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- Collentine, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Consequences of future nutrient load scenarios on multiple benefits of agricultural production
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nutrient load rates to the Baltic Sea need to be reduced. Agricultural land is regarded as the most significant contributor to the loads, and measures to reduce losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads have been proposed, both for the near and far future. Agricultural production was to a large extent considered in these scenarios, whereas effects on other ecosystem services were not evaluated. The question to be answered by this report is whether the measures adopted to reduce N and P losses improve or impair multiple benefits of agriculture. The question is answered for a specific catchment (Svärtaån) located in Sweden, but the method is thoroughly described to provide a potential method to also evaluate other catchments. This work was performed as a part of the Baltic Compass project (2013). The answer to the main question of whether the measures adopted to reduce N and P losses from agricultural fields improved or impaired multiple benefits of agriculture, seems to be that they improved. Most of the BAP measures had a positive influence on most of the MB-categories, the clearest exception being liming in tile drains which only improved the cost effectiveness. Except for water protection, the biosecurity MB-category was positively influenced by the most measures (6 out of 9) and with soil quality the next highest (5 out of 9). It is less clear how the absolute values evaluated for the MB index, can be compared among MB-categories. Among the BAP-measures, structural liming was the most positive measure (summing up the indices of all MB-categories), followed by buffer-zones and spring cultivation the next, although the cost effectiveness of these latter measures was evaluated to decrease. In the “unavoidable” future (Future scenarios) GHG emissions strongly increased. The only measure that mitigated that effect was reduced N fertilisation, providing more arguments for applying reduced fertilisation than only to reduce leaching.
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- Elving, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Composting for avian influenza virus elimination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 78, s. 3280-3285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective sanitization is important in viral epizootic outbreaks to avoid further spread of the pathogen. This study examined thermal inactivation as a sanitizing treatment for manure inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and bacteriophages MS2 and phi 6. Rapid inactivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 was achieved at both mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic (45 and 55 degrees C) temperatures. Similar inactivation rates were observed for bacteriophage phi 6, while bacteriophage MS2 proved too thermoresistant to be considered a valuable indicator organism for avian influenza virus during thermal treatments. Guidelines for treatment of litter in the event of emergency composting can be formulated based on the inactivation rates obtained in the study.
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- Emmoth, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Ammonia Disinfection of Hatchery Waste for Elimination of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 77, s. 3960-3966
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertilizer or as a substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. Effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. This study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. Inactivation kinetics of high-pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3, as representatives of notifiable avian viral diseases, were determined in spiked hatchery waste. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, feline coronavirus, and feline calicivirus were used as models for other important avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian hepatitis E virus. Bacteriophage MS2 was also monitored as a stable indicator. Coronavirus was the most sensitive virus, with decimal reduction (D) values of 1.2 and 0.63 h after addition of 0.5% (wt/wt) ammonia at 14 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Under similar conditions, high-pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was the most resistant, with D values of 3.0 and 1.4 h. MS2 was more resistant than the viruses to all treatments and proved to be a suitable indicator of viral inactivation. The results indicate that ammonia treatment of hatchery waste is efficient in inactivating enveloped and naked single-stranded RNA viruses. Based on the D values and confidence intervals obtained, guidelines for treatment were proposed, and one was successfully validated at full scale at a hatchery, with MS2 added to hatchery waste.
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- Ottoson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal study of antimicrobial resistant faecal bacteria in sediments collected from a hospital wastewater system
- 2012
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Ingår i: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 2, s. 7438-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective:The objective with this study was to determine and follow antimicrobial resistance in faecal bacteria over time in hospital wastewater pipe sediment. A further aim was to determine bacterial growth rates of sensitive, intermediate and resistant intestinal enterococci in different ciprofloxacin concentrations as a measure of bacterial fitness.Methods:A system enabling the collection of settled particles over time was installed at Kalmar County Hospital. Samples were collected bi-monthly for a 14-month period. Coliform bacteria and enterococci were isolated from the sediment with standard methods and investigated for resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP), imipenem (IMI), trimetroprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS), ampicillin (AMP) and vancomycin (VAN) by the disc diffusion method. Resistant isolates were further typed with the PhenePlateTM system. Growth assessments were performed with an automated spectrophotometer.Results:The rate of intestinal enterococci resistance was < 0.6, 1.3, 1.9 and 13% to VAN, IMI, AMP and CIP respectively. Coliform resistance frequencies were 1.1, 2.2 and 2.2% to CIP, IMI and TS respectively. At two sampling occasions, significantly higher rates of ciprofloxacin resistant enterococci were found and the establishment of a resistant clone in the sewer was indicated by the PhP-analysis. Ciprofloxacin resistant intestinal enterococci had a significantly longer lag-phase time than sensitive isolates, but from 500 µg ml-1 (half MIC) resistant isolates had a competitive advantage in terms of significantly faster generation time.Discussion:Despite high concentration of antimicrobials in the sediment, resistance frequencies were generally low. This can depend on limited growth possibilities for faecal bacteria. However, the establishment of a resistant clone shows that hospital sewers can serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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- Ottoson, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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Fate and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in repacked soil lysimeters after application of cattle slurry and human urine
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. - : Wiley. - 0022-5142 .- 1097-0010. ; 94, s. 2541-2546
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Use of cattle slurry as a fertiliser is common practice around the world. Human urine use is not as common, but owing to its fertiliser value this might change in the future. It is essential to minimise the transfer of enteric pathogens through fertilisation, with respect to both animal and public health. Therefore the objective of this research was to study the survival and transport of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in two agricultural soils when applied to soil along with either cattle slurry or human urine over a period of 180 days.RESULTS: Both Salmonella and E. coli O157: H7 were more rapidly reduced when applied together with human urine than when applied with cattle slurry. However, both pathogens persisted in low amounts at 20 and 50 cm depth in both soils throughout the whole study period. No Salmonella or E. coli O157: H7 was detected in the leachate over the 180 day study.CONCLUSION: The risk of disease transmission is higher when cattle slurry is used as fertiliser compared with human urine. However, the risk of groundwater infiltration would be low as long as water velocity through the soil is moderate. Increased knowledge of pathogen persistence in soil after fertiliser application is a valuable tool for improving risk evaluations and formulating guidelines for the use of cattle and/or human wastes in cropping soils. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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- Vinnerås, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in manure-amended soils studied in outdoor lysimeters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Soil Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0929-1393 .- 1873-0272. ; 46, s. 398-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (CCUG 44857) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was investigated in two agricultural soils (sandy loam and silty clay) amended with poultry manure, cattle manure slurry or human urine. The study was performed in soil lysimeters placed outdoors, and was repeated over two consecutive years. The amendments, inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, were mixed with soil on the top of the lysimeters. Samples were collected from the top 5-cm layer of each lysimeter at regular intervals, and the inactivation was monitored over 6 months, by the plate spread method and by enrichment. The inactivation was modelled by fitting a non-linear model to the data, and pathogen reduction times were calculated (90 and 99% reduction). The results showed that the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium varied depending on the manure type used and its carbon content. The longest inactivation time occurred in samples amended with poultry manure, in which both E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were detected up to day 90 with the spread plate method. The most rapid inactivation for both pathogens occurred in soil amended with urine. However, low amounts of culturable E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were detected by enrichment throughout the study period (180 days), regardless of manure type
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| 21. |
- Vinnerås, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0360-1234 .- 1532-4109. ; 49, s. 679-689
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal treatment at temperatures between 46.0 degrees C and 55.0 degrees C was evaluated as a method for sanitization of organic waste, a temperature interval less commonly investigated but important in connection with biological treatment processes. Samples of dairy cow feces inoculated with Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophage phi X174, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were thermally treated using block thermostats at set temperatures in order to determine time-temperature regimes to achieve sufficient bacterial and viral reduction, and to model the inactivation rate. Pasteurization at 70 degrees C in saline solution was used as a comparison in terms of bacterial and viral reduction and was proven to be effective in rapidly reducing all organisms with the exception of PPV (decimal reduction time of 1.2h). The results presented here can be used to construct time-temperature regimes in terms of bacterial inactivation, with D-values ranging from 0.37h at 55 degrees C to 22.5h at 46.0 degrees C and 0.45h at 55.0 degrees C to 14.5h at 47.5 degrees C for Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively and for relevant enteric viruses based on the phi X174 phage with decimal reduction times ranging from 1.5h at 55 degrees C to 16.5h at 46 degrees C. Hence, the study implies that considerably lower treatment temperatures than 70 degrees C can be used to reach a sufficient inactivation of bacterial pathogens and potential process indicator organisms such as the phi X174 phage and raises the question whether PPV is a valuable process indicator organism considering its extreme thermotolerance.
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