsavdelningar - deras beskrivningar av yrkesroller, drogbehandling och de intagna
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Nordisk Tidskrift for Kriminalvidenskab. - Odense. - 0029-1528. ; 101:2, s. 183-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over tha past 10 years drug treatment programmes have been exstensivly developed in Swedish prisons. Thsi article highlights how prison officers working in treatment wings think and act in relation to their professional role, their relations to the prisoners and the organisation of drug treatment within the prison. Data consists of interviews and observations from three Swedish prisons in different security categories. The study examines the significance of secdurity categorie, overall prison-staff culture, treatment wing culture, inmate gender and the treatment role and officers work identity in the treatment wings. The ways in which prison officers think and act depends on how their professional roles are defined at the different prisons. Definitins differ in regard to views on addiction, preferences fo the ways in which treatment should be performed and organized and ideas about how ideal levels of staff-prisoner interaction are best accomplished within the treatment context.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
- Nylander, Per Åke, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
-
Drug treatment in Swedish prisons : moving towards evidence-based interventions?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Nordic studies on alcohol and drugs. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 1458-6126 .- 1455-0725. ; 29:6, s. 561-574
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This article reviews the development in Sweden of prison-based drug treatment (PBDT) from the 1970s to the present situation.Data: The data consists of committee reports, white papers, research reports and interviews with two senior managers from the Swedish Prison and Probation Services (SPPS).Results: The 1970s and 1980s trials with milieu therapy in prisons were followed by the introduction of cognitive programmes in the 1990s. Due to the growing number of prisoners with drug problems, the Prison Anti-Drug Effort increased the number of places and programmes for drug treatment in prisons. As of 2000, the scientific evaluation of all prison-based drug treatment has been strongly emphasised. Drug control has increased since 2004, and the very concept of PBDT is now approached rather more rigorously and scientifically.Conclusion: The SPPS programme evaluations are scientifically formed, but changes in practice are slow to emerge. The SPPS runs a more restricted policy compared to treatment outside, which leads to some evidence-based treatment methods being rejected. Also, PBDT is somewhat under threat by changes in the prisons' internal organisation with growing specialisation in different wings, as well as by the poor financial situation of the SPPS.
|
|
| 14. |
- Nylander, Per Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Emotional labour and emotional strain among Swedish prison officers
- 2011
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Criminology. - London : Sage Publications. - 1477-3708 .- 1741-2609. ; 8:6, s. 469-483
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores emotional labour strategies among Swedish prison officers, and shows how these affect their well-being. Case studies of five Swedish prisons and a national survey of prison officers are used. Analysis indicates that prison officers perform complex forms of emotional labour. Owing to differences in subcultures and informal norms, the strategies officers use in managing their displays of emotion vary between wings and roles. Different strategies may cause different kinds of emotional strain. So-called ‘surface acting’ may lead to cynicism and alienation, whereas ‘deep acting’ may lead to stress and exhaustion. Finally, the lack of opportunities for recovery is discussed.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Nylander, Per-Åke, 1954-
(författare)
-
Prison anti-drug treatment in a women’s prison : prescribed and negotiated identities
- 2013
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Besides increased security measures and control, anti-drug treatment programs have dramatically expanded in Swedish prisons the last ten years. Today nearly 800 of the 5000 places in Swedish prisons are intended for anti-drug treatment. This paper addresses the institutional effects of this transition in the case of a women’s prison with a treatment wing. Data have been collected during 2012-2013 by documents, observations and interviews with staff and prisoners, as part of a Nordic research project. The prison has for many years run a 12-steps (AA/NA) program in one wing, with external full-time therapists running groups in the wing daily. Prison officers are actively participating in the groups. Preliminary findings indicate that the prison officer identity, as well as the prisoner identities, are challenged and changing in the treatment setting, while the borders to other wings arestrengthened. Within the treatment wing, prison officers are moving between the traditional prison officer role, and the role of ”co-therapist”, and this seems more awkward for the minority of male staff. The female prisoner identity is moving between the "Traditional Prisoner", the "Conscious Addict” and the "Good Friend", all depending on the situation. A conclusion is that this is an opportunity, but also a source to diffusion, for the prisoners.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
- Nylander, Per Åke, 1954-
(författare)
-
The transition of the prison officer role in late-modern prisons : the case of Sweden
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era of increased incarceration of prisoners, there are still demands for prisoner rehabilitation. The eternal dilemma of safe custody and rehabilitative efforts to avoid re-conviction has shaped an increased specialisation into security-differentiated prisons, specialised wings and divided prison officer roles. In the case of Sweden, this threefold specialisation has reached a point where the occupational role is facing new problems and challenges. Drawing on results from a Swedish three-year research project, with five case-prisons and a nation-wide survey with 20 % of all prison officers, we argue that a specialization in the prisons creates new subcultures among prison officers with patterns overlapping individual attitudes, environmental conditions, as well as the traditional/non- traditional performances of the role. In the Swedish specialised wings correctional officers create representations of staff in other kinds of wings. In performing separate roles, either security/control or counselling/program management, they regard each others’ tasks as unimportant or less understandable. Different cultural patterns emerge in the prison context, where the professional representations, the emotional work and the use of formal rituals differ. While the specialisation might enrich the occupational role individually, the organisational changes also lead to work-place tensions and sub-cultural disintegration.
|
|
