SwePub - sökning: WFRF:(O'Nils Mattias)

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1.	Alqaysi, Hiba, et al. (författare) Design Exploration of Multi-Camera Dome 2019 Ingår i: ICDSC 2019 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras. - New York, NY : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450371896 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Visual monitoring systems employ distributed smart cameras toeffectively cover a given area satisfying specific objectives. Thechoice of camera sensors and lenses and their deployment affectsdesign cost, accuracy of the monitoring system and the ability toposition objects within the monitored area. Design cost can bereduced by investigating deployment topology such as groupingcameras together to form a dome at a node and optimize it formonitoring constraints. The constraints may include coverage area,number of cameras that can be integrated in a node and pixelresolution at a given distance. This paper presents a method foroptimizing the design cost of multi-camera dome by analyzing tradeoffsbetween monitoring constraints. The proposed method can beused to reduce monitoring cost while fulfilling design objectives.Results show how to increase coverage area for a given cost byrelaxing requirements on design constraints. Multi-camera domescan be used in sky monitoring applications such as monitoring windparks and remote air-traffic control of airports where all-round fieldof view about a point is required to monitor.
2.	Alqaysi, Hiba, et al. (författare) Evaluating Coverage Effectiveness of Multi-Camera Domes Placement for Volumetric Surveillance 2017 Ingår i: ICDSC 2017 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450354875 ; , s. 49-54 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Multi-camera dome is composed of a number of cameras arranged to monitor a half sphere of the sky. Designing a network of multi-camera domes can be used to monitor flying activities in open large area, such as birds' activities in wind parks. In this paper, we present a method for evaluating the coverage effectiveness of the multi-camera domes placement in such areas. We used GPS trajectories of free flying birds over an area of 9 km2 to analyze coverage effectiveness of randomly placed domes. The analysis is based on three criteria namely, detection, positioning and the maximum resolution captured. The developed method can be used to evaluate results of designing and optimizing dome placement algorithms for volumetric monitoring systems in order to achieve maximum coverage.
3.	Alqaysi, Hiba, et al. (författare) Full Coverage Optimization for Multi Camera Dome Placement in Volumetric Monitoring 2018 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450365116 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Volumetric monitoring can be challenging due to having a 3D target space and moving objects within it. Multi camera dome is proposed to provide a hemispherical coverage of the 3D space around it. This paper introduces a method that optimizes multi camera placement for full coverage in volumetric monitoring system. Camera dome placement is modeled in a volume by adapting the hexagonal packing of circles to provide full coverage at a given height, and 100% detection of flying objects within it. The coverage effectiveness of different placement configurations was assessed using an evaluation environment. The proposed placement is applicable in designing and deploying surveillance systems for remote outdoor areas, such as sky monitoring in wind farms and airport runways in order to record and analyze flying activities.
4.	Anwar, Qaiser, et al. (författare) Intelligence Partitioning as a Method for Architectural Exploration of Wireless Sensor Node 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), 2016.. - : IEEE Press. - 9781509055104 ; , s. 935-940 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Embedded systems with integrated sensing, processing and wireless communication are driving future connectivity concepts such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoTs). Because of resource limitations, there still exists a number of challenges such as low latency and energy consumption to realize these concepts to full potential. To address and understand these challenges, we have developed and employed an intelligence partitioning method which generates different implementation alternatives by distributing processing load across multiple nodes. The task-to-node mapping has exponential complexity which is hard to compute for a large scale system. Regarding this, our method provides recommendation to handle and minimize such complexity for a large system. Experiments on a use-case concludes that the proposed method is able to identify unfavourable architecture solutions in which forward and backword communication paths exists in task-to-node mapping. These solution can be avoided for further architectural exploration, thus limiting the space for architecture exploration of a sensor node.
5.	Aurangzeb, Khursheed, et al. (författare) Analysis of Binary Image Coding Methods for Outdoor Applications of Wireless Vision sensor Networks 2018 Ingår i: IEEE Access. - 2169-3536. ; 6, s. 16932-16941 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The processing of images at the vision sensor nodes (VSN) requires a high computation power and their transmission requires a large communication bandwidth. The energy budget is limited in outdoor applications of wireless vision sensor networks (WVSN). This means that both the processing of images at the VSN and the communication to server must be energy efficient. The wireless communication of uncompressed data consumes huge amounts of energy. Data compression methods are efficient in reducing data in images and can be used for the reduction in transmission energy. We have evaluated seven binary image coding techniques. Our evaluation is based on the processing complexity and energy consumption of the compression methods on the embedded platforms. The focus is to come up with a binary image coding method, which has good compression efficiency and short processing time. An image coding method with such attributes will result in reduced total energy requirement of the node. We have used both statistically generated images and real captured images, in our experiments. Based on our results, we conclude that International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee Group 4, gzip_pack and JPEG-LS are suitable coding methods for the outdoor applications of WVSNs.
6.	Aurangzeb, Khursheed, et al. (författare) Data Reduction Using Change Coding for Remote Applications of wireless Visual Sensor Networks 2018 Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 6, s. 37738-37747 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The data reduction capability of image compression schemes is limited by the underlying compression technique. For applications with minor changes between consecutive frames, change coding can be used to further reduce the data. We explored the efficiency of change coding for data reduction in a wireless visual sensor network (WVSN). This paper presents an analysis of the compression efficiency of change coding for a variety of changes, such as different shapes, sizes, and locations of white objects in adjacent sets of frames. Compressing change frame provides a better performance compared with compressing the original frames for up to 95% changes in the number of objects in adjacent frames. Due to illumination noise, the size of the objects increases at its boundaries, which negatively affects the performance of change coding. We experimentally proved that the negative impact of illumination noise could be reduced by applying morphology on the change frame. Communication energy consumption of the VSN is dependent on the data that are transmitted to the server. Our results show that the communication energy consumption of the VSN can be reduced by 27%, 29%, and 46% by applying change coding in combination with JBIG2, Group4, and Gzip_pack, respectively. The findings presented in this paper will aid researchers in enhancing the compression potential of image coding schemes in the energy-constrained applications of WVSNs.
7.	Carratu, Marco, et al. (författare) Data Fusion for Timber Bundle Volume Measurement 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
8.	Fedorov, Igor, et al. (författare) Placement Strategy of Multi-Camera Volumetric Surveillance System for Activities Monitoring 2017 Ingår i: ICDSC 2017 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450354875 ; , s. 113-118 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The design of multi-camera surveillance system comes with many advantages, for example it facilitates as understanding how flying objects act in a given volume. One possible application is for the observation interaction of birds and calculate their trajectories around wind turbines to create promising systems for preventing bird collisions with turbine blades. However, there are also challenges, such as finding the optimal node placement and camera calibration. To address these challenges we investigated a trade-off between calibration accuracy and node requirements, including resolution, modulation transfer function, field of view and angle baseline. We developed a strategy for camera placement to achieve improved coverage for golden eagle monitoring and tracking. This strategy based on the modified resolution criterion taking into account the contrast function of the camera and the estimation of the base angle between the cameras.
9.	Fedorov, Igor, 1980-, et al. (författare) Towards calibration of outdoor multi-camera visual monitoring system 2018 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, US : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450365116 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This paper proposes a method for calibrating of multi-camera systems where no natural reference points exist in the surrounding environment. Monitoring the air space at wind farms is our test case. The goal is to monitor the trajectories of flying birds to prevent them from colliding with rotor blades. Our camera calibration method is based on the observation of a portable artificial reference marker made out of a pulsed light source and a navigation satellite sensor module. The reference marker can determine and communicate its position in the world coordinate system at centimeter precision using navigartion sensors. Our results showed that simultaneous detection of the same marker in several cameras having overlapping field of views allowed us to determine the markers position in 3D world coordinate space with an accuracy of 3-4 cm. These experiments were made in the volume around a wind turbine at distances from cameras to marker within a range of 70 to 90 m.
10.	Imran, Muhammad, et al. (författare) Exploration of preprocessing architectures for field-programmable gate array-based thermal-visual smart camera 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 25:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Embedded smart cameras are gaining in popularity for a number of real-Time outdoor surveillance applications. However, there are still challenges, i.e., computational latency, variation in illumination, and occlusion. To solve these challenges, multimodal systems, integrating multiple imagers can be utilized. However, trade-off is more stringent requirements on processing and communication for embedded platforms. To meet these challenges, we investigated two low-complexity and high-performance preprocessing architectures for a multiple imagers' node on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In the proposed architectures, majority of the tasks are performed on the thermal images because of the lower spatial resolution. Analysis with different sets of images show that the system with proposed architectures offers better detection performance and can reduce output data from 1.7 to 99 times as compared with full-size images. The proposed architectures can achieve a frame rate of 53 fps, logics utilization from 2.1% to 4.1%, memory consumption 987 to 148 KB and power consumption in the range of 141 to 163 mW on Artix-7 FPGA. This concludes that the proposed architectures offer reduced design complexity and lower processing and communication requirements while retaining the configurability of the system.
11.	Imran, Muhammad, et al. (författare) Low complexity FPGA based background subtraction technique for thermal imagery 2015 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450336819 ; , s. 1-6 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Embedded smart camera systems are gaining popularity for a number of real world surveillance applications. However, there are still challenges, i.e. variation in illumination, shadows, occlusion, and weather conditions while employing the vision algorithms in outdoor environments. For safety-critical surveillance applications, the visual sensors can be complemented with beyond-visual-range sensors. This in turn requires analysis, development and modification of existing imaging techniques. In this work, a low complexity background modelling and subtraction technique has been proposed for thermal imagery. The proposed technique has been implemented on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) after in-depth analysis of different sets of images, characterizing poor signal-to-noise ratio challenges, e.g. motion of high frequency background objects, temperature variation and camera jitter etc. The proposed technique dynamically updates the background on pixel level and requires a single frame storage as opposed to existing techniques. The comparison of this approach with two other approaches show that this approach performs better in different environmental conditions. The proposed technique has been modelled in Register Transfer Logic (RTL) and implementation on the latest FPGAs shows that the design requires less than 1 percent logics, 47 percent block RAMs, and consumes 91 mW power consumption on Artix-7 100T FPGA.
12.	Imran, Muhammad, et al. (författare) Pre-processing Architecture for IR-Visual Smart Camera Based on Post-Processing Constraints 2016 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In embedded vision systems, the efficiency of pre-processing architectures have a ripple effect on post-processing functions such as feature extraction, classification and recognition. In this work, we investigated a pre-processing architecture for smart camera system, integrating a thermal and vision sensors, by considering the constraints of post-processing. By utilizing the locality feature of the system, we performed pre-processing on the camera node by using FPGA and post-processing on the client device by using the microprocessor platform, NVIDIA Tegra. The study shows that for outdoor people surveillance applications with complex background and varying lighting conditions, the pre-processing architecture, which transmits thermal binary Region-of-Interest (ROI) images, offers better classification accuracy and smaller complexity as compared to alternative approaches.
13.	Imran, Muhammad, et al. (författare) STC-CAM1, IR-visual based smart camera system 2015 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450336819 ; , s. 195-196 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Safety-critical applications require robust and real-time surveillance. For such applications, a vision sensor alone can give false positive results because of poor lighting conditions, occlusion, or different weather conditions. In this work, a visual sensor is complemented by an infrared thermal sensor which makes the system more resilient in unfavorable situations. In the proposed camera architecture, initial data intensive tasks are performed locally on the sensor node and then compressed data is transmitted to a client device where remaining vision tasks are performed. The proposed camera architecture is demonstrated as a proof-ofconcept and it offers a generic architecture with better surveillance while only performing low complexity computations on the resource constrained devices.
14.	Krug, Silvia, et al. (författare) A Case Study on Energy Overhead of Different IoT Network Stacks 2019 Ingår i: 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). - : IEEE. - 9781538649817 - 9781538649800 ; , s. 528-529 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Due to the limited energy budget for sensor nodes in the Internet of Things (IoT), it is crucial to develop energy efficient communications amongst others. This need leads to the development of various energy-efficient protocols that consider different aspects of the energy status of a node. However, a single protocol covers only one part of the whole stack and savings on one level might not be as efficient for the overall system, if other levels are considered as well. In this paper, we analyze the energy required for an end device to maintain connectivity to the network as well as perform application specific tasks. By integrating the complete stack perspective, we build a more holistic view on the energy consumption and overhead for a wireless sensor node. For better understanding, we compare three different stack variants in a base scenario and add an extended study to evaluate the impact of retransmissions as a robustness mechanism. Our results show, that the overhead introduced by the complete stack has an significant impact on the nodes energy consumption especially if retransmissions are required.
15.	Krug, Silvia, et al. (författare) IoT Communication Introduced Limitations for High Sampling Rate Applications 2018 Ingår i: GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Sensornetze 13. & 14. September 2018, Braunschweig : Technical Report. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Networking solutions for the Internet of Things aretypically designed for applications that require low data rates andfeature rare transmission events. The initial assumption leads to asystem design towards minimal data transfers and packet sizes.However, this can become a challenge, if applications requiredifferent traffic patterns or cooperative interaction betweendevices. Applications requiring a high sampling rate to capturethe desired phenomenon produce larger amounts of data thatneed to be transported. In this paper, we present a studyhighlighting some of the challenging aspects for such applicationsand how the choice of communication technology can limit bothapplication behavior and network structure.
16.	Krug, Silvia, et al. (författare) Modeling and Comparison of Delay and Energy Cost of IoT Data Transfers 2019 Ingår i: IEEE Access. - 2169-3536. ; 7, s. 58654-58675 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Communication is often considered as the most costly component of a wireless sensor node. As a result, a variety of technologies and protocols aim to reduce the energy consumption for the communication especially in the Internet of Things context. In order to select the best suitable technology for a given use case, a tool that allows the comparison of these options is needed. The goal of this paper is to introduce a new modular modeling framework that enables a comparison of various technologies based on analytical calculations. We chose to model the cost for a single data transfer of arbitrary application data amounts in order to provide flexibility regarding the data amount and traffic patterns. The modeling approach covers the stack traversal of application data and thus in comparison to other approaches includes the required protocol overhead directly. By applying our models to different data amounts, we are able to show tradeoffs between various technologies and enable comparisons for different scenarios. In addition, our results reveal the impact of design decisions that can help to identify future development challenges.
17.	Krug, Silvia, et al. (författare) Suitability of Communication Technologies for Harvester-Powered IoT-Nodes 2019 Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781728112688 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Internet of Things introduces Internet connectivity to things and objects in the physical world and thus enables them to communicate with other nodes via the Internet directly. This enables new applications that for example allow seamless process monitoring and control in industrial environments. One core requirement is that the nodes involved in the network have a long system lifetime, despite limited access to the power grid and potentially difficult propagation conditions. Energy harvesting can provide the required energy for this long lifetime if the node is able to send the data based on the available energy budget. In this paper, we therefore analyze and evaluate which common IoT communication technologies are suitable for nodes powered by energy harvesters. The comparison includes three different constraints from different energy sources and harvesting technologies besides several communication technologies. Besides identifying possible technologies in general, we evaluate the impact of duty-cycling and different data sizes. The results in this paper give a road map for combining energy harvesting technology with IoT communication technology to design industrial sensor nodes.
18.	Lawal, Najeem, et al. (författare) Design exploration of a multi-camera dome for sky monitoring 2016 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450347860 ; , s. 14-18 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Sky monitoring has many applications but also many challenges to be addressed before it can be realized. Some of the challenges are cost, energy consumption and complex deployment. One way to address these challenges is to compose a camera dome by grouping cameras that monitor a half sphere of the sky. In this paper, we present a model for design exploration that investigates how characteristics of camera chips and objective lenses affect the overall cost of a node of a camera dome. The investigation showed that by accepting more cameras in a single node can result in a reduced total cost of the system. This concludes that by using suitable design and camera placement technique, a cost-effective solution can be proposed for massive open-area i.e. sky monitoring.
19.	Nie, Yali, et al. (författare) Automatic Detection of Melanoma with Yolo Deep Convolutional Neural Networks 2019 Ingår i: 2019 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). - : IEEE. - 9781728126036 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In the past three years, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved promising performance in detecting skin cancer. However, improving the accuracy and efficiency of the automatic detection of melanoma is still urgent due to the visual similarity of benign and malignant dermoscopy. There is also a need for fast and computationally effective systems for mobile applications targeting caregivers and homes. This paper presents the You Only Look Once (Yolo) algorithms, which are based on DCNNs applied to the detection of melanoma. The Yolo algorithms comprise YoloV1, YoloV2, and YoloV3, whose methodology first resets the input image size and then divides the image into several cells. According to the position of the detected object in the cell, the network will try to predict the bounding box of the object and the class confidence score. Our test results indicate that the mean average precision (mAP) of Yolo can exceed 0.82 with a training set of only 200 images, proving that this method has great advantages for detecting melanoma in lightweight system applications.
20.	Rydblom, Staffan, 1975- (författare) Measuring Water Droplets to Detect Atmospheric Icing 2017 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This thesis describes the exploration of a method to measurethe droplet size and the concentration of atmospheric liquid water. The purpose is to find a cost effective technique to detect the conditions for icing on structures.Icing caused by freezing atmospheric water can be a signifi- cant problem for infrastructure such as power lines, roads and air traffic. About one third of the global installed wind power capacity is located in cold climates, where icing of rotor blades is one of the major challenges.The icing process is complex and the result depends on a combination of the aerodynamic shape of the structure or airfoil, the velocity of the air and its contained water, the temperature, the mixing of snow and water, the concentration of liquid water and the Droplet Size Distribution (DSD).The measurement method is based on a shadowgraph imag- ing system using light emitting diode (LED) light as background illumination and digital image processing. A prototype instru- ment has been constructed. The components were selected keeping the possibility of low-cost volume production in mind. The applications of a commercial instrument based on this tech- nique are e.g. real-time in-situ icing condition measurements and assimilation and verification of data in numerical weather models.The work presented shows that measurements of the size and concentration of water droplets using shadowgraph images can be used for the comparison and validation of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and other instruments. The accuracy of the particle size measurement is high. The accuracy of the concentration measurement has the potential to become high due to the single-particle measurement range calibraiton. The precision of the instrument depends mainly on the number of images that is used to find each measurement value. The real-time performance of the instrument is limited by the image retrieval and processing speed and depends on the precisionrequired.
21.	Shahzad, Khurram, 1980-, et al. (författare) Condition Monitoring in Industry 4.0 - Design Challenges and Possibilities : A Case Study 2018 Ingår i: 2018 Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT, MetroInd 4.0 and IoT 2018 - Proceedings. - : IEEE. - 9781538624975 ; , s. 101-106 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The application of IoT in manufacturing industry is believed to transform the traditional concept of factories into fully integrated manufacturing systems that are capable of meeting different requirements/demands originating within the factory, in supply chain and in user communities in a real time manner. One key area that is likely to benefit at an early stage development of the Industrial IoT is the condition monitoring of the production machinery. However, there are several challenges in realizing effective IoT enabled condition monitoring solutions with currently available enabling technologies. In this paper, we analyze the design challenges associated with realizing IoT enabled industrial condition monitoring with particular focus on enabling end-devices in managing large amount of acquired data. With the help of a vibration based condition monitoring case study the challenges are analyzed in a quantitative manner and possible alternatives are explored. The results suggest that for the efficient and long term condition monitoring in the smart industry of the future, improvements in the enabling technologies are required to design optimized end-devices.
22.	Shallari, Irida, et al. (författare) Architectural evaluation of node : server partitioning for people counting 2018 Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450365116 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Internet of Things has changed the range of applications for cameras requiring them to be easily deployed for a variety of scenarios indoor and outdoor, while achieving high performance in processing. As a result, future projections emphasise the need for battery operated smart cameras, capable of complex image processing tasks that also communicate within one another, and the server. Based on these considerations, we evaluate in-node and node – server configurations of image processing tasks to provide an insight of how tasks partitioning affects the overall energy consumption. The two main energy components taken in consideration for their influence in the total energy consumption are processing and communication energy. The results from the people counting scenario proved that processing background modelling, subtraction and segmentation in-node while transferring the remaining tasks to the server results in the most energy efficient configuration, optimising both processing and communication energy. In addition, the inclusion of data reduction techniques such as data aggregation and compression not always resulted in lower energy consumption as generally assumed, and the final optimal partition did not include data reduction.
23.	Shallari, Irida, et al. (författare) Background Modelling, Analysis and Implementation for Thermographic Images 2017 Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2017 SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING THEORY, TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS (IPTA 2017). - : IEEE. - 9781538618424 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Background subtraction is one of the fundamental steps in the image-processing pipeline for distinguishing foreground from background. Most of the methods have been investigated with respect to visual images, in which case challenges are different compared to thermal images. Thermal sensors are invariant to light changes and have reduced privacy concerns. We propose the use of a low-pass IIR filter for background modelling in thermographic imagery due to its better performance compared to algorithms such as Mixture of Gaussians and K-nearest neighbour, while reducing memory requirements for implementation in embedded architectures. Based on the analysis of four different image datasets both indoor and outdoor, with and without people presence, the learning rate for the filter is set to 3×10-3 Hz and the proposed model is implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA.
24.	Shallari, Irida, et al. (författare) Evaluating Pre-Processing Pipelines for Thermal-Visual Smart Camera 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450354875 ; , s. 95-100 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Smart camera systems integrating multi-model image sensors provide better spectral sensitivity and hence better pass-fail decisions. In a given vision system, pre-processing tasks have a ripple effect on output data and pass-fail decision of high level tasks such as feature extraction, classification and recognition. In this work, we investigated four pre-processing pipelines and evaluated the effect on classification accuracy and output transmission data. The pre-processing pipelines processed four types of images, thermal grayscale, thermal binary, visual and visual binary. The results show that the pre-processing pipeline, which transmits visual compressed Region of Interest (ROI) images, offers 13 to 64 percent better classification accuracy as compared to thermal grayscale, thermal binary and visual binary. The results show that visual raw and visual compressed ROI with suitable quantization matrix offers similar classification accuracy but visual compressed ROI offers up to 99 percent reduced communication data as compared to visual ROI.
25.	Shallari, Irida, et al. (författare) From the Sensor to the Cloud : Intelligence Partitioning for Smart Camera Applications 2019 Ingår i: Sensors. - Switzerland : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 19:23 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Internet of Things has grown quickly in the last few years, with a variety of sensing, processing and storage devices interconnected, resulting in high data traffic. While some sensors such as temperature, or humidity sensors produce a few bits of data periodically, imaging sensors output data in the range of megabytes every second. This raises a complexity for battery operated smart cameras, as they would be required to perform intensive image processing operations on large volumes of data, within energy consumption constraints. By using intelligence partitioning we analyse the effects of different partitioning scenarios for the processing tasks between the smart camera node, the fog computing layer and cloud computing, in the node energy consumption as well as the real time performance of the WVSN (Wireless Vision Sensor Node). The results obtained show that traditional design space exploration approaches are inefficient for WVSN, while intelligence partitioning enhances the energy consumption performance of the smart camera node and meets the timing constraints.
26.	Shallari, Irida (författare) Intelligence Partitioning for IoT : Communication and Processing Inter-Effects for Smart Camera Implementation 2019 Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a tangible reality, with a variety of sensors, devices and data centres interconnected to support scenarios such as Smart City with information about traffic, city administration, health-care services and entertainment. Decomposing these systems into smaller components, results in a variety of requirements for processing and communication resources for each subsystem. Wireless Vision Sensor Network (WVSN) is one of the subsystems, relying on visual sensors that produce several megabytes of data every second, unlike temperature or pressure sensors producing several bytes of data every hour. In addition, to facilitate the deployment of the nodes for different environments, we consider themas battery-operated devices. The high data rates from the imaging sensor have extensive computational and communication requirements, which in the meantime should meet the constraints regarding the energy efficiency of the device, to ensure a satisfactory battery lifetime.In this thesis we analyse the energy efficiency of the smart camera, including the smart camera architecture, the distribution of the image processing tasks between several processing elements, and the inter-effects of processing and communication. Sensor selection and algorithmic implementation of the image processing tasks affects the processing energy consumption of the node, alongside to the hardware and software implementation of the tasks.Furthermore, considerations of different intelligence partitioning configurations are included in the analysis of communication related elements, such as communication delays and channel utilisation. The inter-effects resulting from the variety of configurations in image processing allocation and communication technologies with different characteristics provide an insight into the overall variations of the smart camera node energy consumption. The aim of thesis is to facilitate the design of energy efficient smart cameras, while providing an understanding of energy consumption variations related to processing and communication configurations.
27.	Taami, Tania, et al. (författare) Experimental Characterization of Latency in Distributed IoT Systems with Cloud Fog Offloading 2019 Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781728112688 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) enables users to gather and analyze data from a large number of devices. Knowledge obtained by these systems is valuable in order to understand, control, and enhance the monitored process. The mass of information to process leads however to new challenges related to required resources for both data processing and data transportation. Two critical metrics are latency and consumed energy to complete a given task. Both metrics might be exceed if all processing is done locally at the sensor device level. Cloud and Fog computing concepts can help to mitigate this effect. However, using such offloading concepts add complexity and overhead to the system. In this paper, we study the latency for processing and communication tasks in a distributed IoT systems with respect to cloud or fog offloading and derive characteristic cost functions for the studied tasks. Our results give valuable insights into the tradeoffs and constraint within our example scenario. The developed characterization methodology can however be applied to any kind of IoT system and thus allowing more general analysis.
28.	Thim, Jan, et al. (författare) X-ray imaging of high velocity moving objects by scanning summation using a single photon processing system 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : IOP. - 1748-0221. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract X-ray imaging has been used extensively in the manufacturing industry. In the paper and paperboard industry X-ray imaging has been used for measuring parameters such as coat weight, using mean values of X-ray absorption inline in the manufacturing machines. Recently, an interest has surfaced to image paperboard coating with pixel resolved images showing material distribution in the coating on the paperboard, and to do this inline in the paper machine. Naturally, imaging with pixel resolution in an application where the paperboard web travels with velocities in the order on 10 m/s sets harsh demands on the X-ray source and the detector system to be used. This paper presents a scanning imaging method for single photon imaging systems that lower the demands on the source flux by hundreds of times, enabling a system to be developed for high velocity industrial measurement applications. The paper presents the imaging method, a discussion of system limitations, simulations and real measurements in a laboratory environment with a moving test object of low velocity, all to verify the potential and limits of the proposed method.

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