| 1. |
- Göransson, Lisa, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Linkages between demand-side management and congestion in the European electricity transmission system
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 69, s. 860-872
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluate the possibility to reduce congestion in the transmission grid through large-scale implementation of demand-side management (DSM) in the form of load shifting for the EU-27 countries, Norway, and Switzerland for Year 2020. A linear, cost-minimising, dispatch model that includes a DC load-flow description of the transmission system and a general representation of load shifting is used. It is assumed that the EU Member States fulfil the targets for Year 2020 in their national renewable energy action plans. In the model calculations, a reference case without load shifting is compared with cases in which the load shifting is 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% of the load. The possibility to shift load in time is added exogenously and economic incentives for DSM are not evaluated. Three types of congestion are identified: peak-load-hour congestion, low-load-hour congestion and all-hour congestion. Peak-load-hour congestion is reduced as the DSM share of the load increases, whereas low-load-hour congestion, which is typically associated with a high level of wind generation, persists at all the DSM penetration levels investigated. We show that all-hour congestion occurs between systems that have large differences in supply structure, and that the impact of DSM on all-hour congestion is low. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges to integrate CCS into low carbon electricity markets
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 63, s. 7485-7493
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Published by Elsevier Ltd. This paper discusses challenges for integration of CCS into competitive electricity markets by using the European electricity supply system as an example. The work is based on techno-economic modelling of the European electricity generation sector up to Year 2050, assuming a tightening cap on CO2 emissions down to almost no emissions by 2050. It is concluded that natural gas fired conventional power plants is likely to be a serious competitor to coal CCS in the short to medium term providing large emission reduction by fuel shifting from existing coal power plants to new high efficiency gas fired plants. This can be a barrier for early deployment of CCS without additional support. It is also concluded that for regions with large amount of intermittent electricity generation, short term balance in generation will impose challenges to handle CCS plants in relation to load following requirements. Yet, there are regions with good availability of coal combined with unfavorable conditions for wind power, for which CCS can operate in typical base load.
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| 3. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
The importance of CO2 capture and storage: A geopolitical discussion
- 2012
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Ingår i: Thermal Science. - 0354-9836. ; 16:3, s. 655-668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology is since more than ten years considered one of the key options for the future climate change mitigation. This paper discusses the implications for the further development of CCS, particularly with respect to climate change policy in an international geopolitics context. The rationale for developing CCS should be the over-abundance of fossil fuel reserves (and resources) in a climate change context. From a geopolitical point, it can be argued that the most important outcome from the successful commercialisation of CCS will be that fossil fuel-dependent economies with large fossil fuel resources will find it easier to comply with stringent greenhouse gas reduction targets (i. e. to attach a price to CO2 emissions). This should be of great importance since, from a geopolitical view, the curbing on greenhouse gas emissions cannot be isolated from security of supply and economic competition between regions. Thus, successful application of CCS may moderate geopolitical risks related to regional differences in the possibilities and thereby willingness to comply with large emission cuts. In Europe, application of CCS will enhance security of supply by fuel diversification from continued use of coal, especially domestic lignite. Introduction of CCS will also make possible negative emissions when using biomass as a fuel, i. e. in so called Biomass Energy CCS (BECCS). Yet, the development of BECCS relies on the successful development of fossil fuelled CCS since BECCS in itself is unlikely to be sufficient for establishing a cost efficient CCS infrastructure for transport and storage and because BECCS does not solve the problem with the abundant resources of fossil fuels. Results from research and development of capture, transport and storage of CO2 indicate that the barriers for commercialization of CC'S should not be technical. Instead, the main barriers for implementation of CCS seem to be how to reach public acceptance, to reduce cost and to establish a high enough price on CO2 emissions. Failure to implement CCS will require that the global community, including Europe, agrees to almost immediately to start phasing out the use of fossil fuels, an agreement which seems rather unlikely, especially considering the abundant coal reserves in developing economies such as China and India.
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| 4. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
The importance of CO2 Capture and Storage - a geopolitical discussion
- 2011
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Ingår i: The 6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology is now considered to be one of the key options for climate change mitigation. This paper discusses the implications for the further development of CCS, particularly with respect to climate change policy in an international geopolitics context.The rationale for developing CCS should be the over-abundance of fossil fuel reserves (and resources) in a climate change context. From a geopolitical point, it can be argued that the most important outcome from the successful commercialisation of CCS will be that fossil fuel-dependent economies will find it easier to comply with stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets (i.e. to attach a price to CO2 emissions). This should be of great importance since, from a geopolitical view, the curbing on GHG emissions cannot be isolated from security of supply and economic competition between regions. Thus, successful application of CCS may moderate geopolitical risks related to regional differences in the possibilities and thereby willingness to comply with large emission cuts. In Europe, application of CCS will enhance security of supply by fuel diversification from continued use of coal, especially domestic lignite. In contrast, failure to implement CCS will require that the global community, including Europe, agrees to almost immediately to start phasing out the use of fossil fuels, an agreement which seems rather unlikely, especially considering the abundant coal reserves in developing economies such as China and India.
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| 5. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the potential for CCS in the European pulp and paper industry
- 2013
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries 2013. - 9789198097320 ; , s. 81-91
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Pulp and Paper Industry (PPI), like other energy-intensive industry branches, is suitable for implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) since they have large on-site emissions of CO2 and usually also excess heat available which can be utilised in the capture process. Further, since a large share of the CO2 emissions associated with the European PPI originates from biomass, if CCS is implemented the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere can be further reduced in com- parison to implementing CCS only on fossil emission sources, i.e. provided the biomass is grown in a sustainable way. This fact makes CCS within the European PPI an interesting alternative.1 This chapter assumes that world governments adopt policy measures that stimulate significant CO2 reductions and the purpose of this chapter is to discuss CCS as an option for the PPI to significantly reduce its CO2 emissions. The chapter gives an introduction to CCS in general and CCS in the PPI in particular. Some main opportunities and challenges are presented and discussed and an example of the potential for CCS in the European PPI is presented. The chapter ends with a list of main conclusions.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a methodology to analyze the geographical distribution of CCS plants and ramp-up of CO2-flow over time
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 63, s. 6871-6877
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of large scale CO2 transport systems will obviously depend on geographical distribution of CCS installations and CO2 volumes over time and their location relative to appropriate storage sites with sufficient injectivity. However, installation of CCS at any facility is likely to be based on company specific planning and company specific strategies with the risk that there will be a considerable geographical spread of such installations over time leading to several small scale and single source-sink transport systems which will be more costly, affect the surroundings more and potentially also lead to increased local opposition to CCS. Additionally, such a development is also likely to require longer overall lead times since each system will have to be treated individually by for instance permitting authorities. This paper presents a methodology to distribute capture installations and captured volumes geographically over time in order to identify, analyze and visualize potential problems related to large scale build-up of CCS installations within Europe.
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| 8. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling large-scale CCS development in Europe linking technoeconomic modelling to transport infrastructure
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 37, s. 2941-2948
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper a studies the potential lay-out of CCS infrastructure in Europe, by combining techno-economic modelling of Europs's electricity sector with a detailed modelling and analysis of a CO2 transport infrastructure. First, the electricity sector is described using the Chalmers Electricity Investment Model, which, for each EU member state, yields the technology mix including CCS - until the year 2050. The model gives the lowest system cost under a given CO2 emission reduction target. Thus, the model gives the annual flows of CO2 being captured by country and fuel. Secondly, these flows are used as input to InfraCCS, a cost optimization tool for bulk CO2 pipelines. Finally, the results from InfraCCS are applied along with Chalmers databases on power plants and CO2 storage sites to design the development over time of a detailed CO2 transport network across Europe considering the spatial distribution of power plants and storage locations. Two scenarios are studied: with and without onshore aquifer storage. The work shows that the spatial distribution of capture plants over time along with individual reservoir storage capacity and injectivity are key factors determining routing and timing of the pipeline network. The results of this work imply that uncertainties in timing for installation of capture equipment in combination with uncertainties related to accurate data on storage capacity and injectivity on reservoir level risk to seriously limit the build-up of large-scale pan-European CO2 transportation networks. The study gives that transport cost will more than double if aquifer storage is restricted to offshore reservoirs. Thus, it is found that the total investments for the pan-European pipeline system is € 31 billion.when storage in onshore aquifers is allowed and € 72 billion. if aquifer storage is restricted to offshore reservoirs with corresponding specific cost of € 5.1 to € 12.2 CO2 transported.
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| 9. |
- Odenberger, Mikael, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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CCS in the European electricity supply system - Assessment of national conditions to meet common EU targets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 4, s. 5869-5876
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates how the European electricity generation system can meet deep cuts in CO2 emissions until the year 2050 with special focus on national conditions for CCS. An 85% reduction in CO2 emissions until 2050 is imposed. The analysis is carried out with a techno-economic model (minimizing the system cost) including a detailed description of the present stationary European electricity generation system (power plants) and potential CO2 storage sites as obtained from the Chalmers Energy Infrastructure Database. The modeling puts a cap on CO 2 emissions from the system which gives a price on these emissions, i.e. similar to the effect of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS), which is the main policy instrument for controlling GHG emissions within EU. Emphasize is put on analyzing turn-over in capital stock of the existing power plant infrastructure, timing of investments and the infrastructural implications of large scale introduction of CCS on a regional perspective, including the effect of investing in new transmission capacity between member states. The work compares two scenarios, one used in a previous work with significant growth in electricity consumption and one assuming that energy efficiency measures are successfully applied in line with the recent EU energy policy package. The results show that it is possible to meet an 85% CO2 reduction target by 2050 at a cost of some 50 to 80€/ton CO2 over the period up to 2050, but this will require large contributions from CCS and electricity from renewable sources (mainly wind and biomass). Yet, without significant energy efficiency measures it is questionable if such large investments in generation technologies are feasible. Thus, to reach an 85% reduction in CO2 emissions from the electricity generation system by 2050 is not a matter of choice between different technologies and energy efficiency measures but all of these are required and the crucial point is if there will be a high enough price on CO2 emissions.
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| 10. |
- Odenberger, Mikael, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways for the European electricity supply system to 2050—The role of CCS to meet stringent CO2 reduction targets
- 2010
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 4:2, s. 327-340
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the role of CCS technologies as part of a portfolio for reducing CO2 emissions fromthe European electricity supply system until the year 2050. The analysis is carried out with the aid of atechno-economic model (with the objective to minimize the total system cost) including a detaileddescription of the present stationary European electricity supply system (power plants) and potentialCO2 storage sites as obtained from the Chalmers Energy Infrastructure databases. The ability of differentEU Member States and regions to facilitate and to benefit from CCS will most likely depend on localconditions in terms of current energy mix, fuel supply chains and distance to suitable storage locations.Special emphasis is therefore put on analyzing turn-over in capital stock of the existing power plantinfrastructure, timing of investments and the infrastructural implications of large scale introduction ofCCS on a regional perspective. The paper discusses the role of and the requirements on CCS for meetingstrict CO2 emission reduction targets of 85% reduction from power generation by 2050 relative 1990emissions in three different scenarios. All analysed scenarios apply the same cap on CO2 emissions. Thefirst scenario includes a continued growth in electricity demand (as presented in EU base-lineprojections). The second scenario includes stated EU targets for 2020 and indicative targets for 2050 withrespect to increased energy efficiency, and thus, considers a lower growth in electricity demandcompared to the base-line. The third scenario includes EU targets (to 2020 and indicative targets to 2050)on energy efficiency, equal to the second scenario, and EU targets of electricity from renewables.The results show that it is possible for the European electricity generation system to meet an 85% CO2reduction target by 2050 with a potentially large contribution from CCS. Up to 50% of the electricitygeneration will come from plants with CCS with a peak capture estimated to 1.8 GtCO2 per year andcumulative CO2 capture of about 39 GtCO2 between 2020 and 2050 (it is assumed that CCS will becommercially available from 2020). As expected, countries which currently have high carbon intensityand which are located nearby suitable storage sites will benefit the most from CCS implementation.Hence, the results suggest that Italy has the largest demand for CCS with annual peak capture at around0.5 GtCO2 in the base-line scenario. The model results indicate a steep ramp-up of CCS post-2020, whichimposes challenges for timely investments in corresponding CCS infrastructure including transportationand storage. A continued growth in electricity demand can lead to demand for CCS to such extent (in thebase-line capacity build up is about 300 GW of CCS between 2020 and 2050) that the actual penetrationlevel could be limited by fuelmarkets and power industries’ ability to supply fuel and CCS power plants.
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| 11. |
- Odenberger, Mikael, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
Prospects for CCS in the EU energy roadmap to 2050
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 37, s. 7573-7581
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to estimate the prospects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the European electricity supply system taking into account possible forthcoming policy based on the recent EU Energy Roadmap communication, which suggests a 93 to 99% reduction in CO2 emissions relative 1990 levels from the electricity sector by the year 2050. Furthermore, the effect of whether or not onshore storage will be accepted is investigated. The work is based on techno-economic modeling of the European electricity generation sector under different assumptions (scenarios) of the future with respect to electricity demand and fuel prices. The results indicate that the contribution from CCS on a member state level depends on local conditions, e.g., access to local fuels like lignite, and whether or not onshore storage will be allowed. Excluding on-shore storage in aquifers, the modeling results give that CCS is centralized around the North Sea. Natural gas fired conventional power plants is likely to be a serious competitor to coal CCS in the short to medium term providing large emission reduction opportunities by fuel shifting from existing coal power plants to new high efficient gas fired combined cycles. Such development can be a barrier for early deployment of CCS, and hence, result in a delay in commercialization of CCS. The scenarios presented in the Energy Roadmap prescribe power systems almost without net CO2 emissions by 2050, which implies that CCS technologies by the year 2050 must be of a zero-emission type. The modeling presented here indicates in general a large increase in technologies with low CO2 emissions, renewables as well as a significant contribution from CCS technologies, where CCS in the investigated scenarios have the potential to contribute as much as 25-35% of total electricity generation at around year 2050.
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| 12. |
-
Perspektiv på förnybar el 2014
- 2014
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- MÖJLIGHETER OCH UTMANINGAR MED PRODUKTION OCHANVÄNDNING AV EL FRÅN FÖRNYBARA ENERGIKÄLLOREl driver en ökande mängd mänskliga aktiviteter och har utvecklats till industrisamhälletslivsnerv. Trots energieffektiviserande åtgärder kommer den globala efterfråganpå elkraft sannolikt att fortsätta att växa i årtionden framöver. I sig är el enren och lättanvänd energibärare, men produktionen av elenergi från icke-förnybaraenergikällor leder till klimatförändringar och miljöproblem och skapar inte sällansociala och politiska dilemman. En radikal omställning till förnybar elkraft är därförönskvärd.Omställningen till förnybar elenergi är dock inte problemfri. Det finns många frågorsom kräver svar: Finns det tillräckligt med förnybar energi för att ersätta alla ickeförnybaraenergikällor? Vilken miljöpåverkan har produktion och användning av nyatyper av kraftverk? Hur balanseras tillgång och efterfrågan när solen inte lyser ochvinden inte blåser? Vad krävs av beslutsfattare och investerare för att en storskaligexpansion av den nya tekniken skall komma till stånd och hur genomförs förändringom etablerade maktstrukturer hotas av det nya som vill in?Det saknas slutgiltiga svar på dessa och andra viktiga frågor. Men om vi studerarförnybar el från olika perspektiv kan vi berika bilden, döda myter, klargöra konflikteroch fördjupa förståelsen.
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| 13. |
- Reichenberg, Lina, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Dampening variaiton in the Northern European Wind ENergy Output
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings 11th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The limit to dampen the variation in the output of the wind energy in the Nordic countries and Germany was investigated using meteorological wind speed data. Data from 2009 was used and tests were performed on data from 2006-2008. The results show that the variation in aggregated wind power output can be significantly lowered from finding an optimal allocation. For the data used in this work, the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) was 0.50 for the optimized aggregation of sites, compared to 0.75 for the present day installation. Thus, such an optimal allocation may result in less need for dispatch and other measures to deal with the intermittency of wind power.
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| 14. |
- Reichenberg, Lina, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Dampening variations in wind power generation-the effect of optimizing geographic location of generating sites
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Wind Energy. - : Wiley. - 1099-1824 .- 1095-4244. ; 17:11, s. 1631-1643
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a method to dampen the variations in the output of aggregated wind power through geographic allocation of wind power generation sites. The method, which is based on the sequential optimization of site localization, is applied to the Nordic countries and Germany, using meteorologic wind speed data as the input. The results show that the variability in aggregated wind power output mitigates by applying sequential optimization. For the data used in this work, the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) was 0.54 for the optimized aggregation of sites, as compared with 0.91 for the present day installation. An optimal allocation of wind power generation site reduces the need for dispatch and other measures to deal with the intermittent nature of wind power.
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| 15. |
- Reichenberg, Lina, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Large scale integration of wind power – influence of geographical allocation
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal. - : AEDERMACP (European Association for the Development of Renewable Energies and Power Quality). - 2172-038X. ; 1:9, s. 1344-1349
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the influence of geographical allocation of wind power generation in Northern Europe, assuming large scale integration of wind power. The work applies a linear cost optimization model of the heat and power sector with a 1-hour time resolution. The model minimizes the sum of running costs to meet the heat and power demand and the wind power and transmission investment costs. Wind data are taken from modelled wind speed data from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. The Nordic countries and Germany were divided into regions and the 200 sites with the highest yearly output were chosen to represent the region. The model gives the most favourable distribution of wind power between the regions. In addition, the paper provides an assessment of the effect of geographical distribution of wind power with respect to influence on the aggregated wind power production (only considering the wind power generation itself). The modelling results show that the largest investments in wind power are made in the windy region of Southern Norway. However, depending on the cost of transmission allocating wind power near large load centers in Germany may also be favourable. As for the assessment of distribution of wind power, the wind data gives that if the 400 best sites in Europe were used, this would result in a capacity factor of 38.5% and a lowest output of 2.5 % of rated power (applying 2009 wind data).
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| 16. |
- Reichenberg, Lina, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Maximizing Value of Wind Power Allocation: a Multi-objective Optimization approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings 11th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The trade-off between average output and standard deviation of the aggregated wind power output in Europe was investigated using a multi-objective optimization approach. By varying the allocation of wind power to different regions in Europe and aggregating the output, emphasis can be shifted between variability and average output. In the optimization, the objective of minimizing standard deviation is related to maximizing the aggregated capacity factor. A case where the capacity of wind power was five times the present installation was investigated. It was found, that the standard deviation of the aggregated output for the optimal aggregations range between 8.1 % and 19.5 % with a corresponding range in average output between 18.4 % and 37.3 %.
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