| 1. |
- Bloom, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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Molds and mycotoxins in dust from water-damaged homes in New Orleans after hurricane Katrina
- 2009
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 19:2, s. 153-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dust collected in New Orleans homes mold-contaminated because of the flooding after hurricane Katrina was analyzed for molds and mycotoxins. The mycoflora was studied by cultivation and quantitative PCR for selected molds. The most commonly found mold taxa were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. Verrucarol, a hydrolysis product of macrocyclic trichothecenes predominately produced by Stachybotrys spp. was identified in three dust samples by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and sterigmatocystin (produced by various Aspergillus spp.) was found in two samples by high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first demonstration of mycotoxins in Katrina-associated dust samples. The analytical methods used represent valuable tools in further studies on bioaerosol exposure and health risks.
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| 2. |
- Bloom, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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Molds and mycotoxins in indoor environments — a survey in water-damaged buildings
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1545-9624 .- 1545-9632. ; 6:11, s. 671-678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary metabolites frequently produced by molds in water-damaged indoor environments. We studied the prevalence of selected, potent mycotoxins and levels of fungal biomass in samples collected from water-damaged indoor environments in Sweden during a 1- year period. One hundred samples of building materials, 18 samples of settled dust, and 37 samples of cultured dust were analyzed for: (a) mycoflora by microscopy and culture; (b) fungal chemical marker ergosterol and hydrolysis products of macrocyclic trichothecenes and trichodermin (verrucarol and trichodermol) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and (c) sterigmatocystin, gliotoxin, aflatoxin B1, and satratoxin G and H by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Sixty-six percent of the analyzed building materials samples, 11% of the settled dust samples, and 51% of the cultured dust samples were positive for at least one of the studied mycotoxins. In addition, except in the case of gliotoxin, mycotoxin-positive building material samples contained 2,6 times more ergosterol than mycotoxin-negative samples. We show that (a) molds growing on a range of different materials indoors in water-damaged buildings generally produce mycotoxins, and (b) mycotoxincontaining particles in mold-contaminated environments may settle on surfaces above floor level. The mass spectrometry methods used in this study are valuable tools in further research to survey mycotoxin exposure and investigate potential links with health effects. © 2009 JOEH, LLC.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of bacterial and fungal components in tobacco and tobacco smoke.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Tobacco Induced Diseases. - : E.U. European Publishing. - 1617-9625. ; 4:1, s. 4-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: The microbiological composition of tobacco products was studied using culture and chemical analysis (of tobacco leaves) or chemical analysis only (tobacco and tobacco smoke). The chemical analyses utilized gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determining 3-hydroxy fatty acids, muramic acid, and ergosterol as markers of respectively lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and fungal biomass. Mesophilic bacteria dominated in both fresh and cured tobacco leaves; a range of additional bacteria and fungi were also found albeit in minor amounts. The peptidoglycan and LPS concentrations were approximately the same in tobacco leaves as in cigarette tobacco. The concentrations of the measured microbial components were much lower in some cigarettes locally produced in China, Korea, and Vietnam than in cigarettes of international brands purchased in the same countries, and the concentrations in the smoke were in general agreement with the concentrations in cigarette tobacco. No differences in microbial load in tobacco of "light" and "full flavor" cigarettes were seen. Storing cigarettes at high humidity resulted in elevated levels of fungi in the cigarette tobacco leading to increased ergosterol concentrations in the smoke. The fact that tobacco smoke is a bioaerosol may help to explain the high prevalence of respiratory disorders among smokers and non-smokers exposed to second hand smoke since the same symptoms are also commonly associated with exposure to bioaerosols.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, L, et al.
(författare)
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Tobacco smoke as a major source of endotoxin in indoor air
- 2005
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Ingår i: Indoor Air 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vols 1-5. ; , s. 1655-1658
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mass spectrometry was used to determine the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) marker 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid and 3-deoxy -D-manno-2-octulosonic acid in cigarette tobacco and smoke particles. Tobacco from cigarettes of different brands purchased in four different countries in Europe and Asia contained similar amounts of LPS. Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in rooms of smoking students entailed inhalation of LPS in amounts that were 6-60 times higher than in student rooms without ongoing smoking. The fact that cigarette smoke contains large amounts of endotoxin may partly explain the high prevalence of respiratory disorders among smokers and may also draw attention to a hitherto unknown or neglected risk factor of ETS.
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