| 1. |
- Tiegs, Scott D., et al.
(författare)
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Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - Washington : American Association of Advancement in Science. - 2375-2548. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth's biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented "next-generation biomonitoring" by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.
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| 2. |
- Blodörn, Krister, et al.
(författare)
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A bovine respiratory syncytial virus model with high clinical expression in calves with specific passive immunity
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC Veterinary Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1746-6148. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. Calves are particularly affected, even with low to moderate levels of BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies (MDA). Available BRSV vaccines have suboptimal efficacy in calves with MDA, and published infection models in this target group are lacking in clinical expression. Here, we refine and characterize such a model. Results In a first experiment, 2 groups of 3 calves with low levels of MDA were experimentally inoculated by inhalation of aerosolized BRSV, either: the Snook strain, passaged in gnotobiotic calves (BRSV-Snk), or isolate no. 9402022 Denmark, passaged in cell culture (BRSV-Dk). All calves developed clinical signs of respiratory disease and shed high titers of virus, but BRSV-Snk induced more severe disease, which was then reproduced in a second experiment in 5 calves with moderate levels of MDA. These 5 calves shed high titers of virus and developed severe clinical signs of disease and extensive macroscopic lung lesions (mean+/−SD, 48.3+/−12.0% of lung), with a pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells, characterized by interferon gamma secretion and a marked effect on lung function. Conclusions We present a BRSV-infection model, with consistently high clinical expression in young calves with low to moderate levels of BRSV-specific MDA, that may prove useful in studies into disease pathogenesis, or evaluations of vaccines and antivirals. Additionally, refined tools to assess the outcome of BRSV infection are described, including passive measurement of lung function and a refined system to score clinical signs of disease. Using this cognate host calf model might also provide answers to elusive questions about human RSV (HRSV), a major cause of morbidity in children worldwide.
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| 3. |
- Frosth, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Potential Transmission of Bacteria, Including Streptococcus equi spp., Between Stables via Visitors' Clothes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0737-0806 .- 1542-7412. ; 71, s. 71-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Good biosecurity practices are important to avoid spread of disease within and between different animal facilities. However, such practices are not always applied in horse stables, which entail a risk of disease transmission. The aim of this study was to examine the risk of clothing such as fomites transmitting bacteria such as Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) between horse establishments. This was achieved by assessing the survival of S. equi on experimentally contaminated clothes and investigating whether bacteria are transferred from horses to clothes of visitors during handling. Principal results from this study include that S. equi survived notably longer on T-shirt material than on jacket material, but for at least 24 hours regardless of material and that stable visitors' sleeves are readily contaminated by substantial amounts of bacteria when handling horses. In conclusion, the results from this work indicate that direct contact with horses can result in bacterial contamination of clothes and concurrent spread to other horses and horse establishments. Hence, it is advisable to change clothes between different stables and to offer stable-specific protective clothes such as a light jacket for professionals visiting the stable. In addition to washing hands, this is a simple and inexpensive routine that improves biosecurity. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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| 4. |
- Hedberg Alm, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Idiopathic peritonitis in horses: a retrospective study of 130 cases in Sweden (2002-2017)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPeritonitis in horses is historically associated with prolonged treatment regimens of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and a guarded prognosis for survival. The condition is most often seen as a secondary complication to traumatic injuries involving the abdominal cavity, rupture of bowel or abdominal surgery. However, cases of idiopathic peritonitis with no such underlying cause have been described. In Sweden idiopathic peritonitis is commonly identified and, in contrast to peritonitis secondary to traumatic incidents, affected horses appear to respond well to medical treatment. The objectives of this study were to describe clinical signs, laboratory findings, bacterial culture results, treatment regimens and survival rates for horses diagnosed with idiopathic peritonitis.ResultsMedical records were obtained from horses diagnosed with peritonitis without identifiable cause. Diagnosis was based on macroscopically abnormal peritoneal fluid, with an elevated nucleated cell count (>10x10(9)cells/L) or total protein (>25g/L). A total of 130 horses were included, presenting with pyrexia (83%), lethargy (80%), anorexia (68%) and abdominal pain (51%). Microbial cultures were performed in 84% of the cases of which 41% were positive. The most commonly recovered bacteria were Actinobacillus spp., cultured from 21% of the submitted samples. All horses received antimicrobial therapy and many responded to treatment with penicillin alone. Survival until discharge was 94%.ConclusionsIdiopathic peritonitis is a disease that should be considered in horses presented with fever, signs of colic and lethargy. Medical treatment of idiopathic peritonitis is often successful and in Sweden most cases appear to respond well to treatment with penicillin as the sole antimicrobial.
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| 5. |
- Hägglund, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Proteome analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage from calves infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus-Insights in pathogenesis and perspectives for new treatments
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 12:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSV/BRSV) are major causes of severe lower respiratory tract infections in children and calves, respectively. Shared epidemiological, clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of these viruses make comparative research highly relevant. To characterise the host response against BRSV infection, bronchoalveolar lavage supernatant (BAL) from i) non-vaccinated, BRSV-infected ii) vaccinated, BRSV-infected and iii) non-infected calves was analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were semi-quantified and protein expression was validated by immunoblotting. Correlations between selected proteins and pathology, clinical signs and virus shedding were investigated. Calves with BRSV-induced disease had increased total protein concentrations and a decreased number of proteins identified in BAL. The protein profile was characterised by neutrophil activation and a reduction in identified antioxidant enzymes. The presence of neutrophils in alveolar septa, the expression level of neutrophil-related or antioxidant proteins and LZTFL1 correlated significantly with disease. Citrullinated histone 3, an indicator of extracellular traps (ETs), was only detected in non-vaccinated, BRSV-infected animals. By bringing disequilibrium in the release and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, generating ETs and causing elastine degradation, exaggerated neutrophil responses might exacerbate RSV-induced disease. Neutrophil-mitigating or antioxidant treatments should be further explored.
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| 6. |
- Kirkby, Jasper, et al.
(författare)
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Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 533:7604, s. 521-526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood(1). Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours(2). It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere(3,4), and that ions have a relatively minor role(5). Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded(6,7). Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of a-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
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| 7. |
- Leijon, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation and Dynamics of infections of equine herpesvirus type 5 in individual horses
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of General Virology. - : Microbiology Society. - 0022-1317 .- 1465-2099. ; 97, s. 169-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) is related to the human Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4) and has frequently been observed in equine populations worldwide. EHV-5 was previously assumed to be low to non-pathogenic; however, studies have also related the virus to the severe lung disease equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Genetic information of EHV-5 is scanty: the whole genome was recently described and only limited nucleotide sequences are available. In this study, samples were taken twice 1 year apart from eight healthy horses at the same professional training yard and samples from a ninth horse that was diagnosed with EMPF with samples taken pre- and post-mortem to analyse partial glycoprotein B (gB) gene of EHV-5 by using next-generation sequencing. The analysis resulted in 27 partial gB gene sequences, 11 unique sequence types and five amino acid sequences. These sequences could be classified within four genotypes (I-IV) of the EHV-5 gB gene based on the degree of similarity of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and in this work horses were shown to be identified with up to three different genotypes simultaneously. The observations showed a range of interactions between EHV-5 and the host over time, where the same virus persists in some horses, whereas others have a more dynamic infection pattern including strains from different genotypes. This study provides insight into the genetic variation and dynamics of EHV-5, and highlights that further work is needed to understand the EHV-5 interaction with its host.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Pringle, John, et al.
(författare)
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Long term silent carriers of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi following strangles; carrier detection related to sampling site of collection and culture versus qPCR
- 2019
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Ingår i: Veterinary Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-0233 .- 1532-2971. ; 246, s. 66-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After strangles outbreaks, Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi) can persist in clinically normal silent carriers for months to years. Two naturally occurring outbreaks of strangles with 53 and 100% morbidity, respectively, were followed longitudinally to assess occurrence of carrier state and optimal detection methods Outbreak A involved 98 yearling warmbloods, and outbreak B 38 mature Icelandic horses. Fully recovered horses were sampled at least 6 months after index cases using nasal swabs (one sampling occasion only) nasopharyngeal lavage and guttural pouch visualisation and lavages for culture and qPCR to S. equi. Any horse with at least a single sample positive was deemed a carrier. Descriptive statistics and sensitivity and negative predictive values were calculated. Comparisons were made with McNemars and Fishers exact tests.Carrier rates in outbreak A were 3% based on culture and 15% based on qPCR and for outbreak B 13% based on culture and 37% based on qPCR. All culture positives were also qPCR positive. One carrier culture negative sampled after an additional 8 months was culture positive to S. equi, indicating that qPCR positives should be suspected to carry live bacteria. Findings indicate that reliance on guttural pouch sampling and appearance does not capture all silent carriers. All culture positives were identified by qPCR and even horses positive by qPCR but culture negative should be suspected carriers of live bacteria. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Riihimäki, Miia, et al.
(författare)
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Decreased Clinical Severity of Strangles in Weanlings Associated with Restricted Seroconversion to Optimized Streptococcus equi ssp equi Assays
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0891-6640 .- 1939-1676. ; 32, s. 459-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Streptococcus equi ssp. equi causes characteristic clinical signs that are most severe in young horses, including fever, purulent nasal discharge, and lymph node abscessation in the head region.Hypothesis/Objectives: Clinical, serologic, and microbiologic factors related to unexpectedly mild disease severity in a natural outbreak of strangles in immunologically naive weanlings were investigated.Animals: One-hundred and twelve warmblood weanlings.Methods: Prospective longitudinal observational study of a natural outbreak of strangles. The entire cohort was examined at the peak of the outbreak by deep nasal swabs for culture and quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the presence of S. equi and clinically and serologically in a sequential manner by an optimized ELISA from the index case throughout the outbreak until resolution. Descriptive statistics were calculated and comparisons made using a nondirectional Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results: Outbreak morbidity was 53%, with 9 of 14 horses culture positive and 26 of 53 horses qPCR positive for S. equi lacking clinical signs characteristic of strangles. By resolution, 91 of 112 had seroconverted to Antigen A by ELISA but seroconversion to antigen C (part of the SeM protein) was minimal. Sequencing of the isolates detected no alterations in the SeM protein, but identified a 61 bp deletion in the gene SEQ_0402.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Absence of clinical signs alone in naive horses may be an insufficient criterion to release horses from strangles quarantine measures. Restricted seroconversion to antigen C may have been associated with decreased clinical severity. The role of a minor gene deletion in SEQ_0402 in the virulence of S. equi warrants further investigation.
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| 13. |
- Riihimäki, Miia, et al.
(författare)
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Long term dynamics of a Streptococcus equi ssp equi outbreak, assessed by qPCR and culture and seM sequencing in silent carriers of strangles
- 2018
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 223, s. 107-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to use culture, qPCR and seM sequencing to map Streptococcus equi subspec. equi (S.equi) isolates in long term carrier animals. A strangles outbreak affecting 41 Icelandic horses was followed to determine strangles free status using nasal and/or guttural pouch lavages collected serially on eleven separate occasions over 13 months. Ten persistent carriers, of which eight had repeated culture positive samples for S. equi, were selected for the study. Of 115 samples collected, 61 were S. equi positive on qPCR; from which 32 were also culture positive. Amplification of parts of the gene encoding the M-protein seM was performed on isolated colony material (n = 32) or, where only PCR product was obtained, directly on the DNA sample (n = 29) with a nested amplification approach. The seM sequence could be determined for six of the 29 samples that were solely qPCR positive. The outbreak was due to a S. equi strain of seM type 72. Three months after initial sampling isolates from two horses had seM gene sequences with one amino acid change. After six months S. equi with truncated seM genes were found in two horses; one variant in a single horse once, and in the other horse a variant that persisted and that was later identified in two additional horses. Non- mucoid S. equi colonies were found in two horses. Importantly, after acute strangles outbreaks many horses not only remain persistently qPCR positive for S. equi but are also intermittently culture positive.
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| 14. |
- Riihimäki, Miia, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal Variation in Tracheal Mucous and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for Adult Clinically Healthy Stabled Horses
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0737-0806 .- 1542-7412. ; 71, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seasonal changes affect the concentration of dust particles and aeroallergens in the equine stable environment and are hypothesized to change airway cytology in healthy stabled horses. The objective of the study was to evaluate if seasonal changes from May to November influenced the lower airway health cytological findings in clinically healthy stabled horses. Endoscopic examination, including tracheal aspiration (TA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology was performed in November and May on 63 clinically healthy stabled Danish Warmblood geldings, aged 12.9 (+/- 4.6) years. Tracheal aspiration and BAL cytology were evaluated via May-Grfinwald-Giemsa stain after cytocentrifugation of samples. Five-hundred cells were identified microscopically as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, or mast cells. A significant difference in climatic conditions with lower temperatures (P < .001), fewer sunlight hours (P = .004), less precipitation (P = .006), and higher humidity (P < .001) was found in November compared to May. A significantly higher percentage of neutrophils (Median 6.10%, Quartiles 4.00-8.80, P < .001) and a higher tracheal mucus score (Median 3.50%, Quartiles 1.95-5.20, P = .010) were found during November compared to May period. Furthermore, a positive correlation between TA and BAL neutrophils was found for both sampling times. Mild winter weather conditions with lower temperatures, fewer minutes of sunlight, and a higher percent humidity were associated with significantly higher BAL neutrophil percentage and significantly higher mucus score in stabled clinical healthy horses. The clear seasonal influence on BAL neutrophilia and tracheal mucous findings in clinically normal horse needs to be included in the working diagnosis of asthma in horses. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Riihimäki, Miia, et al.
(författare)
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Viral load of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 in nasal swabs of actively racing Standardbred trotters: Temporal relationship of shedding to clinical findings and poor performance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 179, s. 142-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The equine gamma herpesviruses 2 and 5 (EHV-2 and -5) have frequently been observed in the equine population and until recently presumed low to nonpathogenic. However, recent reports linking presence of equine gamma herpesviruses with clinical signs of mild to severe lung disease, suggest that the role of these viruses in respiratory disease and poor performance syndrome is still unclear. Moreover, baseline data regarding the temporal pattern of shedding of EHV-2 and EHV-5 within stables and within individual actively racing horses have been lacking. In a prospective longitudinal study, we followed elite racing Standardbred trotters at monthly intervals for 13 months, to investigate whether the amount of EHV-2 and EHV-5 shedded in nasal secretions varied over time within and between individual horses. Sixty-six elite horses were investigated by analyzing nasal swabs and serum samples, a health check and evaluation of athletic performance monthly during the study period. Nasal swabs were analyzed with two newly developed qPCR assays for EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. Of 663 samples, 197 (30%) were positive for EHV-2 and 492(74%) positive for EHV-5. Furthermore, 176(27%) of the samples were positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5 simultaneously. There was considerable variation in the amount and frequency of shedding of EHV-2 and EHV-5 within and between individual horses. Viral load varied seasonally, but neither EHV-2 nor EHV-5 viral peaks were associated with clinical respiratory disease and/or poor performance in racing Standardbred trotters. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Ståhl, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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The first reported Florida Clade 1 virus in the Nordic countries, isolated from a Swedish outbreak of equine influenza in 2011
- 2016
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 184, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses and the virus constantly undergoes antigenic drift. Here we characterize and describe the HA1 and the NA genes of H3N8 within samples obtained from outbreaks in Sweden during November-December 2011. Both Clade 1 and Clade 2 viruses of the Florida sublineage were identified. The index case of Clade 2 was transported to Sweden from Spain through the Netherlands, whereas the Clade 1 had its origin from a Swedish stud farm. The Clade 1 virus was efficiently spread between training yards by unvaccinated young horses, but vaccinated horses were also presented with clinical signs of respiratory disease. No virus of the Eurasian lineage was isolated during this outbreak. Clade 1 has previously been described in outbreaks in numerous of other countries, but this is the first time it has been detected in Sweden. The results from this study shows the importance of including both Clade 1 and Clade 2 of the Florida sublineage in equine influenza vaccines, supporting the ESP and OIE recommendations. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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