| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2014
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Ingår i: The European Physical Journal C. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6052. ; 74:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479 .- 1126-6708. ; :9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Aad, G, et al.
(författare)
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- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 113:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479 .- 1126-6708. ; :7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 13. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 14. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479 .- 1126-6708. ; :9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 16. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics, Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0550-3213 .- 1873-1562. ; 864:3, s. 341-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 17. |
- Mitra, Anaya, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic sugar intake dampens feeding-related activity of neurons synthesizing a satiety mediator, oxytocin
- 2010
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 31:7, s. 1346-1352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased tone of orexigens mediating reward occurs upon repeated consumption of sweet foods. Interestingly, some of these reward orexigens, such as opioids, diminish activity of neurons synthesizing oxytocin, a nonapeptide that promotes satiety and feeding termination. It is not known, however, whether consumption-related activity of the central oxytocin system is modified under chronic sugar feeding reward itself. Therefore, we examined how chronic consumption of a rewarding high-sucrose (HS) vs. bland cornstarch (CS) diet affected the activity of oxytocin cells in the hypothalamus at the time of meal termination. Schedule-fed (2h/day) rats received either a HS or CS powdered diet for 20 days. On the 21st day, they were given the same or the opposite diet, and food was removed after the main consummatory activity was completed. Animals were perfused 60 min after feeding termination and brains were immunostained for oxytocin and the marker of neuronal activity, c-Fos. The percentage of c-Fos-positive oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus was significantly lower in rats chronically exposed to the HS than to the CS diet, regardless of which diet they received on the final day. A similar pattern was observed in the supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the chronic rather than acute sucrose intake reduces activity of the anorexigenic oxytocin system. These findings indicate that chronic consumption of sugar blunts activity of pathways that mediate satiety. We speculate that a reduction in central satiety signaling precipitated by regular intake of foods high in sugar may lead to generalized overeating.
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| 18. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K, et al.
(författare)
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Central nociceptin/orphanin FQ system elevates food consumption by both increasing energy intake and reducing aversive responsiveness
- 2010
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6119 .- 1522-1490. ; 299:2, s. R655-R663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor ligand, increases feeding when injected centrally. Initial data suggest that N/OFQ blocks the development of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). The current project further characterized the involvement of N/OFQ in the regulation of hunger vs. aversive responses in rats by employing behavioral, immunohistochemical, and real-time PCR methodology. We determined that the same low dose of the NOP antagonist [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) delivered via the lateral ventricle diminishes both N/OFQ- and deprivation-induced feeding. This anorexigenic effect did not stem from aversive consequences, as the antagonist did not cause the development of a CTA. When [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) was administered with LiCl, it moderately delayed extinction of the LiCl-induced CTA. Injection of LiCl + antagonist compared with LiCl alone generated an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the central nucleus of the amygdala. The antagonist alone elevated Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Hypothalamic NOP mRNA levels were decreased during energy intake restriction induced by aversion, as well as in non-CTA rats food-restricted to match CTA-reduced consumption. Brain stem NOP was upregulated only in aversion. Prepro-N/OFQ mRNA showed a trend toward upregulation in restricted rats (P = 0.068). We conclude that the N/OFQ system promotes feeding by affecting the need to replenish lacking calories and by reducing aversive responsiveness. It may belong to mechanisms that shift a balance between the drive to ingest energy and avoidance of potentially tainted food.
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| 19. |
- Almén, Markus Sällman, et al.
(författare)
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The obesity gene, TMEM18, is of ancient origin, found in majority of neuronal cells in all major brain regions and associated with obesity in severely obese children
- 2010
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Ingår i: BMC Medical Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2350. ; 11, s. 58-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: TMEM18 is a hypothalamic gene that has recently been linked to obesity and BMI in genome wide association studies. However, the functional properties of TMEM18 are obscure. METHODS: The evolutionary history of TMEM18 was inferred using phylogenetic and bioinformatic methods. The gene's expression profile was investigated with real-time PCR in a panel of rat and mouse tissues and with immunohistochemistry in the mouse brain. Also, gene expression changes were analyzed in three feeding-related mouse models: food deprivation, reward and diet-induced increase in body weight. Finally, we genotyped 502 severely obese and 527 healthy Swedish children for two SNPs near TMEM18 (rs6548238 and rs756131). RESULTS: TMEM18 was found to be remarkably conserved and present in species that diverged from the human lineage over 1500 million years ago. The TMEM18 gene was widely expressed and detected in the majority of cells in all major brain regions, but was more abundant in neurons than other cell types. We found no significant changes in the hypothalamic and brainstem expression in the feeding-related mouse models. There was a strong association for two SNPs (rs6548238 and rs756131) of the TMEM18 locus with an increased risk for obesity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: We conclude that TMEM18 is involved in both adult and childhood obesity. It is one of the most conserved human obesity genes and it is found in the majority of all brain sites, including the hypothalamus and the brain stem, but it is not regulated in these regions in classical energy homeostatic models.
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| 20. |
- Alsiö, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Dopamine D1 receptor gene expression decreases in the nucleus accumbens upon long-term exposure to palatable food and differs depending on diet-induced obesity phenotype in rats
- 2010
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522 .- 1873-7544. ; 171:3, s. 779-787
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) mediates feeding reward; its activity reflects tastants' hedonic value. NAcc dopamine guides immediate responses to reward, however, its involvement in establishing long-term responses after a period of exposure to palatable foods has not been defined. Furthermore, reward-driven overeating propels weight increase, but the scale of weight gain depends on animals' obesity-prone (OP) or -resistant (OR) phenotype. It is unclear whether the NAcc dopamine response to palatable food depends on obesity susceptibility. We investigated the effect of unrestricted extended access to high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet on expression of genes encoding dopamine receptors in the NAcc of OP and OR rats. We examined persistence of HFHS diet-induced changes in D(1) and D(2) gene expression in OP and OR rats subjected to HFHS withdrawal (bland chow for 18 days). Effects of restricted access to HFHS by pair-feeding were also studied. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), we found that NAcc D(1) mRNA was downregulated after long-term HFHS access in OP vs. OR animals. The effect was also observed after 18 days of HFHS withdrawal. Furthermore, restricted HFHS led to downregulation of D(1) as well as of D(2) mRNA levels compared to chow-fed controls. A difference in the expression of mu opioid receptor in the NAcc was also detected between the OP and OR rats during access to palatable food but not after withdrawal. We conclude that exposure to HFHS diets has lasting consequences for the NAcc dopamine system, perhaps modifying the motivation to search for food reward. The fact that the NAcc D(1) expression changes in OP animals after long-term exposure to palatable food and that this effect extends well into the reward discontinuation phase, implicates the D(1) receptor in the propensity to overeat and, in effect, gain weight in obesity prone individuals.
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| 21. |
- Alsiö, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to a high-fat high-sugar diet causes strong up-regulation of proopiomelanocortin and differentially affects dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the brainstem of rats
- 2014
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Ingår i: Neuroscience Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 559, s. 18-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A strong link between obesity and dopamine (DA) has been established by studies associating body weight status to variants of genes related to DA signalling. Human and animal studies investigating this relationship have so far focused mainly on the role of DA within the mesolimbic pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate potential DA receptor dysregulation in the brainstem, where these receptors play a potential role in meal termination, during high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) exposure. Expression of other key genes, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC), was also analyzed. We randomized rats into three groups; ad libitum access to HFHS (n=24), restricted HFHS access (n=10), or controls (chow-fed, n=10). After 5 weeks, brainstem gene expression was investigated by qRT-PCR. We observed an increase in POMC expression in ad libitum HFHS-fed rats compared to chow-fed controls (p<0.05). Further, expression of DA D2 receptor mRNA was down-regulated in the brainstem of the HFHS ad libitum-fed rats (p<0.05), whereas expression of the DA D1 receptor was upregulated (p<0.05) in these animals compared to chow-fed rats. In control experiments, we observed no effect relative to chow-fed controls on DA-receptor or POMC gene expression in the hypothalamus of HFHS diet-exposed rats, or in the brainstem of acutely food deprived rats. The present findings suggest brainstem POMC to be responsive to palatable foods, and that DA dysregulation after access to energy-dense diets occurs not only in striatal regions, but also in the brainstem, which could be relevant for overeating and for the development and maintenance of obesity.
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| 22. |
- Alsiö, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Feed-forward mechanisms : Addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating
- 2012
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Ingår i: Frontiers in neuroendocrinology (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-3022 .- 1095-6808. ; 33:2, s. 127-139
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Food reward, not hunger, is the main driving force behind eating in the modern obesogenic environment. Palatable foods, generally calorie-dense and rich in sugar/fat, are thus readily overconsumed despite the resulting health consequences. Important advances have been made to explain mechanisms underlying excessive consumption as an immediate response to presentation of rewarding tastants. However, our understanding of long-term neural adaptations to food reward that oftentimes persist during even a prolonged absence of palatable food and contribute to the reinstatement of compulsive overeating of high-fat high-sugar diets, is much more limited. Here we discuss the evidence from animal and human studies for neural and molecular adaptations in both homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite regulation that may underlie the formation of a "feed-forward" system, sensitive to palatable food and propelling the individual from a basic preference for palatable diets to food craving and compulsive, addiction-like eating behavior.
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| 23. |
- Badiali, Luca, et al.
(författare)
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Adhesion GPCRs are widely expressed throughout the subsections of the gastrointestinal tract
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Gastroenterology. - 1471-230X. ; 12, s. 134-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest families of transmembrane receptors and the most common drug target. The Adhesion subfamily is the second largest one of GPCRs and its several members are known to mediate neural development and immune system functioning through cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The distribution of these receptors has not been characterized in detail in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here we present the first comprehensive anatomical profiling of mRNA expression of all 30 Adhesion GPCRs in the rat GI tract divided into twelve subsegments.METHODS: Using RT-qPCR, we studied the expression of Adhesion GPCRs in the esophagus, the corpus and antrum of the stomach, the proximal and distal parts of the duodenum, ileum, jejunum and colon, and the cecum.RESULTS: We found that twenty-one Adhesion GPCRs (70%) had a widespread (expressed in five or more segments) or ubiquitous (expressed in eleven or more segments) distribution, seven (23%) were restricted to a few segments of the GI tract and two were not expressed in any segment. Most notably, almost all Group III members were ubiquitously expressed, while the restricted expression was characteristic for the majority of group VII members, hinting at more specific/localized roles for some of these receptors.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the distribution of Adhesion GPCRs points to their important role in GI tract functioning and defines them as a potentially crucial target for pharmacological interventions.
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| 24. |
- Caruso, Vanni, et al.
(författare)
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Synaptic changes induced by melanocortin signalling
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Neuroscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-003X .- 1471-0048. ; 15:2, s. 98-110
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The melanocortin system has a well-established role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but there is growing evidence of its involvement in memory, nociception, mood disorders and addiction. In this Review, we focus on the role of the melanocortin 4 receptor and provide an integrative view of the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanocortin-induced changes in synaptic plasticity within these diverse physiological systems. We also highlight the importance of melanocortin peptides and receptors in chronic pain syndromes, memory impairments, depression and drug abuse, and the possibility of targeting them for therapeutic purposes.
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| 25. |
- Cedernaes, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Comprehensive analysis of localization of 78 solute carrier genes throughout the subsections of the rat gastrointestinal tract
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 411:4, s. 702-707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solute carriers (SLCs), the second largest super-family of membrane proteins in the human genome, transport amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, inorganic ions, essential metals and drugs over membranes. To date no study has provided a comprehensive analysis of SLC localization along the entire GI tract. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive, segment-specific description of the localization of SLC genes along the rat Cl tract by employing bioinformatics and molecular biology methods. The Unigene database was screened for rat SLC entries in the intestinal tissue. Using qPCR we measured expression of the annotated genes in the Cl tract divided into the following segments: the esophagus, the corpus and the antrum of the stomach, the proximal and distal parts of the duodenum, ileum, jejunum and colon, and the cecum. Our Unigene-derived gene pool was expanded with data from in-house tissue panels and a literature search. We found 44 out of 78 (56%) of gut SLC transcripts to be expressed in all Cl tract segments, whereas the majority of remaining SLCs were detected in more than five segments. SLCs are predominantly expressed in gut regions with absorptive functions although expression was also found in segments unrelated to absorption. The proximal jejunum had the highest number of differentially expressed SLCs. In conclusion, SLCs are a crucial molecular component of the Cl tract, with many of them expressed along the entire GI tract. This work presents the first overall road map of localization of transporter genes in the Cl tract.
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| 26. |
- Mitra, Anaya, et al.
(författare)
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Expression levels of genes encoding melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and MCH receptor change in taste aversion, but MCH injections do not alleviate aversive responses
- 2012
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Ingår i: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-3057 .- 1873-5177. ; 100:3, s. 581-586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) stimulates feeding driven by energy needs and reward and modifies anxiety behavior. Orexigenic peptides of similar characteristics, including nociceptin/orphanin FQ Agouti-related protein and opioids, increase consumption also by reducing avoidance of potentially tainted food in animals displaying a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Herein, using real-time PCR, we assessed whether expression levels of genes encoding MCH and its receptor, MCHR1, were affected in CTA in the rat. We also investigated whet her injecting MCH intracerebroventricularly (ICV) during the acquisition and retrieval of LiCl-induced CTA, would alleviate aversive responses. MCHR1 gene was upregulated in the hypothalamus and brain stem of aversive animals. MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the hypothalamus, whereas a strong trend suggesting upregulation of MCH and MCHR1 genes was detected in the amygdala. Despite these expression changes associated with aversion, MCH injected prior to the induction of CTA with LiCl as well as later, during the CTA retrieval upon subsequent presentations of the aversive tastant, did not reduce the magnitude of CTA. We conclude that MCH and its receptor form an orexigenic system whose expression is affected in CTA. This altered MCH expression may contribute to tastant-targeted hypophagia in CTA. However, changing the MCH tone in the brain by exogenous peptide was insufficient to prevent the onset or facilitate extinction of Lid-induced CTA. This designates MCH as one of many accessory molecules associated with shaping an aversive response, but not a critical one for LiCl-dependent CFA to occur.
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| 27. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Fto colocalizes with a satiety mediator oxytocin in the brain and upregulates oxytocin gene expression
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 408:3, s. 422-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with obesity in humans. Alterations in Fto expression in transgenic animals affect body weight, energy expenditure and food intake. Fto, a nuclear protein and proposed transcription co-factor, has been speculated to affect energy balance through a functional relationship with specific genes encoding feeding-related peptides. Herein, we employed double immunohistochemistry and showed that the majority of neurons synthesizing a satiety mediator, oxytocin, coexpress Fto in the brain of male and female mice. We then overexpressed Fto in a murine hypothalamic cell line and, using qPCR, detected a 50% increase in the level of oxytocin mRNA. Expression levels of several other feeding-related genes, including neuropeptide V (NPY) and Agouti-related protein (AgRP), were unaffected by the FTO transfection. Addition of 10 and 100 nmol oxytocin to the cell culture medium did not affect Fto expression in hypothalamic cells. We conclude that Fto, a proposed transcription co-factor, influences expression of the gene encoding a satiety mediator, oxytocin.
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| 28. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Fto immunoreactivity is widespread in the rodent brain and abundant in feeding-related sites, but the number of Fto-positive cells is not affected by changes in energy balance
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 103:2, s. 248-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A single nucleotide polymorphism in the FTO gene is associated with obesity in humans. Evidence gathered in animals mainly relates energy homeostasis to the central FTO mRNA levels, but our knowledge of the Fto protein distribution and regulation is limited. Fto, a demethylase and transcriptional coactivator, is thought to regulate expression of other genes. Herein, we examined Fto immunoreactivity (IR) in the mouse and rat brain with emphasis on sites governing energy balance. We also studied whether energy status affects central Fto IR. We report that Fto IR, limited to nuclear profiles, is widespread in the brain, in- and outside feeding circuits; it shows a very similar distribution in feeding-related sites in mice and rats. Several areas regulating energy homeostasis display enhanced intensity of Fto staining: the arcuate, paraventricular, supraoptic, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei, and dorsal vagal complex. Some regions mediating feeding reward, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, have ample Fto IR. We found that differences in energy status between rats fed ad libitum, deprived or refed following deprivation, did not affect the number of Fto-positive nuclei in 10 sites governing consumption for energy or reward. We conclude that Fto IR, widespread in the rodent brain, is particularly abundant in feeding circuits, but the number of Fto-positive neurons is unaffected by changes in energy balance.
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| 29. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular, Immunohistochemical, and Pharmacological Evidence of Oxytocin's Role as Inhibitor of Carbohydrate But Not Fat Intake
- 2010
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Ingår i: Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0013-7227 .- 1945-7170. ; 151:10, s. 4736-4744
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxytocin (OT) facilitates feeding termination stemming from high osmolality, stomach distention, and malaise. Recent knockout (KO) studies suggested a crucial function for OT in carbohydrate intake: OT-/- mice had increased preference for carbohydrates, including sucrose, but not fat (Intralipid). In striking contrast, sugar appetite was unaffected in the OT receptor KO mouse; data from wild-type animals have been insufficient. Therefore, we examined the involvement of OT in the regulation of sucrose vs. fat intake in C57BL/6 mice that served as a background KO strain. We exposed mice to a meal of sucrose or Intralipid and determined that the percentage of c-Fos-immunoreactive paraventricular hypothalamic OT neurons was elevated at termination of intake of either of the tastants, but this increase was 2-fold higher in sucrose-fed mice. A 48-h exposure to sucrose compared with Intralipid caused up-regulation of OT mRNA, whereas inherent individual preferences for sucrose vs. fat were not associated with differences in baseline OT expression as established with quantitative PCR. We found that L-368,899, an OT receptor antagonist, increased sugar intake when sucrose was presented alone or concurrently with Intralipid; it had no effect on Intralipid or total calorie consumption. L-368,899 affected Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, amygdala, and nucleus of the solitary tract, areas involved in aversion, satiety, and reward. This pattern serves as neuroanatomical basis of OT's complex role in food intake, including sucrose intake. The current findings expand our knowledge on OT and suggest that it acts as a carbohydrate-specific inhibitor of feeding. (Endocrinology 151: 4736-4744, 2010)
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| 30. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Neurobeachin, a Regulator of Synaptic Protein Targeting, Is Associated with Body Fat Mass and Feeding Behavior in Mice and Body-Mass Index in Humans
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 8:3, s. e1002568-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurobeachin (Nbea) regulates neuronal membrane protein trafficking and is required for the development and functioning of central and neuromuscular synapses. In homozygous knockout (KO) mice, Nbea deficiency causes perinatal death. Here, we report that heterozygous KO mice haploinsufficient for Nbea have higher body weight due to increased adipose tissue mass. In several feeding paradigms, heterozygous KO mice consumed more food than wild-type (WT) controls, and this consumption was primarily driven by calories rather than palatability. Expression analysis of feeding-related genes in the hypothalamus and brainstem with real-time PCR showed differential expression of a subset of neuropeptide or neuropeptide receptor mRNAs between WT and Nbea+/- mice in the sated state and in response to food deprivation, but not to feeding reward. In humans, we identified two intronic NBEA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with body-mass index (BMI) in adult and juvenile cohorts. Overall, data obtained in mice and humans suggest that variation of Nbea abundance or activity critically affects body weight, presumably by influencing the activity of feeding-related neural circuits. Our study emphasizes the importance of neural mechanisms in body weight control and points out NBEA as a potential risk gene in human obesity.
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| 31. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Opioids as facilitators of feeding : Can any food be rewarding?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 104:1, s. 105-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Palatability is one of the most rewarding aspects of consummatory behavior. Opioids, potent facilitators of intake of sweet and fat tastants. are thought to mediate hedonics of feeding. However, the rewarding context of consumption is not limited to palatability, and gratification can be achieved through other means, e.g., eating to satisfy hunger. The current review discusses the role of opioid peptides in food intake regulation by incorporating this expanded concept of feeding reward. We present evidence that, aside from increasing sugar/fat consumption, opioids propel the intake of diets whose gustatory value is low but are nonetheless consumed under circumstances allowing feeding gratification to occur. Opioids enhance reward-driven consumption by acting within the classical reward circuitry and also by signaling reward at sites that regulate other aspects of food intake, such as satiety and aversion. We conclude that, due to the complexity of neural and functional interactions, opioids are capable of enhancing pleasure of eating any food - palatable, bland or even aversive - making any meal into a more rewarding experience, despite possible consequences.
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| 32. |
- Olszewski, Pawel K., et al.
(författare)
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Oxytocin as feeding inhibitor : maintaining homeostasis in consummatory behavior
- 2010
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Ingår i: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-3057 .- 1873-5177. ; 97:1, s. 47-54
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Initial studies showed that the anorexigenic peptide oxytocin (OT) regulates gastric motility, responds to stomach distention and to elevated osmolality, and blocks consumption of toxic foods. Most recently, it has been proposed to act as a mediator of general and carbohydrate-specific satiety and regulator of body weight. In the current review, we discuss the function of OT as a homeostatic inhibitor of consumption, capable of mitigating multiple aspects of ingestive behavior and energy metabolism.
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| 33. |
- Rask-Andersen, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Functional coupling analysis suggests link between the obesity gene FTO and the BDNF-NTRK2 signaling pathway
- 2011
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Ingår i: BMC Neuroscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2202. ; 12, s. 117-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The Fat mass and obesity gene (FTO) has been identified through genome wide association studies as an important genetic factor contributing to a higher body mass index (BMI). However, the molecular context in which this effect is mediated has yet to be determined. We investigated the potential molecular network for FTO by analyzing co-expression and protein-protein interaction databases, Coxpresdb and IntAct, as well as the functional coupling predicting multi-source database, FunCoup. Hypothalamic expression of FTO-linked genes defined with this bioinformatics approach was subsequently studied using quantitative real time-PCR in mouse feeding models known to affect FTO expression.Results: We identified several candidate genes for functional coupling to FTO through database studies and selected nine for further study in animal models. We observed hypothalamic expression of Profilin 2 (Pfn2), cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta (Prkacb), Brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 (Ntrk2), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), and Btbd12 to be co-regulated in concert with Fto. Pfn2 and Prkacb have previously not been linked to feeding regulation.Conclusions: Gene expression studies validate several candidates generated through database studies of possible FTO-interactors. We speculate about a wider functional role for FTO in the context of current and recent findings, such as in extracellular ligand-induced neuronal plasticity via NTRK2/BDNF, possibly via interaction with the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP beta)
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| 34. |
- Rask-Andersen, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa : focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake
- 2010
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Ingår i: Brain Research Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0165-0173 .- 1872-6321. ; 62:2, s. 147-164
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex multi-factorial disease with high heritability. The psychological AN symptoms are poorly connected with specific molecular mechanisms. Here we review the molecular basis of AN with the focus on human genetic association studies; we put these in the experimental biological context with emphasis on molecular systems controlling food intake and body weight in a direct or indirect manner. We systematically searched for human genetic studies related to AN and grouped data into main categories/systems reflecting their major known roles: (1) Systems related to mental disorders (serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine (NE), glutamate (NMDA) receptor and SK3 channel, KCCN3). (2) Hunger regulatory systems (leptin, AGRP, MSH, melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), NPY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK). (3) Feeding motivation- and reward-related systems (opioids, OPRD1, cannabinoids (anandamide (AEA), THC, CBR1), dopamine, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, catecholamine-O-methyl transferase (COMT). (4) Systems regulating energy metabolism (uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3). (5) Neuroendocrine systems with emphasis on sex hormones (estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2). (6) The immune system and inflammatory response (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)). Overall, we found that in total 175 association studies have been performed on AN cohorts on 128 different polymorphisms related to 43 genes. We review the strongest associations, identify some genes that have an important role in regulating BMI whose possible relationship to AN has not been investigated and discuss the potential targets for pharmacological interventions.
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| 35. |
- Sreedharan, Smitha, et al.
(författare)
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Glutamate, aspartate and nucleotide transporters in the SLC17 family form four main phylogenetic clusters : evolution and tissue expression
- 2010
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Ingår i: BMC Genomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2164. ; 11:1, s. 17-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The SLC17 family of transporters transports the amino acids: glutamate and aspartate, and, as shown recently, also nucleotides. Vesicular glutamate transporters are found in distinct species, such as C. elegans, but the evolutionary origin of most of the genes in this family has been obscure. RESULTS: Our phylogenetic analysis shows that the SLC17 family consists of four main phylogenetic clades which were all present before the divergence of the insect lineage. One of these clades has not been previously described and it is not found in vertebrates. The clade containing Slc17a9 had the most restricted evolutionary history with only one member in most species. We detected expression of Slc17a1-17a4 only in the peripheral tissues but not in the CNS, while Slc17a5- Slc17a9 are highly expressed in both the CNS and periphery. CONCLUSIONS: The in situ hybridization studies on vesicular nucleotide transporter revealed high expression throughout the cerebral cortex, certain areas in the hippocampus and in specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and thalamus. Some of the regions with high expression, such as the medial habenula and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, are important sites for purinergic neurotransmission. Noteworthy, other areas relying on purine-mediated signaling, such as the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the periaqueductal gray, lack or have a very low expression of Slc17a9, suggesting that there could be another nucleotide transporter in these regions.
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| 36. |
- Sreedharan, Smitha, et al.
(författare)
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GPR162 is expressed in the hypothalamus and is involved in food intake related behaviour
- 2011
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) includes about 270 non-olfactory receptors and is the largest family of GPCRs. About sixty non-olfactory Rhodopsin GPCRs are still orphans without known ligands, and fairly little is known about their functions. In this study, we present molecular, neuroanatomical, genetic and behavioral data implicating a Rhodopsin family protein, GPR162, in the regulation of food intake-related behaviour and glucose homeostasis. The real-time PCR data show that GPR162 is predominantly expressed in the CNS. The in situ hybridization results confirmed significant expression of GPR162 in several hypothalamic sites, amygdala, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, among others regions. In line with the distribution of the GPR162 mRNA in the feeding circuitry, antisense oligo knockdown of GPR162 caused a significant reduction in food intake but no effect was observed towards reduction in body weight in rats. Our human genetics studies suggest that genetic variants of GPR162 affect glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, this study provides evidence linking the orphan GPR162 gene with the regulation of food intake-related behaviour.
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