| 1. |
- Engwall, Lars, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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The development of IB as a scientific field
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 27:5, s. 1080-1088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International business (IB) is today an established field in business studies with two professional associations and numerous academic publications. However, it is much younger than many other fields in the management area. Although economists were focusing on international issues even before, it was not until after the Second World War that IB started to emerge as a scientific field. The purpose of this paper is to analyse this development from the early days up to the present time. In so doing, using a theoretical framework, it focuses on the organizing of the field, i.e. how early informal contacts eventually led to the formation of formal organizations, the launching of journals, and with the passage of time the publishing of handbooks. The paper provides empirical evidence of all these steps. In this way it presents data on significant contributions to the field.
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| 2. |
- Engwall, Lars, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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The Emergence of the Business Network Approach
- 2016
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Ingår i: Extending the Business Network Approach. - Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137537638 - 9781137537652 ; , s. 21-38
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relationships between commercial actors have existed for thousands of years as highlighted by Hadjikhani and LaPlaca (2013) and Hadjikhani in the final chapter of this volume. However, research on relationships between business actors, often summarised under headings such as industrial marketing or B2B, has a more recent origin. In the words of Hadjikhani and LaPlaca (2013: 294), relationship research ‘existed in society but had little scientific identity or inquiry’. This is even truer for research on wider relationship systems, that is, business networks. However, as will be demonstrated in the present volume, the situation in the beginning of the twenty-first century is quite different. Research on business networks is lively and manifested by a large number of publications. A search for ‘business networks’ in the databases SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI and A&HCI for all years until 2015 (with the restriction that the journals publishing the papers should be classified in the Subject Category ‘Business & Economics’ in all 156 journals) resulted in 553 hits, with the first papers published in 1992. Publications then did not accelerate until the early twenty-first century with an all-time high in 2012 of 70 hits, and somewhat lower figures in the following years. However, it should be noted that the 2015 figures merely refer to the first part of the year (Fig. 2.1) and will increase.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hadjikhani, Amjad, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Business and Socio-Political Interaction in International Service Projects : The Case of Brazil
- 2019
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Ingår i: MIR: Management International Review. - : Gabler Verlag/GWV Fachverlage GmbH. - 0938-8249 .- 1861-8901. ; 59:1, s. 171-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building on a business network perspective, the aim of this paper is to present a theoretical view for studying service MNEs in ICT (information communication technology) projects centred on the improvement of public services. The four inter-related concepts of cooperation, legitimacy, commitment and knowledge are applied in the analysis of two projects. Defining the projects as object-based services, the study manifests how service MNEs manage three types of actors (business, politi-cal and social) having their legitimacy in different systems. The cases illustrate cross-border activities where MNEs from Sweden, Spain and China join forces in Brazil with local business, social and political actors and cooperate to strengthen their competitive market position. The study concludes that successful cooperation is partially explained by the management’s ability to incorporate business resources into the needs of the socio-political actors. Furthermore, in object-based services, which are not similar to long-term business relationships, the three involved par-ties advance different types of relationships within a loose network structure. A key implication is that extensive public–private relationships are needed even when MNEs enjoy an established position in a foreign market.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Leite, Emilene, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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A Network View on Business-Political Interaction for Sustainable Development : The Cases of ICT Projects in Brazil
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business. - : Academy of International Business. ; , s. 11-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While there are extensive researches focused on MNCs’ activities in both developed and developing markets, there are limited studies on how MNCs manage their relationships with political actors in emerging countries. This paper aims to contribute new knowledge on how MNCs, trough sustainable development projects, manage their relationships with political actors. Two comparative cases illustrating the application of ICT (Information Communication Technology) projects applied to cities in Brazil are analyzed. The network relationships include the elements of legitimacy, cooperation and knowledge. The study reveals the complexity in the interactions between the actors and indicates that legitimacy and knowledge in the business-political relationships are vital to turn challenges into opportunities. Our study contributes with knowledge not only to the research community but also to practitioners, who thus gain a more systematic understanding of their relationships in the political arena.
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| 8. |
- Leite, Emilene, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Public-Private Cooperation for Social Innovation : The Case of MNEs Involvement in the Development of the Smart City Concept in Brazil
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the European International Business Academy. - 9788864930428
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper discusses multinational enterprises (MNEs) socio-political behavior in a foreign market. In specific, the aim is to increase the understanding of how service MNEs from the ICT (information communication technology) industry, through social innovation projects oriented to improve public service in cities, deal with society and public officials in Brazil. A conceptual framework containing the four concepts cooperation, legitimacy, commitment and knowledge is applied for the analysis. Based on a single case the paper illustrates cross border activities where MNEs from Sweden, Spain and China join effort with local actors to strengthen their competitive market position. Our results reveal that an important strategy used by service MNEs is to get involved in cooperative social innovation projects involving business and socio-political actors. Successful cooperation is partially explained by the managements’ ability to incorporate the business resources with the needs of the socio-political actors. The key implication is that extensive public-private networking is needed even when MNEs enjoy an established position in a foreign market.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Leite, Emilene, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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The cooperation-competition interplay in the ICT industry
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of business & industrial marketing. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0885-8624 .- 2052-1189. ; 33:4, s. 495-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Building on a business network perspective, the paper addresses the following question: Why do firms move between cooperation and competition in the context of high-tech industry? Hence, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the complex cooperation–competition interplay between actors in a business network.Design/methodology/approach: A single case study within the information and communication technology industry is undertaken and illustrates the cooperation–competition interplay in projects of technology.Findings: The authors discuss the implications of interdependence on relationship dynamics. The main argument is that business relationships survive despite periods of competition if interdependence is high. Thus, firms move between a state of cooperation and a state of competition within business relationships, rather than ending the relationships when starting to compete.Practical implications: This study suggests that managers need to pay attention to how different degrees of interdependence lead firms to be embedded in cooperative or competitive forms of relationships.Originality/value: The paper contributes to the ongoing debate about cooperation, competition and coopetition within international business and industrial marketing literature. An interesting aspect in the paper is the cooperation–competition interplay, which is associated with positioning. A centrally positioned actor will choose who to bring into the partnership, with positioning concomitantly changing from project to project. The willingness of being a central actor, i.e. a project leader, places traditional buyer–supplier partners in competition. Thus, cooperation and/or competition becomes contextual.
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| 11. |
- Leite, Emilene, et al.
(författare)
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The Inclusion of Business and Nonbusiness Actors in Innovation Networks
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper aims to examine why innovations through networks emerge and how such innovations are configured. To address this, we examine two cases of IoT (internet of things) technologies applied on public services, i.e., Smart City development in Brazil. We demonstrate that innovation networks emerge because multinational enterprises (MNEs) in their constant need for innovation have limitations to pursuit and integrate complex knowledge on their own and for that reason cooperation with other actors becomes crucial. We describe and analyze a dynamic and complex process in which the MNEs’ searching-acting-convincing on an opportunity requires the inclusion of many actors. In particular the findings show that innovation is not limited to the traditional businessto business relationships but it can also arise from non-business actors such as NGOs and local government in both the development and implementation phase
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| 12. |
- Ljung, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Subsidiary Strategy Processes in Latin America
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Business Review. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0955-534X .- 1758-7107. ; 27:5, s. 535-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to discuss how network relationships, with business as well as with non-business actors, affect each other and have an impact on strategy processes in subsidiaries in Latin America.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative approach is used in which a new strategy in a European multinational company (MNC) is studied at the subsidiary level in Brazil and Argentina. The authors discuss why the strategic processes are so different within the same MNC. During 2009-2011, 50 interviews were conducted with respondents in Latin America and at headquarters.Findings– The results point to the importance of including relationships with both business and non-business actors to understand the subsidiary strategy processes. The authors suggest that such processes can be explained by interdependent relationships in a wider network context characterised by commitment and trust, leading to increased legitimacy among the actors involved.Practical implications– Managers need to invest in relationships not only with business counterparts but also with non-business actors, as they are interdependent and vital for the strategy development.Originality/value– Relationships between firms and actors such as governments and civil society are still under-researched, although they are essential, especially in emerging economies. The paper puts focus on network relationships in strategy research and contributes to the development of business network theory by extending the network to also include relationships with such non-business actors and relate it to strategy processes. There is also a contribution to research on corporate social responsibility activities with a specific focus on Latin America.
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| 13. |
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