| 1. |
- Andersson, Dan, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Transport service procurement – initial findings and a research agenda
- 2016
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Ingår i: 25th IPSERA Conference, Dortmund, March 20-23, 2016..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technology alone will not be sufficient to cope with emission reduction challenges. Transport procurement requires attention for individual firms as well as the transport industry to tackle environmental challenges. The aim of this paper is to identify practice, perceptions and outlook of transport buyers in order to present a research agenda that informs the advancement of current practice, on the basis of surveys, capturing practice among Swedish transport buyers. The direction for future research comprise levels of analysis ranging from the service level to industry-level, and suggest a mixed-method, wherein surveys are combined with in-depth case studies and workshops.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Jenny, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Intressent- och behovsanalys för resvaneundersökningar : resultat från intervjuer och enkätundersökning
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I Sverige genomförs en nationell resvaneundersökning med viss regelbundenhet med Trafikanalys som ansvarig myndighet. Undersökningen har problem med bortfall, täckning, kostnader och uppgiftslämnarbörda. Ett projekt pågår som syftar till att utveckla nya metoder för att samla in data om personers mobilitet. Projektet är indelat i fem arbetspaket, varav detta arbete är ett. Syftet är att utföra en intressent- och behovsanalys avseende framtida resvaneundersökningar. I detta ingår att identifiera syften och frågeställningar som resvaneundersökningar ska kunna hantera och besvara.Det genomfördes 20 telefonintervjuer och utskick av webbenkät till 142 personer (svar från 81 personer, svarsfrekvens 57 procent). Intressenterna delades in i tre olika grupper: offentlig sektor, forskningsorganisation och övriga aktörer. Tillsammans med egna erfarenheter har en analys gjorts av vad som efterfrågas från den nationella resvaneundersökningen. Frågeställningar som centrala för användare av resvaneundersökningar är val av färdsätt, resans ärende samt mått på hur resvanorna förändras över tid och hur olika grupper reser. För detta behövs både uppgifter om individen och resorna. Utöver detta önskar man bra data på kommunal nivå eller lägre. Dock kan Trafikanalys i nuläget inte erbjuda den möjligheten, men här finns det möjlighet för kommuner, regioner och andra aktörer att välja ett extraurval från den befintliga nationella resvaneundersökningen.
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| 3. |
- Henriksson, Malin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Köpa mat online? : effekter av ökad e-handel för person- och godstransporter i ett växande e-handelssamhälle
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De senaste åren har e-handel av livsmedel ökat starkt. Idag bygger beräkningar om e-handelns energieffekt på uppskattningar och antaganden snarare än på kunskap om branschen och dess kunder. Den här studien genererar fördjupad kunskap om vad det ur ett transportperspektiv innebär att företag istället för individer ansvarar för att matvaror transporteras till hemmet. Huvudsyftet med projektet är att analysera effekter till följd av ökad e-handel av livsmedel samt synliggöra faktorer som möjliggör en realisering av eventuell energibesparing. Detta görs ur ett regionalt perspektiv och i en svensk kontext. Syftet har uppnåtts genom en studie av energieffektiva distributionslösningar för e-handelserbjudanden, och genom en intervjustudie om potentiella och befintliga e-handelskunders preferenser, erfarenheter och beteende samt genom framtagandet av en regional modell för persontransporter.Resultaten pekar på att e-handel har betydande teoretisk potential givet att effektiva rutter ersätter inköpsresor med privat bil. Idag innebär många kompletteringsresor med bil att e-handeln inte i någon högre grad ersätter inköpsresorna, vilket innebär att energibesparingen idag sannolikt är begränsad. För att potentialen ska kunna uppnås behövs ett utökat kundunderlag, en medveten stadsplanering som prioriterar gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik, som lyfter godstransporter som en strategisk fråga och som lokaliserar livsmedelsbutiker nära människors hem.
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| 4. |
- Liljestrand, Kristina, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Providing explicit descriptions of studied systems: more than a necessary evil?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nofoma Conference Proceedings. - 9788279622024
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeExplicit descriptions of studied systems can support researchers in clarifying objects of study and motives of research as well as in structuring research design. However, since many scholars of systems approaches operate outside the field of logistics, applying systems approaches in logistics can be challenging. The purpose of this paper is therefore to describe how a systems approach can be applied in logistics so as to provide guidance for logistics researchers in their descriptions of studied systems.Design/methodology/approachTwo systems approaches were used to describe the systems studied in six doctoral theses. A series of workshops was conducted to compare the descriptions and share challenges.FindingsKey aspects for adapting the selected systems approaches corresponded to four areas of logistics—activities, flow, performance, and actors—all of which can be included in the selected systems approaches. Advice for doctoral students on applying these frameworks is provided.Research limitations/implicationsThis research can provide support to other logistics researchers when applying systems approaches and developing explicit descriptions of studied systems.Original/valueSystems approaches are central to logistics research, a field in which scholars are encouraged to apply well-known systems approaches. This paper contributes value by providing explicit examples of how such approaches were applied in six logistics research projects.
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| 5. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing flexibility-based measures during different disruptions: evidence from maritime supply chains
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. - : Emerald Publishing. - 0960-0035 .- 1758-664X. ; 54:2, s. 163-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper’s purpose is to explore flexibility-based countermeasures that enable actors in maritime supply chains to mitigate the effects of disruptions with different characteristics. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with shipping lines, shippers, forwarders and ports. Data on the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects and countermeasures were collected and compared with data regarding the 2016–2017 Gothenburg port conflict. Spatial, capacity, service and temporal flexibility emerged as the primary countermeasures, whilst important characteristics of disruptions were geographical spread, duration, uncertainty, criticality, the element of surprise and intensity. Spatial flexibility was exercised in both disruptions by switching to alternative ports. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring capacity flexibility included first removing and then adding vessels. Shipping lines exercising service flexibility prioritised certain cargo, which made the spot market uncertain and reduced flexibility for forwarders, importers and exporters that changed carriers or traffic modes. Experience with disruptions meant less surprise and better preparation for spatial flexibility. Comparing flexibility-based measures in a pandemic versus port conflict provides insights into the important characteristics of disruptions and the relevance of mitigation strategies. The resilience of maritime supply chains, although underexamined compared with manufacturing supply chains, is essential for maintaining global supply chain flows.
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| 6. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975
(författare)
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Connecting ordering of freight transport to logistical variables related to CO2 emissions
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the LRN Conference, Cranfield, 5-7 September 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Reducing environmental impact is increasingly important for companies and this includes concerns regarding emissions from purchased freight transport services. When shippers order freight transport services, according to purchasing agreements, shipment specific requirements are specified, which can restrict the planning options of the transport provider, thereby influencing how the transport is performed and the resulting environmental performance. Therefore, shippers’ daily processes for ordering freight transport are of interest. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the shipper´s freight transport ordering process influences the logistical variables in the framework of Piecyk and McKinnon (2010): modal split, handling factor, average length of haul, lading factor, empty running, fuel efficiency and carbon intensity of fuel, in order to understand in what way CO2 emissions can be affected by the freight transport ordering process. Research approach: An explorative multiple case study of routine freight transport ordering processes at manufacturing companies was carried out. Shippers were interviewed to describe the transport ordering process as well as how related internal processes provide input to the process. The analysis combines the information from the cases with literature that describes logistical variables, and results in a description of how the transport ordering process can influence logistical variables. Findings and Originality: The study identified several connections from the freight transport ordering process to logistical variables and that the potential to reduce CO2 emissions partly depends on input from other processes. Examples of findings are, first, that timing of information input to the transport ordering process regarding transport requirements can influence lading factor and empty running, by affecting opportunities for the transport provider to plan vehicle utilisation. Secondly, communication between the sales staff and the transport ordering staff about customer needs regarding delivery times can affect urgency of transport and thereby influence modal split. Thirdly, information input to the transport ordering process regarding dimensions can affect planning of space required for the shipment and the utilisation of ordered space, thereby influencing lading factor. Research impact: The paper contributes by process descriptions of the freight transport ordering processes, which has been rarely covered in previous research. Also, a general model of the process is proposed. It also contributes to the framework used by Piecyk and McKinnon (2010) by showing influence from the transport ordering process on logistical variables. Practical impact: Shippers can learn how the configuration of the freight transport ordering process can influence logistical variables. This is important in order to be able to configure the freight transport ordering process to accommodate environmental considerations and reduce CO2 emissions from freight transport.
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| 7. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Context influence on freight purchasing
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Annual IPSERA Conference, Maastricht, April 10-13, 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to identify contextual factors that may influence the freight transport purchasing process and develop a model for positioning transport purchasing process and practices with respect to the context. Based on well established supply chain models, data from six case companies is used to explore the links between contextual factors and how the purchasing of freight transport is performed. Important contextual factors identified in the case companies include cost, service, product characteristics and material flow.
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| 8. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975
(författare)
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Environmental concerns when purchasing freight transport
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Companies that purchase freight transport (shippers) influence the conditions for how transport providers can execute the transport, which in turn influences CO2 emissions. The conditions can be influenced both by shippers’ purchasing processes for freight transport and when shippers prepare goods for delivery. For shippers to make appropriate decisions aimed at reducing the CO2 emissions from their transport, clarification of such influences on the conditions are necessary. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify how shippers can influence CO2 emissions from the freight transport they purchase. This thesis is a compilation of seven papers, six of which are based on empirical data from five multiple-case studies. The data collection mainly consisted of semi-structured interviews with shippers’ logistics, transport, and purchasing managers, as well as with staff in operational positions; one study also conducted interviews with transport providers. The seventh paper reports on a structured literature review of load factor. Together these studies answer four research questions. The first research question is concerned with how contextual factors influence shippers’ freight-transport-purchasing processes. The results describe the purchasing process in contexts that vary in service type, purchase situation, and relationship. The second research question examines how shippers’ freight-transport-purchasing processes influence various logistical variables (mode of transport used, handling factor, length of haul, load factor, empty running, fuel efficiency, and carbon in fuel). The causes of different influences on logistical variables (such as specified time requirements) are clarified by answering this question. The third research question concerns how shippers can identify and evaluate opportunities to increase their load factors. Achieving high load factors is a matter of balancing required and available capacity at the packaging, shipping, and vehicle levels. A framework of opportunities describes how these capacities can be increased, decreased, and reallocated, thus allowing for the identification and comparison of relevant opportunities. The fourth research question is concerned with how shippers’ internal coordination may enable high load factor. The use of coordination mechanisms is described in situations that differ in terms of dependence between activities, number of activities, and the need for intra- or interfunctional coordination. The results contribute to green-logistics research in terms of improving load factor and the purchasing of freight transport. Different research streams and perspectives – especially in terms of purchasing, transport, and coordination – have been combined in this thesis. The results contribute to improving the environmental performance of freight transport by clarifying shippers’ influence on the CO2 emissions of the transport they purchase via descriptions of the shippers’ influence over logistical variables (including load factor) that in turn influence CO2 emissions.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of context on the purchasing process for freight transport services
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1367-5567 .- 1469-848X. ; 17:3, s. 232-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for analysing the contextual influence on the configuration of purchasing processes for freight transport services. A conceptual model suggests that three contextual dimensions, purchase task, importance, and service type, influence the different stages of the purchasing process. Data from seven case companies are used to explore the links between contextual factors and how the purchasing of freight transport is performed. Eight different types of context, and their implications for the configuration of the purchasing process, are presented. The framework offers guidance on the configuration of the purchasing process in specific contexts, highlighting, for example, that the level of detail of the specification stage can depend on the type of context.
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| 11. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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INTERNAL COORDINATION OF SHIPPERS TO ACHIEVE HIGH LOAD FACTOR
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Logistics Network Conference, Derby, 9-11 September 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Increasing transport efficiency is of interest to reduce emissions and cost, where high load factor is one aspect of transport efficiency. To improve load factor it has been suggested that shippers, who purchase freight transport services, can coordinate their internal functions better. However, it is unclear in what way this can be achieved, i.e. what functions should be coordinated and in what way. Taking the perspective of the logistics/transport function, the purpose of this paper is to explore how shippers can coordinate internally in order to achieve high load factor.Research approach: A multiple case study of three shippers was carried out and interviews were conducted with the logistics or transport manager at each company. With coordination literature as a basis, the empirical data was analysed according to which functions that coordinated as well as the activities that were coordinated between them. These interactions were then categorised based on which coordination mechanisms that were adopted for each specific combination of function interaction and activity. Patterns with regard to which functions and which activities that were coordinated through the various mechanism were finally analysed.Findings and Originality: The results indicate that logistics/transport can coordinate with several functions (in the studied cases sales/marketing, purchasing, product development, construction, warehouse and transport planning) in order to achieve high load factor. Further, many coordination mechanisms were used in the cases, thus the results suggest that a variety of coordination mechanisms can be adopted when shippers coordinate internally with the aim of high load factor. The mechanisms identified in this research include mutual adjustment, direct supervision and four types of standardisation. Finally, several of these coordination mechanisms were found to be adopted in more than one way. Research impact: The findings are of interest to researchers interested in improving load factor and/or internal coordination of shippers. This paper has a shipper perspective on improving load factor including activities applicable when transport is outsourced. More specifically, it provides insights into how shippers can enable high load factor through coordination between their logistics/transport function and other company internal functions.Practical impact: Managers at companies outsourcing freight transport services are provided suggestions regarding coordination between functions when aiming to improve load factor. This is in turn of interest for improving environmental performance as well as reducing costs.
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| 12. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Internal coordination to enable high load factor
- 2017
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Logistics Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0957-4093 .- 1758-6550. ; 28:4, s. 1142-1167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify how activities may be coordinated within shippers’ organisations to enable high load factor (a key aspect of transport efficiency). Design/methodology/approach – A multiple-case study involving three shippers was conducted, in which the logistics or transport managers of each company were interviewed. The cases were analysed according to (1) which activities were coordinated to achieve high load factor, (2) interdependencies between the activities, and (3) the coordination mechanisms that shippers adopted. Findings – A matrix is developed to show the differences in applying various coordination mechanisms in eight categories, according to (1) intrafunctional or interfunctional coordination, (2) sequential or reciprocal interdependencies, and (3) the number of activities (dyadic or multiple). For example, coordination mechanisms aimed at exerting control are more suitable for intrafunctional than interfunctional interaction; interfunctional coordination relies more on mechanisms that aim to increase the understanding of transport-related issues among non-logistics activities. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on data from three Swedish companies. Practical implications – Managers are provided with suggestions for coordinating activities when their goal is to improve load factor. These findings are of interest for reducing costs and emissions. Social implications – Originality/value – In response to suggestions in the earlier literature that shippers could improve their internal coordination to improve their load factor, this paper articulates several mechanisms for performing such coordination in eight situations.
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| 13. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975
(författare)
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Purchasing process for freight transport services and influence on CO2 emissions
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Companies purchasing freight transport services may through the purchasing process restrict or create opportunities for how transport service providers deliver the transport service. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the configuration of the purchasing process for freight transport services can influence the reduction of CO2 emissions. This thesis is a compilation of three papers based on empirical data, collected mainly through interviews in three multiple-case studies.The results include descriptions of the purchasing process for freight transport services. Influence of the contextual dimensions purchase task, importance, and service type on the purchasing process for freight transport is discussed, and eight different types of contexts and their implications for the configuration of the purchasing process are presented. Relationships between the purchasing process for freight transport and logistical variables, related to CO2 emissions, are identified. In particular, time requirements and information sharing are highlighted as important underlying aspects of the relationships. Different configurations of the purchasing process for freight transport services facilitate or hinder consideration of such aspects.The results lead to increased understanding of how contextual variables influence the configuration of the purchasing process. The results also contribute to theory on reducing negative effects of freight transport on the environment, by connecting practices to logistical variables that are related to CO2 emissions, combining a purchasing process model with an existing framework that depicts the relationship between logistics and environmental effects. The results can be used by companies purchasing freight transport to support discussions aiming to reduce CO2 emissions.
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| 14. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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SHIPPERS’ TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY: THE BALANCE BETWEEN REQUIRED AND AVAILABLE CAPACITY
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Logistics Network Conference, Derby, 9-11 September 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Improving the efficiency of freight transport leads to a reduction in both costs and emissions. One key aspect of efficient transport is the load factor, i.e., the load carried (required capacity) compared to the maximum load that could be carried (available capacity) in a load unit (e.g., a vehicle). Few existing articles discuss load factor from a shipper’s perspective. Also, the concept of load factor is interpreted in different ways, and there is confusion about what is 100% full. To achieve a high load factor can be seen as a balance between required and available capacity. As a step towards identifying opportunities for shippers to improve load factor, the purpose of this paper is to structure the load factor concept based on the balance between required and available capacity. Research Approach: A conceptual model was developed based on the literature. This model was applied in the typical case of a shipper outsourcing freight transport. The data collection consisted of several semi-structured interviews with people in logistics and transport roles.Findings and Originality: This paper presents a model that structures the concept of load factor based on required and available capacity, including load factor as the balance between required and available capacity at different levels. Further, required capacity for a particular time period is determined by order details, item characteristics, number of items and the consolidation of items in the load at each load factor level. Available capacity for a particular time period is determined by the type of load units and the number of load units at each load factor level. The different levels interact, and, to complement the balance at each load factor level, an overall measure comparing the required capacity at the lowest load factor level with the available capacity at the highest load factor level is suggested.Research Impact: The conceptual model presented in this paper can be used to describe imbalances in shipper systems between required and available capacity. By providing structure and explaining inefficiency in terms of the imbalance between required and available capacity, the model is a step towards identifying opportunities for improving load factor. The findings are also of interest to researchers in the field of transport efficiency and green logistics.Practical Impact: Logistics managers can achieve a better understanding of the concept of load factor and at what level their required and available capacity are imbalanced. Improving the load factor is of interest in terms of both reducing costs and improving environmental performance.
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| 15. |
- Rogerson, Sara, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable freight transport purchasing
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21th Annual IPSERA Conference, Naples, April 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses in what way the freight transport purchasing process can influence environmental impact of freight transport. Activities in the transport purchasing process are connected to the logistical variables modal split, handling factor, average length of haul, lading factor, empty running, fuel efficiency and carbon intensity of fuel, known to be related to CO2 emissions. Specification of requirements, in particular time demands, is shown as important for the environmental impact. Multiple case studies of freight transport purchasing processes are analysed with regards to influence on the logistical variables. Relating activities in freight transport purchasing processes to logistical variables influencing the environmental impact is of importance to be able to adapt the purchasing process to accommodate environmental considerations and reduce CO2 emissions. The model developed in this paper can be used for increasing awareness among both purchasing and general managers on how purchasing freight transport can be connected to environmental impact.
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| 16. |
- Santén, Vendela, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A modal shift to inland waterways: Actor perspectives on alternative business concepts
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road haulage causes undisputed negative environmental impact in terms of CO2-emissions, noise, infrastructure damage, congestion, road accidents and is energy intensive. At longer transport distance (e.g. trans-ocean) maritime transport is preferable as it is more cost efficient. At shorter distances, there are financial, operational, market-related and regulatory issues that make waterway transport less attractive. Meanwhile, as waterway transport is favorable from an environmental perspective, the support for modal shift from road to sea has become an integral part of transport policy both at EU-level and in several countries across Europe. Among the different types of shipping (trans-ocean, short-sea, coastal), inland shipping is of particular importance when it comes to reduce congestion on roads. Ports are most often located in or near large cities, which in particular causes congestion on access roads to ports and the cities, and also in the countries in general. Hence, whereas cost is a barrier that must be overcome, using inland waterway transportation (IWT) is preferable from an environmental perspective, and a modal shift is a highly prioritized issue by governments. In some central European countries, IWT is well developed, while in countries such as Sweden, the share of inland shipping is very low, < 1%, and with no or little container traffic. With well-functioning fairways in inland waterways in Sweden, there is a large potential for increasing its utilization.
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| 17. |
- Santén, Vendela, et al.
(författare)
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Empty Container Repositioning
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although some movements of empty containers are needed due to imbalances between inbound and outbound goods flows in specific geographical areas, the transport of empty containers could be performed more efficiently. This report outlines results from the project “Increasing transport efficiency through reducing positioning of empty containers” performed during 2020-2023 by RISE and Chalmers, and financed by the Swedish Energy Agency. The purpose of the project was to contribute to increasing transport efficiency by understanding how empty container repositioning can be reduced and made more efficient in the Swedish transport system. To provide increased understanding regarding current practices and possible improvement areas, the report describes empty repositioning of containers in the inland container transport, and highlights drivers and barriers to minimize and make empty repositioning more efficient. Data on empty container movements in ports and by truck provide increased understanding of the current state. However, available data only offer partial views of empty container movements. Therefore, an empty trip model was constructed to help understand the proportion of containers that are transported empty between various origin-destination pairs, drawing on the Swedish road goods transport data from Trafikanalys. Several recommendations are made for how to improve data on empty container movements, for example differentiating between 20 and 40 feet containers. Also, this report details strategies for either reducing the empty container repositioning or making it more efficient within the national transport system, with a focus on: a) increased reutilization of containers and b) an increased share of rail compared to truck transport. Reutilization involves matching import and export containers to a larger degree, for example facilitated by extended storage of containers, and also how demands in various regions can be matched more efficiently, where some geographical areas are import dominated and others export dominated. The improvement potential in terms of cost and emissions have been calculated, simulating transport data in specific case studies. One simulation concerned reducing empty container repositioning locally, comparing the current situation with improvements in terms of street turns and extended storage given different collaboration levels. The extended storage scenario delivered the best results, as it significantly increased the likelihood of finding export cargo for an emptied import container. Another simulation considered empty container movements between Swedish inland terminals, identifying a large potential for both reutilization locally and triangulation between terminals compared to the current situation. The report further outlines the outcome of a Multi-Actor-Multi-Criteria-Analysis, where opportunities to reduce empty container repositioning in the hinterland of a port were considered from several stakeholders’ perspectives: shipping lines, transport operators, inland terminals, forwarders, ports and cargo owners. The scenarios evaluated were a) Time Flexibility, where additional days were allowed to find matching export cargo for an emptied import container, b) Container Sharing, where implications of allowing matching of containers of shipping lines in the same alliance were explored, and c) Data Sharing, where increased transparency regarding containers available for export in the inland was explored. The stakeholders preferred different scenarios, and details explaining their reasoning is provided. Drawing on the insights regarding current practices and possible improvement areas, recommendations to industry and authorities are provided. Widespread collaboration between stakeholders is needed, even so, all stakeholders can take action to create better conditions for empty container repositioning. Smarter tools for planning is one example.
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| 18. |
- Santén, Vendela, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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INFLUENCING LOAD FACTOR IN TRANSPORT OPERATIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the LRN Conference, Huddersfield, 3-5 September 2014.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: One key variable for improving efficiency in freight transport systems is to increase the load factor; the ratio of the actual load carried to the maximum load that could have been carried. A high load factor in transport operations is of interest for several reasons; to lower costs and to reduce environmental impact. Shippers have a large influence on transport operations e.g. through choices concerning packaging, loading and planning. Therefore, it is of interest what opportunities there are for shippers to improve load factor. Meanwhile, there are few studies focusing on load factor. Since load factor is often one of many aspects examined when discussing wider topics, such as transport efficiency, the research on load factor is dispersed. Thus, it is difficult to get an overview of the subject, in particular to identify opportunities from a shipper’s perspective. To address the lack of overview of research on load factor as well as how specific actors, in particular shippers, can increase load factor, the purpose of this paper is to structure how academic literature has described how load factor can be influenced, with a specific focus on the role of shippers.Research approach: An extensive literature search in scholarly journals was performed on load factor terms using Summon search tool. A total of 473 articles were identified, where 29 articles discussed factors that influence load factor (determinants). Literature was categorized according to focus on load factor, actor perspective, mode of transport covered, how load factor is measured and determinants of load factor.Findings and Originality: The literature review identifies determinants of load factor within warehousing; order and delivery; packaging and loading; transport operations; information sharing and IT; and regulations. Surprisingly few studies discuss determinants, especially from the perspective of a shipper. The literature review shows a lack of detailed descriptions of determinants of load factor. Also, it is difficult to gain reliable data about load factor and consequently also compare results between studies. Suggested research areas include how shippers can increase load factor in their transports, detailed descriptions of how determinants influence load factor as well as how load factor performance can be measured; e.g. through standardized measuring methods. This research is unique since it is the first, to our knowledge, review on determinants of load factor.Research impact: This literature review contributes with an overview of the dispersed research on load factor, structured according to determinants of load factor. Areas of interest for future research are suggested.Practical impact: The overview of determinants is useful for shippers, specifically logistics managers in order to gain understanding of their role when aiming for improved load factor.
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| 19. |
- Santén, Vendela, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Shippers’ transport effciency: An approach for measuring load factor
- 2018
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Ingår i: Logistics Research. - : Bundesvereinigung Logistik (BVL). - 1865-035X .- 1865-0368. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One key aspect of effcient transport is load factor: the load carried compared to the maximum load that could be carried in a load unit (e.g. a vehicle). The purpose of this study is to develop an approach that will clarify and describe ways in which shippers can measure load factor. Drawing on existing literature and understanding gained from empirical data the proposed approach uses the load factor model, which structures measurement of load factor overall and at several levels (packaging, shipping, vehicle, fleet) as the ratio of required to available capacity. Shipping level includes utilization of purchased capacity, which is of special interest to shippers. For applying the model in practice, calculation methods linked to availability of data are presented. Calculations of volumetric load factor from two cases illustrate the methods. This paper’s detailed descriptions of how shippers can measure load factor provide calculation structure as well as transparency. Measuring load factor is of interest to evaluate effciency, particularly since load factor is related to transport costs and environmental performance.
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| 20. |
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