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- Araujo, IM, et al.
(författare)
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Calpain activation is involved in early caspase-independent neurodegeneration in the hippocampus following status epilepticus
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurochemistry. - : Wiley. - 1471-4159 .- 0022-3042. ; 105:3, s. 666-676
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence for increased calpain activity has been described in the hippocampus of rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, it is not known whether calpains are involved in the cell death that accompanies seizures. In this work, we characterized calpain activation by examining the proteolysis of calpain substrates and in parallel we followed cell death in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. Male Wistar rats were injected with kainic acid (KA; 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and sacrificed 24h later, after development of grade 5 seizures. We observed a strong Fluoro-Jade labelling in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus in the rats that received KA, as compared to saline-treated rats. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis for the calpain-derived breakdown products of spectrin (SBDP) showed evidence of increased calpain activity in the same regions of the hippocampus where cell death is observed. No evidence was found for caspase activation, in the same conditions. Treatment with the calpain inhibitor MDL 28170 significantly prevented the neurodegeneration observed in CA1. Taken together, our data suggest that early calpain activation, but not caspase activation, is involved in neurotoxicity in the hippocampus after status epilepticus.
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| 2. |
- Keil, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Reporting bad news on software projects: the effects of culturally constituted views of face-saving
- 2007
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Ingår i: Information Systems Journal. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 1365-2575 .- 1350-1917. ; 17:1, s. 59-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reluctance to report bad news about a project and its status is a known problem in software project management that can contribute to project failure. The reluctance to report bad news is heightened when it bears personal risks. Oftentimes, those who report bad news end up losing face. In extreme cases, they not only lose face, but may end up on the unemployment line. The need to preserve face is a powerful influence on social behaviour. While universal, it manifests itself differently in different cultures. To date, there have been no empirical studies of the extent to which culturally constituted views of face-saving affect reporting of bad news on software projects. This is a particularly important topic given the increased prevalence of global, dispersed software development teams and offshore outsourcing of software development. In this study, we conducted a role-playing experiment in the USA and in South Korea, to investigate the effect of culturally constituted views of face-saving on the willingness to report bad news regarding a software development project. A blame-shifting opportunity was chosen as the means to operationalize face-saving in a culturally sensitive fashion. The two countries were chosen because they differ markedly in their views of face-saving and the relative importance ascribed to two important aspects of face: lian and mianzi. Results reveal that the presence of a blame-shifting opportunity had a significant effect on US subjects' willingness to report bad news, but the effect on Korean subjects was not found to be statistically significant. In the absence of a blame-shifting opportunity, we did not observe any significant differences between US and Korean subjects in willingness to report bad news. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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