| 1. |
- Goop, Joel, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of electricity market feedback on investments in solar photovoltaic and battery systems in Swedish single-family dwellings
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 163, s. 1078-1091
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The profitability of investments in photovoltaics (PVs) and batteries in private households depends on the market price of electricity, which in turn is affected by the investments made in and the usage of PVs and batteries. This creates a feedback mechanism between the centralised electricity generation system, and household investments in PVs and batteries. To investigate this feedback effect, we connect a local optimisation model for household investments with a European power generation dispatch model. The local optimisation is based on the consumption profiles measured for 2104 Swedish households. The modelling compares three different scenarios for the centralised electricity supply system in Year 2032, as well as several sensitivity cases. Our results show total investment levels of 5–20 GWp of PV and 0.01–10 GWh of battery storage capacity in Swedish households in the investigated cases. These levels are up to 33% lower than before market feedback is taken into account. The profitability of PV investments is affected most by the price of electricity and the assumptions made regarding grid tariffs and taxes. The value of investments in batteries depends on both the benefits of increased self-consumption of PV electricity and market arbitrage.
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| 2. |
- Gudmunds, D., et al.
(författare)
-
Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle
- 2020
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Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 148:April, s. 1200-1215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to analyse how electric vehicles (EVs) affect the levels of electricity self-consumption and self-sufficiency in households that have in-house electricity generation from solar photovoltaics (PV). A model of the household electricity system was developed, in which real-time measurements of household electricity consumption and vehicle driving, together with modelled PV generation were used as inputs. The results show that using an EV for storage of in-house-generated PV electricity has the potential to achieve the same levels of self-consumption and self-sufficiency for households as could be obtained using a stationary battery. As an example, the level of self-sufficiency (21.4%) obtained for the households, with a median installed PV capacity of 8.7 kWp, was the same with an EV as with a stationary battery with a median capacity of 2.9 kWh. However, substantial variations (up to 50% points) were noted between households, primarily reflecting driving profiles.
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| 3. |
- Hartvigsson, Elias, 1986, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison and Analysis of GPS Measured Electric Vehicle Charging Demand: The Case of Western Sweden and Seattle
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrification of transportation using electric vehicles has a large potential to reduce transport related emissions but could potentially cause issues in generation and distribution of electricity. This study uses GPS measured driving patterns from conventional gasoline and diesel cars in western Sweden and Seattle, United States, to estimate and analyze expected charging coincidence assuming these driving patterns were the same for electric vehicles. The results show that the electric vehicle charging power demand in western Sweden and Seattle is 50–183% higher compared to studies that were relying on national household travel surveys in Sweden and United States. The after-coincidence charging power demand from GPS measured driving behavior converges at 1.8 kW or lower for Sweden and at 2.1 kW or lower for the United States The results show that nominal charging power has the largest impact on after-coincidence charging power demand, followed by the vehicle’s electricity consumption and lastly the charging location. We also find that the reduction in charging demand, when charging is moved in time, is largest for few vehicles and reduces as the number of vehicles increase. Our results are important when analyzing the impact from large scale introduction of electric vehicles on electricity distribution and generation.
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| 4. |
- Hartvigsson, Elias, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Dataset for generating synthetic residential low-voltage grids in Sweden, Germany and the UK
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Data in Brief. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-3409. ; 36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assessing grid capacity on national and local levels is important in order to formulate renewable energy targets, calculate integration costs of distributed generation (such as residential solar PV and electric vehicles). Currently, 70–96% of the residential solar PV installations in Germany and Italy are found in the low-voltage grid. Previous grid assessments have relied on grid data from individual low-voltage grids, making them limited to a few cases. This article presents synthetic low-voltage grid data from a reference network model. The reference network model generates synthetic low-voltage grids using publicly available data and national regulations and standards. In addition, the article presents data of residential solar photovoltaic hosting capacity in low-voltage grids. The datasets are high-resolution (1 × 1 km) and contains data on electricity peak demand, share of population living in apartments and important grid metrics such as transformer capacity, maximum feeder length and estimations of residential solar photovoltaic hosting capacity. Datasets on grid components are rare and the dataset can be used to assess grid impacts from other residential end-use technologies, and function as baseline for other reference network models.
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| 5. |
- Hartvigsson, Elias, 1986, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimating national and local low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar photovoltaic in Sweden, UK and Germany
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 171, s. 915-926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electric grid's available capacity to accommodate solar photovoltaic on national scales is currently uncertain. This makes decisions about grid capacity expansion, which can be very costly for local grid operators, difficult to make. Yet, knowledge of national solar photovoltaic grid capacity is central in order to formulate realistic solar PV targets and strategies. We present a methodology based on publicly available data to estimate the grid's hosting capacity of residential solar photovoltaic at both the national and local scale. The model is applied to Sweden, Germany and the UK and shows that low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar photovoltaic is very large, 33 (+5/-7) GW (Sweden), 248 (+5/-24) GW (Germany) and 63 (+1/-14) GW UK, and similar to current total generation capacity. Based on our estimations, we find that with the capacity of the present grid Sweden can supply 24%, Germany 60% and UK 21% of their current annual net electricity consumption from residential solar photovoltaic. In addition, we find that the grid-supported individual solar PV system sizes increase as population density decreases. Finally, our work highlights the importance of implementing sizing incentives for customers when installing their solar PV systems.
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| 6. |
- Hartvigsson, Elias, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Generating low-voltage grid proxies in order to estimate grid capacity for residential end-use technologies: The case of residential solar PV
- 2021
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Ingår i: MethodsX. - : Elsevier BV. - 2215-0161. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to data restrictions and power system complexity issues, it is difficult to estimate grid capacity for solar PV on regional or national scales. We here present a novel method for estimating low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar PV using publicly available data. High-resolution GIS data on demographics and dwelling dynamics is used to generate theoretical low-voltage grids. Simplified power system calculations are performed on the generated low-voltage grids to estimate residential solar PV capacity with a high temporal resolution. The method utilizes previous developments in reference network modelling and solar PV hosting capacity assessments. The method is demonstrated using datasets from Sweden, UK and Germany. Even though the method is designed to estimate residential solar PV grid capacity, the first block of the method can be utilized to estimate grid capacity or impacts from other residential end-use technologies, such as electric heating or electric vehicle charging. This method presents: • A method for estimating peak demand based on population density and dwelling type. • Generation of low-voltage grids based on peak demand. • Sizing of transformers and cables based on national low-voltage regulations and standards.
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| 7. |
- Heinisch, Verena, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Smart electric vehicle charging strategies for sectoral coupling in a city energy system
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 288
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decarbonization of city energy systems plays an important role to meet climate targets. We examine the consequences of integrating electric cars and buses into the city energy system (60% of private cars and 100% of public buses), using three different charging strategies in a modelling tool that considers local generation and storage of electricity and heat, electricity import to the city, and investments to achieve net-zero emissions from local electricity and heating in 2050. We find that up to 85% of the demand for the charging of electric cars is flexible and that smart charging strategies can facilitate 62% solar PV in the charging electricity mix, compared to 24% when cars are charged directly when parked. Electric buses are less flexible, but the timing of charging enables up to 32% to be supplied by solar PV. The benefit from smart charging to the city energy system can be exploited when charging is aligned with the local value of electricity in the city. Smart charging for cars reduces the need for investments in stationary batteries and peak units in the city electricity and heating sectors. Thus, our results point to the importance of sectoral coupling to exploit flexibility options in the city electricity, district heating and transport sectors.
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| 8. |
- Heinisch, Verena, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of limited electricity connection capacity on energy transitions in cities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Smart Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-9552. ; 3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the impacts of the connection capacity for electricity transfer between a city and a regional energy system on the design and operation of both systems. The city energy system is represented by the aggregate energy demand of three cities in southern Sweden, and the regional energy system is represented by Swedish electricity price area SE3. We minimize the investment and running costs in the electricity and district heating sectors, considering different levels of connection capacity between the city and the regional energy systems; connection capacities equal to 100%, 75%, 50% and 0% of the maximum city electricity demand. We find that a system design with 50% connection capacity is only 3% more expensive in terms of total costs than a system with 100% connection capacity. However, shifting electricity generation capacity from the regional to the city energy system with 50%, as compared to 100%, connection capacity leads to a higher marginal cost for electricity in the city than in the region. With the highest connection capacities, 75% and 100%, the district heating sector in the city can support wind power integration in the regional energy system by means of power-to-heat operation. Modeling systems with different connection capacities makes our results applicable to other fast-growing cities with potential to increase local electricity production and sector coupling between the electricity, district heating and electrified transport sectors.
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| 9. |
- Ingvarsson, Simon, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
The chemical pulp mill as a flexible prosumer of electricity
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management: X. - 2590-1745. ; 20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical pulp mills act as industrial-scale prosumers of energy, in that they demand heat and electricity for the production processes while supplying heat and electricity from the combustion of by-products. As such, they have potential relevance as providers of flexibility to the electricity system, supporting the integration of variable renewable electricity generation. In this study, a novel dispatch optimisation model is presented and applied to a generic mill, covering the production processes, boilers, and turbines, together with the associated storage of intermediate products. We analyse the trade in electricity between the mill and the central grid, the economic value of pulp mill flexibility, and the internal dynamics of the mill, when flexibility measures in different parts of the mill are combined. The results show that the suggested flexibility measures increase the amount of sold electricity during high-value hours and reduce the amount of sold electricity during low-value hours. In the present electricity market, the value of the electricity traded with the central grid is, thereby, increased by 1–8% compared to steady-state operation, without impacting the pulp production volume. The results reveal both synergies and conflicts between the different flexibility measures, underlining the importance of mill-wide optimisation.
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| 10. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Buildings and transport infrastructure
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the supply chains of buildings and transportation infrastructure. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 11. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Cement industry
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the primary production of cement. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 12. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Roadmap for climate transition of the building and construction industry – a supply chain analysis including primary production of steel and cement
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7987 .- 2001-7979. ; 2020-September, s. 67-77
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has, in line with the Paris agreement, committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2045. Emissions arising from manufacturing, transporting and processing of construction materials to buildings and infrastructure account for approximately one fifth of Sweden’s annual CO2 emissions. This work provides a roadmap with an analysis of different pathways of technological developments in the supply chains of the buildings and construction industry, including primary production of steel and cement. By matching short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions, these pathways make it possible to identify key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analysis methods, including scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the assessment process. The roadmap outline material and energy flows associated with different technical and strategical choices and explores interlink-ages and interactions across sectors. The results show that it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions associated with construction of buildings and transport infrastructure by 50 % to 2030 and reach close to zero emissions by 2045, while indicating that strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, CCS and zero CO2 electricity may have different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time. The results also illustrate the importance of intensifying efforts to identify and manage both soft (organisation, knowledge sharing, competence) and hard (technology and costs) barriers and the importance of both acting now by implementing available measures (e.g. material efficiency and material/fuel substitution measures) and actively planning for long-term measures (low-CO2 steel or cement). Unlocking the full potential of the range of emission abatement measures will require not only technological innovation but also innovations in the policy arena and efforts to develop new ways of cooperating, coordinating and sharing information between actors.
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| 13. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Roadmap for Decarbonization of the Building and Construction Industry - A Supply Chain Analysis Including Primary Production of Steel and Cement
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 13:16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to net-zero by 2045. Around 20% of Sweden's annual CO(2)emissions arise from manufacturing, transporting, and processing of construction materials for construction and refurbishment of buildings and infrastructure. In this study, material and energy flows for building and transport infrastructure construction is outlined, together with a roadmap detailing how the flows change depending on different technical and strategical choices. By matching short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions, these pathways make it possible to identify key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals, and lock-in effects. The results show that it is possible to reduce CO(2)emissions associated with construction of buildings and transport infrastructure by 50% to 2030 applying already available measures, and reach close to zero emissions by 2045, while indicating that strategic choices with respect to process technologies and energy carriers may have different implications on energy use and CO(2)emissions over time. The results also illustrate the importance of intensifying efforts to identify and manage both soft and hard barriers and the importance of simultaneously acting now by implementing available measures (e.g., material efficiency and material/fuel substitution measures), while actively planning for long-term measures (low-CO(2)steel or cement).
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| 14. |
- Karlsson, Sebastian, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the development of a carbon capture and transportation infrastructure for Swedish industry
- 2023
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836. ; 124
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents and applies a mixed integer programming (MIP) optimization model that minimizes the net present costs for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) systems for cases with defined emissions costs and/or capture targets. The model covers capture from existing large point sources of CO2 emissions in Sweden, liquefaction, intermediate storage and transportation using trucks to hubs on the coast, followed by ship transport to a storage location (excluding storage cost). The results show that the capture and transportation infrastructure, in terms of both the sites chosen for capture and the associated transportation setup, differs depending on whether the system is incentivized to capture biogenic or fossil CO2, or both. Waste-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants are only chosen for capture at scale when biogenic capture targets and fossil emissions costs are combined, since the emissions from these sites comprise a combination of biogenic and fossil CO2. The value for the system in mitigating the costs from fossil CO2 emissions exceeds the increased cost of BECCS at waste-fired CHPs compared to larger pulp mills given the fossil emissions cost development assumed in this work. Although the cost for capture and liquefaction dominates the total cost of the CCS system, it is not the only factor determining the choice of sites for capture. Proximity to transport hubs with short offshore transportation distances to the final storage location is also an important factor. For the transportation infrastructure, it is shown that the cost for ships is the main cost driver.
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| 15. |
- Lehtveer, Mariliis, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Actuating the European Energy System Transition: Indicators for Translating Energy Systems Modelling Results into Policy-Making
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs; 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems; and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators.
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| 16. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Balancing investments in building energy conservation measures with investments in district heating – A Swedish case study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 226
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the cost-optimal mix of reduction in the space heating (SH) demand in buildings, achieved through investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs), and investments in the local district heating (DH) system. The work includes three modeling scenarios, which differ with respect to SH demand reduction targets (no supply side targets) for buildings: without a target (only fuel price drives demand reduction); with a total demand reduction (for the building stock); and with a specific demand reduction (to reach a specific kWh/(m2∙y) value for individual buildings). Special emphasis is placed on the choice of ECMs in buildings. For the scenario without a target for SH demand reduction, the least-cost option is a combination of investments in ECMs, heat generation and in storage technologies, yielding a SH demand reduction of 24% already by Year 2030, and thereafter a decrease of 28% up to Year 2050. The reductions are achieved mainly through investments in ventilation heat recovery systems and insulation of roofs. The scenarios that include SH demand reduction targets give similar demand reductions of about 60% by 2050, as compared to 2020. However, the investment cost for fulfilling the specific target scenario is higher than that for the total target scenario.
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| 17. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of demand response from buildings and centralized thermal energy storage on district heating systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainable Cities and Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-6707. ; 64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Author(s) Energy use for space heating is a substantial part of total energy end use and heating systems can offer some flexibility in time of use, which should be important in future energy systems to maintain balance between supply and demand. This work applies a techno-economic, integrated, demand-supply optimization model to investigate the combined effect of using demand-side flexibility from buildings, by allowing for indoor temperature deviations (both up- and downward from the set-point), and supply-side flexibility, by applying thermal energy storage (TES), on the operation of district heating (DH) systems. The results indicate that the potential for increased indoor temperature, i.e., demand response (DR), is concentrated to multi-family and non-residential buildings (heavy buildings with high time-constants), while the potential for downregulation of the temperature, i.e., operational energy savings, is utilized to a greater extent by single-family buildings (light buildings). It is also evident that the value of DR diminishes in the presence of a supply-side TES. We show that applying both the demand-side flexibility and a centralized TES is complementary from the heating system perspective in that it results in the lowest total space heating load of the buildings and the lowest running cost for the DH system.
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| 18. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale implementation of electric road systems: Associated costs and the impact on CO2 emissions
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1556-8318 .- 1556-8334. ; 14:8, s. 606-619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates a large-scale implementation of an electric road system (ERS) in Norway and Sweden by identifying: (i) which roads; (ii) how much of the road network; and (iii) which vehicle types are beneficial to electrify based on an analysis of current road traffic volumes, CO2 emissions mitigation potential, and infrastructure investment costs. All the European (E) and National (N) roads in Norway and Sweden were included, while assuming different degrees of electrification in terms of the fraction of the road length with an ERS, prioritizing roads with high-traffic loads. The results show that implementing an ERS already for 25% of the E- and N-road lengths could result in electrification of 70% of the traffic on these roads, as well as 35% of the total vehicle kilometers in Norway and Sweden. The ERS will then connect some of the larger cities with ERS. Installation of ERS on all the E- and N-roads in the two countries would cover more than 60% of the CO2 emissions from all heavy traffic assuming all vehicles run on electricity. For roads with an average daily traffic of >6800 and >1200 vehicles per day, the costs of infrastructure investment are ∼0.03 € 2016 per vkm and ∼0.15 € 2016 per vkm, respectively. Thereby, for roads with high traffic volumes using an ERS, the total driving cost per km using an ERS (0.23–0.55 € 2016 per vkm) does not seem to be an issue. Light vehicles appear to be important bringing down the ERS infrastructure cost.
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| 19. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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To Represent Electric Vehicles in Electricity Systems Modelling-Aggregated Vehicle Representation vs. Individual Driving Profiles
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 14:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study describes, applies, and compares three different approaches to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) in a cost-minimising electricity system investment model and a dispatch model. The approaches include both an aggregated vehicle representation and individual driving profiles of passenger EVs. The driving patterns of 426 randomly selected vehicles in Sweden were recorded between 30 and 73 days each and used as input to the electricity system model for the individual driving profiles. The main conclusion is that an aggregated vehicle representation gives similar results as when including individual driving profiles for most scenarios modelled. However, this study also concludes that it is important to represent the heterogeneity of individual driving profiles in electricity system optimisation models when: (i) charging infrastructure is limited to only the home location in regions with a high share of solar and wind power in the electricity system, and (ii) when addressing special research issues such as impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) on battery health status. An aggregated vehicle representation will, if the charging infrastructure is limited to only home location, over-estimate the V2G potential resulting in a higher share (up to 10 percentage points) of variable renewable electricity generation and an under-estimation of investments in both short- and long-term storage technologies.
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| 20. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways for Low-Carbon Transition of the Steel Industry-A Swedish Case Study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 13:15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of techno-economic pathways is used to investigate the potential implementation of CO(2)abatement measures over time towards zero-emission steelmaking in Sweden. The following mitigation measures are investigated and combined in three pathways: top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF); carbon capture and storage (CCS); substitution of pulverized coal injection (PCI) with biomass; hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DR); and electric arc furnace (EAF), where fossil fuels are replaced with biomass. The results show that CCS in combination with biomass substitution in the blast furnace and a replacement primary steel production plant with EAF with biomass (Pathway 1) yield CO(2)emission reductions of 83% in 2045 compared to CO(2)emissions with current steel process configurations. Electrification of the primary steel production in terms of H-DR/EAF process (Pathway 2), could result in almost fossil-free steel production, and Sweden could achieve a 10% reduction in total CO(2)emissions. Finally, (Pathway 3) we show that increased production of hot briquetted iron pellets (HBI), could lead to decarbonization of the steel industry outside Sweden, assuming that the exported HBI will be converted via EAF and the receiving country has a decarbonized power sector.
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| 21. |
- Walter, Viktor, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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Low-cost hydrogen in the future European electricity system – Enabled by flexibility in time and space
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates four factors that govern the ability to supply hydrogen at a low cost in Europe: the scale of the hydrogen demand; the possibility to invest in large-scale hydrogen storage; process flexibility in hydrogen-consuming industries; and the geographical areas in which hydrogen demand arises. The influence of the hydrogen demand on the future European zero-emission electricity system is investigated by applying the cost-minimising electricity system investment model eNODE to hydrogen demand levels in the range of 0–2,500 TWhH2. It is found that the majority of the future European hydrogen demand can be cost-effectively satisfied with VRE, assuming that the expansion of wind and solar power is not hindered by a lack of social acceptance, at a cost of around 60–70 EUR/MWhH2 (2.0–2.3 EUR/kgH2). The cost of hydrogen in Europe can be reduced by around 10 EUR/MWhH2 if the hydrogen consumption is positioned strategically in regions with good conditions for wind and solar power and a low electricity demand. The cost savings potential that can be obtained from full temporal flexibility of hydrogen consumption is 3-fold higher than that linked to strategic localisation of the hydrogen consumption. The cost of hydrogen per kg increases, and the value of flexibility diminishes, as the size of the hydrogen demand increases relative to the traditional demand for electricity and the available VRE resources. Low-cost hydrogen is, thus, achieved by implementing efficiency and flexibility measures for hydrogen consumers, as well as increasing acceptance of VRE.
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| 22. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines in future energy systems
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 47:1, s. 624-644
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogen is currently receiving attention as a possible cross-sectoral energy carrier with the potential to enable emission reductions in several sectors, including hard-to-abate sectors. In this work, a techno-economic optimization model is used to evaluate the competitiveness of time-shifting of electricity generation using electrolyzers, hydrogen storage and gas turbines fueled with hydrogen as part of the transition from the current electricity system to future electricity systems in Years 2030, 2040 and 2050. The model incorporates an emissions cap to ensure a gradual decline in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, targeting near-zero CO2 emissions by Year 2050, and this includes 15 European countries. The results show that hydrogen gas turbines have an important role to play in shifting electricity generation and providing capacity when carbon emissions are constrained to very low levels in Year 2050. The level of competitiveness is, however, considerably lower in energy systems that still allow significant levels of CO2 emissions, e.g., in Year 2030. For Years 2040 and 2050, the results indicate investments mainly in gas turbines that are partly fueled with hydrogen, with 30–77 vol.-% hydrogen in biogas, although some investments in exclusively hydrogen-fueled gas turbines are also envisioned. Both open cycle and combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) receive investments, and the operational patterns show that also CCGTs have a frequent cyclical operation, whereby most of the start-stop cycles are less than 20 h in duration.
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| 23. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The cost dynamics of hydrogen supply in future energy systems – A techno-economic study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims to investigate the time-resolved cost of electrolytic hydrogen in a future climate-neutral electricity system with high shares of variable renewable electricity generation in which hydrogen is used in the industry and transport sectors, as well as for time-shifting electricity generation. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model, which incorporates both exogenous (industry and transport) and endogenous (time-shifting of electricity generation) hydrogen demands, to elucidate the parameters that affect the cost of hydrogen. The results highlight that several parameters influence the cost of hydrogen. The strongest influential parameter is the cost of electricity. Also important are cost-optimal dimensioning of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage capacities, as these capacities during certain periods limit hydrogen production, thereby setting the marginal cost of hydrogen. Another decisive factor is the nature of the hydrogen demand, whereby flexibility in the hydrogen demand can reduce the cost of supplying hydrogen, given that the demand can be shifted in time. In addition, the modeling shows that time-shifting electricity generation via hydrogen production, with subsequent reconversion back to electricity, plays an important in the climate-neutral electricity system investigated, decreasing the average electricity cost by 2%–16%. Furthermore, as expected, the results show that the cost of hydrogen from an off-grid, island-mode-operated industry is more expensive than the cost of hydrogen from all scenarios with a fully interconnected electricity system.
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| 24. |
- Öberg, Simon, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The value of flexible fuel mixing in hydrogen-fueled gas turbines – A techno-economic study
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199. ; 47:74, s. 31684-31702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In electricity systems mainly supplied with variable renewable electricity (VRE), the variable generation must be balanced. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, combined with storage, has the ability to shift electricity generation in time and thereby support the electricity system. The aim of this work is to analyze the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines, including both open and combined cycles, with flexible fuel mixing of hydrogen and biomethane in zero-carbon emissions electricity systems. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model to future European electricity systems with high shares of VRE. The results show that the most competitive gas turbine option is a combined cycle configuration that is capable of handling up to 100% hydrogen, fed with various mixtures of hydrogen and biomethane. The results also indicate that the endogenously calculated hydrogen cost rarely exceeds 5 €/kgH2 when used in gas turbines, and that a hydrogen cost of 3–4 €/kgH2 is, for most of the scenarios investigated, competitive. Furthermore, the results show that hydrogen gas turbines are more competitive in wind-based energy systems, as compared to solar-based systems, in that the fluctuations of the electricity generation in the former are fewer, more irregular and of longer duration. Thus, it is the characteristics of an energy system, and not necessarily the cost of hydrogen, that determine the competitiveness of hydrogen gas turbines.
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