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- Both, Adrianus, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Solubilization of nutritional lipids from three coastal and estuarine primary producers using sodium taurocholate as a model surfactant to mimic typical consumer gut-fluids
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-0981 .- 1879-1697. ; 548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal and estuarine food webs receive large inputs of both autochthonous and allochthonous detritus, which serves as an important dietary input for a variety of detritivorous and omnivorous organisms. Surfactants, which aid digestion by solubilizing hydrophobic lipids, are found in the gut-fluids of many fish and invertebrate consumers. To develop a biomimetic assay to explore how source of primary production and age may affect the bioavailability of nutritional lipids from detrital food sources, we assessed the capacity of a model surfactant, sodium taurocholate (STC), to solubilize fatty acids from three primary producers, a haptophyte (Isochrysis galbana), a rock-weed (Ascophyllum nodosum), and a marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora). Comparing lipids solubilized by a constant concentration of STC to traditional Folch-extracted yields, we assessed relative bioavailability of nutritional lipids from fresh and decayed material of each primary producer. We focused on the solubilization of storage triacylglycerols (TAG) and the fatty acid constituents of all lipids (FA). With a temperature of 5 °C, 28.7 mM STC solubilized 44 ± 12% of total FA from S. alterniflora and about half that fraction for I. galbana and A. nodosum after 15 h in the dark unstirred. In the form of TAG, STC solubilized 53 ± 19% of pure triolein as a reference and similar proportions from S. alterniflora (56 ± 19%) and I. galbana (48 ± 2%) but only 9 ± 3% from A. nodosum. Both approaches (TAG and FA) thus show significant differences in bioavailability among these three sources. Two months of decay had inconsistent effects on overall lipid yields but substantial effects on composition. Degradation led to decreased total phospholipids and long-chain polyunsaturated FA and increased break-down products (free FA and diacylglycerols), saturated and monounsaturated FA, and bacterial FA. Lower FA bioavailability and reduced degradation rates in A. nodosum may be due to its higher polyphenol and alginate concentrations. Although we mimicked only one component of the digestion process of lipids, this study represents a first step in developing a biomimetic assay to assess the relative bioavailability of nutritional lipids.
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- Aswad, Amr, et al.
(författare)
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Evolutionary history of endogenous Human Herpesvirus 6 reflects human migration out of Africa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular biology and evolution. - : Oxford University Press. - 0737-4038 .- 1537-1719. ; 38:1, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6) can integrate into the germline, and as a result about 70 million people harbour the genome of one of these viruses in every cell of their body. Until now, it has been largely unknown if i) these integrations are ancient, ii) if they still occur, and iii) whether circulating virus strains differ from integrated ones. Here we used next generation sequencing and mining of public human genome datasets to generate the largest and most diverse collection of circulating and integrated HHV-6 genomes studied to date. In genomes of geographically dispersed, only distantly-related people, we identified clades of integrated viruses that originated from a single ancestral event, confirming this with fluorescent in situ hybridization to directly observe the integration locus. In contrast to HHV-6B, circulating and integrated HHV-6A sequences form distinct clades, arguing against ongoing integration of circulating HHV-6A or "reactivation" of integrated HHV-6A. Taken together, our study provides the first comprehensive picture of the evolution of HHV-6, and reveals that integration of heritable HHV-6 has occurred since the time of, if not before, human migrations out of Africa.
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