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- Axelsson Sohlberg, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Tal om tobak 2008 : Tobakskonsumtionen i Sverige 2008
- 2009
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Under år 2008 fördes cirka 424 miljoner cigaretter in i Sverige från utlandet i samband med svenskars utlandsresor. I jämförelse med år 2007 har ingen förändring skett. Antalet köpta smuggelcigaretter har däremot ökat mellan 2007 och 2008 från 144 miljoner till 440 miljoner dvs. med cirka 205 procent. Köp av privatimporterade cigaretter, det vill säga köp av cigaretter som privatpersoner lagligt fört in i landet och sålt vidare utan kommersiellt syfte, uppgick år 2008 till cirka 134 miljoner vilket i jämförelse med år 2007 är en ökning med cirka 6 procent. Sammantaget så ökade därmed den oregistrerade cigarettkonsumtionen under 2008 med cirka 44 procent i jämförelse med 2007 (998 miljoner mot 694 miljoner). Den registrerade (i Sverige beskattade) cigarettförsäljningen minskade under 2008 samtidigt som den oregistrerade cigarettkonsumtionens andel av den totala cigarettkonsumtionen (det vill säga den registrerade och den oregistrerade sammantaget), ökade från 9,5 procent under 2007 till 14 procent för 2008. Den totala cigarettkonsumtionen fortsätter dock att minska under 2008 och var ca 2,7 procent lägre än 2007 och 7,7 procent lägre än 2006. Denna utveckling får stöd i andra uppgifter som visar att andelen dagligrökare minskat under samma period. I denna rapport skattades också den oregistrerade snuskonsumtionen för år 2008 vilken uppgick till cirka 30,8 miljoner dosor varav 17 miljoner var resandeinförda (främst från Finland) och cirka 9,7 miljoner hade beställts via Internet. Köp av smuggelsnus uppgick till cirka 4 miljoner dosor. Detta är i jämförelse med år 2007 en total ökning med cirka 320 procent (30,8 miljoner mot 7,3 miljoner).
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| 8. |
- Jarl, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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The societal cost of alcohol consumption: an estimation of the economic and human cost including health effects in Sweden, 2002
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-7601 .- 1618-7598. ; 9:4, s. 351-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article estimates the societal cost of alcohol consumption in Sweden in 2002, as well as the effects on health and quality of life. The estimation includes direct costs, indirect costs and intangible costs. Relevant cost-of-illness methods are applied using the human capital method and prevalence-based estimates, as suggested in existing international guidelines, allowing cautious comparison with prior studies. The results show that the net cost (i.e. including protective effects of alcohol consumption) is 20.3 billion Swedish kronor (SEK) and the gross cost (counting only detrimental effects) is 29.4 billon (0.9 and 1.3% of GDP). Alcohol consumption is estimated to cause a net loss of 121,800 QALYs. The results are within the range found in prior studies, although at the low end. A large number of sensitivity analyses are performed, indicating a sensitivity range of 50%.
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| 11. |
- Nordström, T., et al.
(författare)
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Mortality and population drinking : a review of the literature
- 2005
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Ingår i: Drug and Alcohol Review. - 0959-5236 .- 1465-3362. ; 24:6, s. 537-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this review was to review research addressing the relationship between population drinking and health, particularly mortality. The review is based primarily on articles published in international journals after 1994 to February 2005, identified via Medline. The method used in most studies is time-series analysis based on autoregressive intergrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling. The outcome measures covered included the following mortality indicators: mortality from liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-related diseases, accident mortality, suicide, homicide, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality and all-cause mortality. The study countries included most of the EU member states as of 1995 (14 countries), Canada and the United States. For Eastern Europe there was only scanty evidence. The study period was in most cases the post-war period. There was a statistically significant relationship between per capita consumption and mortality from liver cirrhosis and other alcohol-related diseases in all countries. In about half the countries, there was a significant relationship between consumption, on one hand, and mortality from accidents and homicide as well as all-cause mortality on the other hand. A link between alcohol and suicide was found in all regions except for mid- and southern Europe. There was no systematic link between consumption and IHD mortality. Overall, a 1-litre increase in per capita consumption was associated with a stronger effect in northern Europe and Canada than in mid- and southern Europe. Research during the past decade has strengthened the notion of a relationship between population drinking and alcohol-related harm. At the same time, the marked regional variation in the magnitude of this relationship suggests the importance of drinking patterns for modifying the impact of alcohol. By and large, there was little evidence for any cardioprotective effect at the population level. It is a challenge for future research to reconcile this outcome with the findings from observational studies, most of which suggest a protective effect of moderate drinking.
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| 15. |
- Norström, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Unregistered alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Background: During the last years unregistered alcohol consumption has increased markedly in Sweden. Above all, it is alcohol that is smuggled or legally privately imported which has increased. It can be hypothesised that the intake of unregistered alcohol is associated with a more risky drinking pattern and is more likely to give rise to various forms of alcohol-related harm.Aim: To estimate the relationship between consumption of unregistered alcohol and indicators of alcohol-related harm.Data and method: Data on consumption of various forms of unregistered alcohol consumption were obtained from the monthly surveys that have been conducted since January 2001 by the Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, SoRAD, Stockholm University. Registered consumption was indicated by sales data from the Swedish Alcohol Retail Monopoly. The harm indicators included two alcohol-related crime indicators (police-reported assaults and drink driving offences, source: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention) and two indicators on admission to treatment for alcohol-related diagnoses. The montly data were aggregated into quarterly observations separately for southern Sweden, mid-Sweden and northern Sweden. The study period was Q1 2001-Q4 2005. The data were analyzed by means of time-series analyses (ARIMA-models) and pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses.Preliminay findings: Generally, there was a significant relationship between on the one hand various forms of unregistered alcohol and alcohol sales, and on the other hand the various harm indicators. The pattern of these relationships and their implications for the hypothesis will be scrutinezed.
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| 17. |
- Ramstedt, Mats
(författare)
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Alcohol and fatal accidents in the United States : - a time series analysis for 1950-2002
- 2008
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Ingår i: Accid Anal Prev. ; 40, s. 273-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To estimate the association between per capita alcohol consumption and fatal accidents in the United States and to compare the outcome with findings from Europe and Canada. DATA AND METHOD: Yearly data on fatal accidents by gender and age were analysed in relation to per capita alcohol consumption for 1950-2002 using the Box-Jenkins technique for time series analysis. FINDINGS: A 1-L increase in per capita consumption was on average followed by 4.4 male deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, but had no significant effect on female accident mortality. Regarding specific categories of accidents, the effect on fatal motor vehicle accidents accounted for a large part of the overall effect for men and was also significant for women. With respect to fatal falling accidents and other accidents, the only significant effects were found among young males. As concerns women, the association with per capita consumption in the US was weak in comparison with Canada and Europe. The US effect estimate for overall male accidents was however equally strong as in Northern Europe (5.2) or Canada (5.9), and stronger than that found in Central and Southern Europe (2.1 and 1.6, respectively). With respect to alcohol and fatal motor vehicle accidents, the association for men of 3.2 was stronger than in Europe and more similar to the Canadian finding (3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Per capita alcohol consumption has at least partly been an explanation for the development of male fatal accidents and particularly motor vehicle accident rates in the post-war United States. High traffic density and relatively high legal limits for drunken driving blood alcohol concentration (BAC) are suggested to explain the strong association found between alcohol and fatal motor vehicle accidents. The results also suggest that a reduction in per capita consumption would have its most preventive impact on fatal accidents among younger males.
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| 18. |
- Ramstedt, Mats
(författare)
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Alcohol and fatal accidents in the United States - - a time series analysis for 1950-2002
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Aims. To estimate the association between per capita alcohol consumption and fatal accidents in the United States and to compare the outcome with findings from Europe and Canada. Data and method. Yearly data on fatal accidents by gender and age were analysed in relation to per capita alcohol consumption for 1950-2002 using the Box-Jenkins technique for time series analysis. Findings. A one-litre increase in per capita consumption was on average followed by 4.4 male deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, but had no significant effect on female accident mortality. Regarding specific categories of accidents, the effect on fatal motor vehicle accidents accounted for a large part of the overall effect for men and was also significant for women. With respect to fatal falling accidents and other accidents, the only significant effects were found among young males. In comparison with Europe, the extent to which changes in per capita consumption cause accidents in the United States is similar to the pattern for Northern Europe, particularly regarding overall accidents, whereas for falls and traffic accidents, the results are similar to those for Southern Europe. In comparison with Canada, a one-litre change in per capita consumption causes about the same amount of change in accidents overall and motor vehicle accidents, but fewer accidental falls and other accidents. Conclusions. Per capita alcohol consumption has at least partly been an explanation for the development of male fatal accidents and particularly motor vehicle accident rates in the post-war United States. A high traffic density and relatively soft BAC laws are suggested to explain the strong association found between alcohol and fatal motor vehicle accidents. The results also suggest that a reduction in per capita consumption would have its most preventive impact on fatal accidents in younger males.
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| 19. |
- Ramstedt, Mats
(författare)
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Alcohol and IHD-mortality in Russia - a bad connection?
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Background: Alcohol consumption is not only good for the heart, it can be bad if consumed in irregular binges. At the level of the population it is suggested that in countries with such detrimental drinking patterns, negative effects will outweigh any protective effects. Russia constitutes an example of such a country and the decline in IHD-mortality during the anti-alcohol campaign is often referred to as support of this idea.Objective. To analyse the temporal association between IHD mortality and various indicators of alcohol consumption in Russia. Method. Using ARIMA time-series analysis, age and gender-specific IHD mortality rates from 1950 to 1998 were analysed in relation to alcohol consumption and two indexes of alcohol-related mortality; alcohol poisonings and all alcohol-specific causes. Lung cancer mortality is used as in indicator of smoking. Preliminary findings. A first preliminary model without any control variables, suggested that a one-litre change in per capita alcohol consumption was followed by an increase in IHD mortality among male adults (15+) of 3.5 percent.
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| 20. |
- Ramstedt, Mats
(författare)
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Alcohol and suicide at the population level : the Canadian experience
- 2005
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Ingår i: Drug and Alcohol Review. - 0959-5236 .- 1465-3362. ; 24:3, s. 203-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies suggest that the population level link between alcohol and suicide differs across countries and between men and women. The aim of this paper was to estimate the relationship between alcohol consumption and suicide in Canada and to put the results in a comparative perspective. The relationship was elucidated for whole Canada, different provinces and also separately for men and women. The total suicide rate in Canada increased significantly by around 4% as alcohol consumption increased by one litre per capita, suggesting that approximately 25 - 30% of Canadian suicides were related to alcohol. The relationship was stronger for women than for men. A significant effect was found in all provinces except from Quebec, but the overall regional variation was not statistically significant. In an international perspective, the relationship for women was somewhat weaker than in Sweden and Norway, but larger than in Finland, the United States and Southern European countries. For men, the association was similar to what is found in the United States and Finland, weaker than in Sweden, Norway and Russia but stronger than in Southern European countries. The results only partly support the idea that intoxication frequency explains national differences in this relationship. Possible explanations for the stronger association among women are also discussed.
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| 21. |
- Ramstedt, Mats
(författare)
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Alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality - the population level link
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- AbstractLiver cirrhosis mortality is often used to indicate changes in population-level alcohol harm. One important rationale for this idea is the large body of evidence of a link at the aggregate level, showing that high levels of population drinking tend to be associated with high cirrhosis rates. One aim of the presentation is to review recent research addressing the relationship between population drinking and liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe with focus on studies using a similar methodology (ARIMA time series analyses). To what extent is higher alcohol consumption associated with higher rates of cirrhosis mortality in different European countries? A second aim is to focus on the recent development in Sweden. Have recent trends in alcohol consumption been associated with expected changes in liver cirrhosis mortality and morbidity?
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| 27. |
- Ramstedt, Mats, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-border purchase in the Nordic countries
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordisk Alkohol- og narkotikatidsskrift (NAT). - 1455-0725 .- 1458-6126. ; 26:2, s. 111-115
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Ramstedt, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing traveller’s allowances in Sweden – how did it affect private imports and recorded sales?
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Background:A recent important change in Sweden concerns the quotas for private import of alcoholic beverages. The quotas have been adjusted upwards gradually so that after January 1 2004, there is in practise no upper limit for what a traveller can import, granted that the goods are for private use. It is generally believed that these changes have been followed by a significant rise in traveller’s imports and as a consequence also in per capita consumption. However, no study has made a detailed analysis of what impact the changes in traveller’s allowances actually had on private imports but rather looked at annual trends. For instance, it is not known whether the impact has been immediate or more gradual during the year following the change or whether the size of the quota increases has affected the size of the increases in private imports. Also, there is no analysis of possible different effects by region, i.e., whether the impact was stronger in southern Sweden than in northern Sweden.Aim: The main aim of this paper is to analyse the consequences of the recent changes in traveller’s allowances in Sweden with focus the impact on private imports, but also considering the effects on recorded sales. The following questions will be addressed: 1. Were any effects found directly after the changes or was there any tendency of delayed effects? 2. Are there differential effects depending on how much the quotas increased and whether the increases concerned sprits, wine or beer? 3. Are there any signs of different effects by region?Data and method:Data on private imports were obtained from a monthly telephone surveys that have been conducted between 2001 and 2007, consisting of a sample of 1500 individuals aged 16-80 years each month. The monthly data were aggregated into quarterly observations separately for southern Sweden, mid-Sweden and northern Sweden. Three changes in traveller’s quotas that took place January 1 in 2002, 2003 and 2004 will be studied by comparing subsequent quarters after each change with the same quarters the previous year.
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| 34. |
- Ramstedt, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing traveller's allowances in Sweden - how did it affect travellers' imports and Systembolaget sales?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (English Edition). - Helsinki, Finland : Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). - 1455-0725. ; 26:2, s. 165-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim The aim of this study is to illuminate: 1. If the increases in travellers´ allowances in 2002, 2003 and 2004 have been associated with increasing travellers’ imports in Sweden? 2. How the (conceivable) effect was distributed during the following year? 3. If there were regional and beverage-specific variations in these effects? 4. How the patterns of change correspond to changes in sales at Systembolaget? Data and Method Data were obtained from a monthly survey and aggregated into annual and quarterly estimates of beverage-specific amounts of imported alcohol per adult for southern, mid- and northern Sweden as well as for the whole of Sweden. In the analysis subsequent quarters are compared after each quota change with the same quarters the previous year as well as with corresponding changes in sales at Systembolaget. Results The increase of spirits allowances in 2002 was not followed by a significant increase in any travellers’ imports. The more substantial increases for all beverages in 2003 and particularly 2004 were followed by significant increases in the whole of Sweden and particularly in the Southern of Sweden. The quarterly changes, however, showed signs of a declining “charm of novelty” effect. Systembolaget sales only partly developed in the opposite direction of imports, suggesting that substitution did not always occur. Conclusions Travellers’ imports increase with more liberal allowances but the magnitude of the effect depended on several factors, e.g., the proportion of the change and region in terms of distance to the Danish and German borders. Other factors seem to be changes of alcohol taxes in neighbouring countries, domestic availability and travelling habits. The declining “charm of novelty” effect suggest that the longer term implications of repealing these quotas may be less significant than was expected in the earlier public discussions.
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| 41. |
- Ramstedt, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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To what extent are travelling and alcohol purchases underreported in general population surveys? : - a comparison of self-reports with recorded data
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Background: Unrecorded alcohol has increased in the Nordic countries during recent years, above all in terms of travellers’ imports as a result increasing travellers’ allowances. In Sweden, traveller’s imports accounted for 9% of total consumption in 1994 but 20 per cent in 2006. This implies that trends and levels of per capita consumption would look different without estimates of this source of alcohol, which in Sweden is conducted by surveys. Aim: The overall aim is to analyse the validity of Swedish survey estimates of travellers’ imports and possibly to develop weights to apply on survey estimates. Data and method: The analysis consists of comparing self-reported purchases of spirits, wine, cider and beer at Systembolaget with recorded sales and comparisons of self-reported travelling abroad with official statistics on travelling abroad. Data on self-reported travelling and purchases at Systembolaget were obtained from a Swedish monthly alcohol survey conducted in 2007. Recorded data were obtained from Systembolaget and various statistical reports about travelling for the same year. Findings: Fully 90 per cent of the recorded amount of purchases at Systembolaget was reported in the survey to be compared with the 40-60 per cent usually found for self-reported consumption. Significant differences across beverages were revealed with a lower coverage rate for beer, cider and spirits and higher coverage rate for wine. Different coverage rates were also found for the different ways of travelling with trips by plane and by car via the Öresund bridge being over-reported by 20-40 per cent whereas arrivals by ferries were underreported by 25 per cent. Conclusions: These results are relevant for discussions about if and how survey estimates of travellers’ imports should be adjusted for underreporting. It seems that different weights should be put on different beverages as well as different types of trips, but further analyses are needed to produce more specific recommendations.
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