| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Anderson, Jenna, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of an Experimental Subunit Vaccine That Allows Differentiation between Infected and Vaccinated Animals against Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in Cattle
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. - 1556-6811 .- 1556-679X. ; 20, s. 1115-1122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 out-break of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or a placebo. The two vaccines induced similar neutralizing antibody responses to BTV-8. Furthermore, the antibody responses detected against VP2, NS1, and NS2 were strongest in the animals immunized with the experimental vaccine, and for the first time, a serotype cross-reactive antibody response to NS2 was shown in cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. The two vaccines evoked measurable T cell responses against NS1, thereby supporting a bovine cross-reactive T cell response. Finally, VP7 sero-conversion was observed after vaccination with the commercial vaccine, as in natural infections, but not after vaccination with the experimental vaccine, indicating that the experimental vaccine may allow the differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals regardless of BTV serotype. The experimental vaccine will be further evaluated during a virulent challenge in a high-containment facility.
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| 3. |
- Blodörn, Krister, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Recombinant Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) with Deletion of the SH Gene and Subunit Vaccines Based On Recombinant Human RSV Proteins: N-nanorings, P and M2-1, in Calves with Maternal Antibodies
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of safe and effective vaccines against both bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) to be used in the presence of RSV-specific maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) remains a high priority in human and veterinary medicine. Herein, we present safety and efficacy results from a virulent BRSV challenge of calves with MDA, which were immunized with one of three vaccine candidates that allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA): an SH gene-deleted recombinant BRSV (Delta SHrBRSV), and two subunit (SU) formulations based on HRSV-P, -M2- 1, and -N recombinant proteins displaying BRSV-F and -G epitopes, adjuvanted by either oil emulsion (Montanide ISA71(VG), SUMont) or immunostimulating complex matrices (AbISCO-300, SUAbis). Whereas all control animals developed severe respiratory disease and shed high levels of virus following BRSV challenge, Delta SHrBRSV-immunized calves demonstrated almost complete clinical and virological protection five weeks after a single intranasal vaccination. Although mucosal vaccination with DSHrBRSV failed to induce a detectable immunological response, there was a rapid and strong anamnestic mucosal BRSV-specific IgA, virus neutralizing antibody and local T cell response following challenge with virulent BRSV. Calves immunized twice intramuscularly, three weeks apart with SUMont were also well protected two weeks after boost. The protection was not as pronounced as that in Delta SHrBRSV-immunized animals, but superior to those immunized twice subcutaneously three weeks apart with SUAbis. Antibody responses induced by the subunit vaccines were non-neutralizing and not directed against BRSV F or G proteins. When formulated as SUMont but not as SUAbis, the HRSV N, P and M2-1 proteins induced strong systemic cross-protective cell-mediated immune responses detectable already after priming. Delta SHrBRSV and SUMont are two promising DIVA-compatible vaccines, apparently inducing protection by different immune responses that were influenced by vaccine-composition, immunization route and regimen.
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| 4. |
- Elfman, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Air quality in Horse Stables
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemistry, emission control, radioactive pollution and indoor air quality. - Rijeka : IN-TECH. - 9789533073163 - 9533073160 ; , s. 655-680
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Fahlman, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen supplementation in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus arctos) - how low can you go?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Wildlife Diseases. - : Wildlife Disease Association. - 0090-3558 .- 1943-3700. ; 50, s. 574-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hypoxemia is anticipated during wildlife anesthesia and thus should be prevented. We evaluated the efficacy of low flow rates of supplemental oxygen for improvement of arterial oxygenation in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus arctos). The study included 32 free-ranging brown bears (yearlings, subadults, and adults; body mass 12-250 kg) that were darted with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine (MZT) from a helicopter in Sweden. During anesthesia, oxygen was administered intranasally from portable oxygen cylinders at different flow rates (0.5-3 L/min). Arterial blood samples were collected before (pre-O-2), during, and after oxygen therapy and immediately processed with a portable analyzer. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and pulse oximetry-derived hemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. Intranasal oxygen supplementation at the evaluated flow rates significantly increased the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) from pre-O-2 values of 9.1 +/- 1.3 (6.3-10.9) kPa to 20.4 +/- 6.8 (11.1-38.7) kPa during oxygen therapy. When oxygen therapy was discontinued, the PaO2 decreased to values not significantly different from the pre-O-2, values. In relation to the body mass of the bears, the following oxygen flow rates are recommended: 0.5 L/min to bears <51 kg, 1 L/min to bears 51-100 kg, 2 L/min to bears 101-200 kg, and 3 L/min to bears 201-250 kg. In conclusion, low flow rates of intranasal oxygen were sufficient to improve arterial oxygenation in brown bears anesthetized with MZT. Because hypoxemia quickly recurred when oxygen was discontinued, oxygen supplementation should be provided continuously throughout anesthesia.
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| 6. |
- Fahlman, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Physiologic Evaluation of Capture and Anesthesia with Medetomidine–Zolazepam–Tiletamine in Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. - : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. - 1042-7260 .- 1937-2825. ; 42, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physiologic variables during anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine were evaluated in 52 free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) darted from a helicopter and in six captive brown bears darted at a zoo. During anesthesia, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and pulse oximetry derived hemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. Arterial blood samples were collected and immediately analyzed for evaluation of pulmonary gas exchange, acid base status, and selected hematologic and plasma variables. At the end of anesthesia, atipamezole was administered intramuscularly at five times the medetomidine dose. Capture-induced hyperthermia and lactic acidemia were documented in free-ranging bears. Hypoxemia during anesthesia was documented in both free-ranging and captive bears. In free-ranging bears, rectal temperature, heart rate, lactate, hematocrit, and hemoglobin decreased significantly during anesthesia, whereas partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, pH, potassium, and glucose increased. Yearlings had a significantly higher heart rate, pH, base excess, bicarbonate, and glucose, and had a significantly lower rectal temperature, sodium, hematocrit, and hemoglobin when compared with subadult and adult brown bears. In conclusion, alterations in pulmonary gas exchange and acid base status in brown bears during anesthesia with medetomidine zolazepam tiletamine with the doses and capture methods used in this study were identified. Oxygen supplementation is recommended to counteract hypoxemia during anesthesia.
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| 7. |
- Fahlman, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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TREATMENT OF HYPOXEMIA DURING ANESTHESIA OF BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. - : American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. - 1042-7260 .- 1937-2825. ; 41, s. 161-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed whether arterial oxygenation could be increased by treatment with intranasal oxygen supplementation in brown bears (Ursus arctos) with hypoxemia during anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine. Arterial blood samples were collected anaerobically from the femoral artery before and during oxygen supplementation. An oxygen flow rate of 2-5 L/min administered intranasally to brown bears weighing 12-120 kg markedly increased arterial oxygenation. Intranasal oxygen supplementation proved to be a simple and efficient method for treatment of hypoxemia in anesthetized bears.
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| 8. |
- Hernlund, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Theileria equi orsakade klinisk piroplasmos hos två importhästar.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Svensk Veterinärtidning. - 0346-2250. ; 65, s. 11-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Klinisk piroplasmos orsakad av Theileria equi upptäcktes hos två hästar som nyligen förts in i Sverige från Spanien. Sjukdomen är anmälningspliktig och förekommer normalt inte i Sverige eftersom de fästing - arter som fungerar som vektorer saknas här. Diagnosen komplicerades av att hästarna samtidigt var sjuka i akut hästinfluensa. Piroplasmos bör beaktas hos hästar med feber, anemi och ikterus, särskilt om de kommer från områden en - demiska för ekvin piroplasmos. Om nya fästingarter får fäste i Sverige kan infektionen komma att spridas från seropositiva hästar.
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| 9. |
- Hägglund, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Kinetics and antibody isotype profile in calves intranasally primed with BRSV Delta SH: effects of parenteral boosting with human (H)RSV proteins and implications in protection against BRSV
- 2014
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Ingår i: Immunology. - 0019-2805 .- 1365-2567. ; 143, s. 77-77
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BRSV, which is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves, is closely related to HRSV, the most important cause of respiratory disease in young infants. There are no commercially available HRSV vaccines and BRSV vaccines are poorly effective in calves with maternal antibodies. We have investigated the kinetics of the BRSV-specific B-cell responses in calves with maternally derived antibodies (MDA) following intranasal (i.n.) priming with BRSV lacking the SH gene (BRSV∆SH), and intramuscular (i.m.) boosting with a protein-based subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant HRSV proteins: N nanorings, P and M1-2, in Montanide ISA 71 adjuvant (SUMONT), in relation to protection. Following i.n. vaccination with ∆SH BRSV, calves did not develop a detectable local or systemic antibody response, or detectable circulating BRSV-specific plasma cells. However, following i.m. boosting with SUMONT, there was a strong production of all antibody isotypes in serum and nasal secretions, with detectable circulating BRSV-specific plasma cells. Following challenge with wild-type BRSV, all vaccinated calves developed a rapid secondary mucosal and serum antibody response. A rapid increase in serum neutralising antibodies was detected in all groups of vaccinated calves excepted for some calves primed i.n. with ∆SH BRSV on two occasions. All vaccination regimes induced some protection against BRSV challenge. However, protection did not appear to correlate with induction of neutralising antibodies.
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| 10. |
- Kendall, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis in association with asinine herpesvirus type 5 and equine herpesvirus type 5: a case report
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A standardbred gelding with a history of 10 days pyrexia and lethargy was referred to the Equine Hospital at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden. The horse had tachypnea with increased respiratory effort and was in thin body condition. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia and hypoxemia. Thoracic radiographs showed signs of pneumonia with a multifocal nodular pattern, which in combination with lung biopsy findings indicated Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis (EMPF). EMPF is a recently described disease in adult horses with clinical signs of fever, weight loss and respiratory problems. The pathological findings include loss of functional pulmonary parenchyma due to extensive nodular interstitial fibrosis which has been related to infection with the equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5). In this case, lung biopsy and tracheal wash samples tested positive for both asinine herpesvirus type 5 (AHV-5) and EHV-5 using PCR assays. The horse failed to respond to treatment and was euthanized for humane reasons. Postmortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of EMPF. This case suggests that not only EHV-5 alone should be considered in association with the development of this disease.
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| 11. |
- Lindahl, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Sampling Sites and Laboratory Diagnostic Tests for S. equi subsp. equi in Horses from Confirmed Strangles Outbreaks
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0891-6640 .- 1939-1676. ; 27, s. 542-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Strangles is a contagious equine-specific disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Unfortunately, detection of S. equi can fail in up to 40% of horses with strangles. Whereas recent molecular biologic methods and sampling techniques have improved recovery of S. equi optimal sampling methods and laboratory analyses remain ill-defined. Objectives To determine the yield of S. equi from horses with acute strangles in confirmed outbreaks by field-sampling methods subjected to culture and biochemical identification, and real-time PCR directly and after culture. Animals Fifty-seven horses of varying breeds and ages from 8 strangles outbreaks. Methods Prospective study. Culture with biochemical identification and real-time PCR directly, and from culture, were performed on nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasopharyngeal lavages. Results Real-time PCR directly from samples identified the highest number of infected horses, with 45/57 nasal swabs, 41/57 nasopharyngeal swabs, and 48/57 nasopharyngeal lavages S. equi positive. Biochemical identification (highest positives 22/57) was inferior to real-time PCR for S. equi recovery regardless of sampling method. Real-time PCR of nasopharyngeal lavage directly and after culture yielded 52/57 positives whereas direct real-time PCR of nasopharyngeal lavage combined with either nasopharyngeal swabs or nasal swabs yielded 53/57 positives. Three horses were negative on all samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Nasopharyngeal lavage analyzed by a combination of real-time PCR directly and after culture or, alternatively, real-time PCR directly on a nasopharyngeal lavage and a nasal/nasopharyngeal swab can identify S. equi in over 90% of acute strangles cases.
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| 12. |
- Lindahl, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Outbreak of upper respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus ST-24
- 2013
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 166, s. 281-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is generally considered a commensal and an opportunistic pathogen of the upper airways in horses. Establishing whether certain strains of S. zooepidemicus can cause upper respiratory disease as a host-specific pathogen of horses, and if there are certain genogroups of S. zooepidemicus that are more virulent than others is of major clinical importance. In this study, we describe an outbreak of upper respiratory disease in horses that was associated with S. zooepidemicus. Upper respiratory samples were cultured, analyzed by real-time PCR for S. zooepidemicus and S. equi, and genetically differentiated by sequencing of the SzP protein gene and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against S. equi and common viral respiratory pathogens. The ST-24 strain of S. zooepidemicus was isolated from all horses with clinical signs of disease, while the healthy horses carried other strains of S. zooepidemicus. Bacteriological, molecular and serological analyses strongly suggest that a single strain (ST-24) was responsible for the disease outbreak, and that certain strains of this presumed commensal may be more virulent than others. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Lindahl, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Tracing outbreaks of Streptococcus equi infection (strangles) in horses using sequence variation in the seM gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 153, s. 144-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Strangles is a serious respiratory disease in horses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Transmission of the disease occurs by direct contact with an infected horse or contaminated equipment. Genetically, S. equi strains are highly homogenous and differentiation of strains has proven difficult. However, the S. equi M-protein SeM contains a variable N-terminal region and has been proposed as a target gene to distinguish between different strains of S. equi and determine the source of an outbreak. In this study, strains of S. equi (n = 60) from 32 strangles outbreaks in Sweden during 1998-2003 and 2008-2009 were genetically characterized by sequencing the SeM protein gene (seM), and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Swedish strains belonged to 10 different seM types, of which five have not previously been described. Most were identical or highly similar to allele types from strangles outbreaks in the UK. Outbreaks in 2008/2009 sharing the same seM type were associated by geographic location and/or type of usage of the horses (racing stables). Sequencing of the seM gene generally agreed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. Our data suggest that seM sequencing as a epidemiological tool is supported by the agreement between seM and PFGE and that sequencing of the SeM protein gene is more sensitive than PFGE in discriminating strains of S. equi. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Vengust, Modest, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of frusemide on transvascular fluid fluxes across the lung in exercising horses
- 2011
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Ingår i: Equine Veterinary Journal. - : Wiley. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 43, s. 451-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fru does not have a measurable effect on J(ER) and J(V-A). Cardiac output was reduced in FruTr, suggesting that there were also smaller changes in the capillary recruitment and transvascular transmural hydrostatic pressures; however, this did not effect J(V-A). Therefore, Fru at the dose of 250 mg does not appear to be an effective treatment for regulating pulmonary transvascular forces during exercise in horses.
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| 19. |
- Verwilghen, Denis, et al.
(författare)
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A giant nonstrangulating mesenteric lipoma as a cause of recurrent colic in a horse
- 2013
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Ingår i: Equine Veterinary Education. - : Wiley. - 0957-7734 .- 2042-3292. ; 25, s. 451-455
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colic is a major cause of veterinary attendance in general practice and although most colic episodes remain isolated, recurrence may occur and definitive diagnosis can be difficult to obtain. This report describes an unusual presentation of a lipoma in a middle-aged horse presented for recurrent colic. A massive lipoma causing a nonstrangulating space occupying obstruction of the small intestine was found during an exploratory celiotomy and was considered to be the most likely cause of the recurrent episodes of abdominal discomfort.
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| 20. |
- Wålinder, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Installation of mechanical ventilation in a horse stable : effects on air quality and human and equine airways
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1342-078X .- 1347-4715. ; 16:4, s. 264-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES:To examine the effects of installing a mechanical ventilation system at a riding-school stable on indoor air quality and human and horse airways.METHODS:The intervention was the installation of mechanical ventilation in a riding-school stable. Carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia, particles, horse allergen, microorganisms and endotoxins were measured in the stable. The stable-workers and riding-students completed a questionnaire and underwent the following tests: analysis of nasal lavage for inflammation biomarkers; levels of exhaled nitrogen oxide (NO); measurements of daily peak-expiratory flow (PEF). The horses were examined clinically by airway endoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and were analysed for cytology and biomarkers.RESULTS:Levels of CO2 were nearly halved and airborne horse allergen levels were markedly reduced (5-0.8 kU/m3) after the intervention. A decreased level of ultrafine particles was observed (8000-5400 particles/cm3) after the intervention, while total and respirable dust levels were mainly unchanged (200 and 130 μg/m3). Levels of microorganisms in surface samples decreased following the intervention, whereas airborne microorganisms and endotoxin increased. There was no significant change in human symptoms, PEF-variability, exhaled NO or inflammatory biomarkers in the nasal lavage. In horses, the mean score of lower airway mucus was significantly reduced together with the mean level of expression of interleukin-6 mRNA in BAL cells after the intervention.CONCLUSIONS:The installation of a mechanical ventilation system resulted in an increased air exchange rate, as demonstrated by reduced levels of CO2, ammonia, ultrafine particles and horse allergen. There was no significant clinical effect on human airways, but there was a tendency for reduced inflammation markers. The results on the horses may indicate less impact on their airways after the intervention.
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